1101
Old Whig ministry (England), 175
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
O
Oligarchy, in Virginia, 60
(NATO), 915
Olive Branch Petition, 200, 201
Germany and, 916 (map)
Oates, Titus, 104
Oliver, Andrew, 174
expansion of, 915
Oath of allegiance, for
Olmec culture, 21–22
North Briton No. 45, 181
ex-Confederates, 579, 580
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 678–679
I-52
Index
Olympic Games, boycott of (1980),
Oswego, Fort, 147, 159 (map), 162
Palin, Sarah, 1111
1027
(map), 164 (map)
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 796
Omaha Indians, 269
Otis, James, Jr., 181
Palmer raids, 796
100th Battalion, 903
Otis elevators, 645
Palmerston, Lord, 525
Oneida Indians, 154, 221
Oto Indians, 269
Palmer v. Mulligan (New York),
O’Neill, Eugene, 794, 836
Ottawa Indians, 170
380
One-party system, 383, 389, 877
Ottoman Empire, 7, 788
Pamunkey Indians, 57
Onontio (Algonquian), 115–116
First World War and, 770 (map)
Panama Canal, 761 (map)
On the Road (Kerouac), 995
Outwork system, 292, 307, 490
building of, 758, 760–762
On the Town (movie), 936
Overhill Towns (Cherokee), 165
Carter treaties for, 762
OPEC. See Organization of
Overland trails, 444 (map). See also
transfer to Panama, 762
Petroleum Exporting Countries
Trail(s)
Panama Canal Zone, 761 (map)
Opechancanough (Pamunkey
OVERLORD, Operation, in Second
Panay (gunboat), 879
Indians), 57
World War, 885–887
Panics (financial)
“Open door” notes, 756
Overseas markets, business in,
of 1819, 382
Open Door policy, toward China,
744–745, 815–816
of 1859, 492–493
756-757
“Overseer exemption”, in
of 1873, 601
Open-field agriculture, in New
Confederate draft, 550
Papal bull, Inter Caeteras as, 15
England, 70–71
Overseers, of slaves, 316, 318,
“Paper blockade,” 525
Open housing, 970, 971, 976 , 998
322, 328
Paper economy, 382
in California, 985
Ovington, Mary White, 726
Jackson and, 401
Open-range grazing, 617, 618
Owen, Robert, 356
Specie Circular and, 407
Open Skies initiative (1955), 943
OWI. See Office of War Information
Paper money, 132–134
Opera companies, 678
Oxford University, GreatAwakening
Paraguay, dictator in, 759 (map),
Operation Desert Shield, 1042
at, 139
945
“Operation Dixie,” 951
Ozone layer, 1102
Paramilitary organizations, in South,
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1104
601
Operation Just Cause, 1042
P
Pardons, 585, 812
Operation Mongoose, 963
for ex-Confederates, 582–583
Operation OVERLORD, 885–887
Pacal the Great (Mayan), 23–24
of Iran-contra officials, 1040
Operation Ranch Hand, 1048
Pacification program, in Vietnam,
of Nixon, 1022
Operation Rolling Thunder, 991
992
Paris
Operation Wetback, 974
Pacific Fleet, U.S.
in First World War, 771, 777
Opium Wars (China), 613
Japanese attack on, 882–884
peace accords in (1918), 787,
Opposition faction, 83
in Mexican War, 451
788–789
Orange, Fort (Albany), 50, 76
Pacific Ocean region, Drake in, 52
Paris, Treaty of, 169, 235, 235,
Orange, House of, 47
Pearl Harbor attack in, 882–884
752–753
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner,
in Second World War, 882–884
of 1898, 751
477
Pacific Railroad Bill (1862), 612
of 1899, 753
Order of United Americans, 477
Pacific Rim, economic growth in,
Paris Peace Conference in 1919,
Orders in Council (England), 253,
1043
788–789
274
Pacifism, 76, 207
Park, Tom (Colonel), 955
Oregon, 448–449
in First World War, 774
Parker, Alton B., 731
Oregon Country, 443 (map), 449
Packard, Vance, 953–943
Parker, Ely, 574
Oregon Trail, 444–445
Padroni (labor contractors), 690
Parker, Theodore, 432
Organization Man, The (Whyte), 953
Page, Thomas Nelson, 634
Parks
Organization of Afro-American
Pago Pago, 746, 754 (map)
national, 731–732, 1010, 1050
Unity, 1000
Pahlavi, Reza (Shah), 944, 1016,
urban, 654, 678
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
1027
Parks, Rosa, 970
Countries (OPEC), 1025
Paine, Thomas, 202, 214
Parliament (England). See specific
Organized Baseball, desegregation of,
Painting. See also Art(s)
acts
932–933
genre paintings, 500
Parliament for America, 241
Organized crime, 690–692
in Harlem Renaissance, 832
Parochial schools, vs. public
Oriskany, 209 (map0, 210
Impressionism in, 654
schools, 477
Orlando, Vittorio, in Big Four, 788
realism in, 654
Parris, Samuel, 109
Orthodox Church, slavery and, 38
Paiute Indians, 626 (map), 429
Parsons, Samuel Holden, 293
Orthodox colonies, 72, 92
Pakistan, 7, 1107
Participatory democracy, SDS on,
Osage Indians, 276
al-Qaeda in, 1113
994
Osborn, Sarah, 191
Palenque, 24 (map), 23–24
Partisan politics. See also Political
Ostend Manifesto, 468
Palestine. See also Israel
parties; Politics Washington on,
O’Sullivan, John L., 441
after First World War, 787,
Partisan warfare, in Revolution,
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 979
788–789
226–228
Index
I-53
Party politics, Van Buren and,
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on,
Persia. See Iran
407–409
882–884
Persian Gulf War, 1042–1043
Party system, second, 409–410
Pelham-Holles, Thomas (duke of
Personal computers, 1065, 1067,
Pastureland, 300–301
Newcastle). See Newcastle, duke
1075
Paternalism, slavery and, 129, 338
of
Personal liberty laws, 461
Paterson, William, 240–241
Pell Grants, 1065
Personal power relationships versus
Patriarchal authority, 356
Pelosi, Nancy, 1113
political empowerment, 1045
challenges to, 234
Pendergast, Tom, 691
Personal registration laws, 716–717
Patriarchy, 234
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883),
Personal Responsibility and Work
Patriot Act. See USA Patriot Act
639
Opportunity Reconciliation Act
Patriotick Barber of New York, The
Penicillin, 893
(PRWORA, ), 1088
(cartoon), 195
Peninsula campaign, 535 (map)
Personal savings, 893, 897, 1070
Patriotism, in First World War,
Penn, John, 170
Peru, 31–33
782–784
Penn, Kal, 1112
Drake at, 52
Patriots, Tea Act and, 193
Penn, William, 73, 81–82
Inca civilization and, 2 (map)
Patronage, political machines and,
Penn family, 83
Pesticides, 950, 1009
594, 691
Pennsylvania
Pesticides Control Act (1972), 1010
Patrons of Husbandry. See Grange
constitution of, 216–217
Pet Banks, 403, 405
Patroonships, in Hudson River
French and Indian War in, 147
Petersburg, siege of, 535 (map), 562,
region, 50
Homestead strike in, 663
564, 565
Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in
households in, 118
Petitions, antislavery, 397–399
Education Act, 1074
prisons in, 421–422
Petit jury, Senate as, 589
Patton, George, Bonus Army and,
Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 233
Petraeus, David, 1106–1107
843
Pennsylvania Charter of
Petroleum industry. See Energy; Oil
Patuxet Indians, 65
Liberties, 83
and oil industry
Paul, Alice, 697, 720, 811
Pennsylvania Gazette, 135
Petticoat Wars, 397–398
Paulson, Henry (Hank), 1109, 1110,
Pennsylvania Line (Revolutionary
Peyote, 1050
1111
War), 228
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 655
Pavonia Massacre, 50
Penny press, 360–361
Philadelphia,
Pawn America, 1070
Pensacola, 117, 278 (map), 511
First Continental Congress in,
Pawnee Indians, 269
Pensions, 231, 640, 807, 861
196–197
Pawtucket, textile milling in, 307
Pentagon
loss of, 208–210
Paxton Boys, 155, 170–171, 187,
Cold War, 928
Philadelphia Aurora, 259
189
in Second World War, 884
Philadelphia Convention, 240–242
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909),
“Pentagon Papers,” 1017
Philadelphia Gazette, 360
734
People of color. See also specific
Philadelphia Hospital, 135, 137
Peace, after First World War,
groups
Philadelphia Ladies Association, 234
774–775
Columbian Exposition and, 682
Philanthropy, 431, 637, 673
Peace accords (Paris), ending
People’s capitalism, 803
Philip II (Spain), 2
Vietnam War, 1026
People’s Party (Populists), 669–672
Philip V (Spain), 150
Peace convention, before Civil War,
launch of, 669
Philippines. See also Filipino
510
rise and fall of, 669–672
Americans
Peace Corps, 962, 983
People’s Republic of China. See
Magsaysay and CIA in, 919, 944
Peace Democrats, 543, 544. See also
China
Marcos in, 1027
Copperheads
People, The, (Latrobe), 371
Spanish-American War and, 748,
Peace groups, 878. See also Antiwar
Pequot Indians, 70, 98
751
movements Spanish Civil War
massacre of, 69 (map)
Phillips, Wendell, 432, 495
and,
Pequot War, 69 (map)
Phillips curve, 1012
Peacekeeping
Per capita production and income in
Philosophes, 211
by Roosevelt, T., in East Asia,
1850s, 487
Philosophy
762–763
and real wages, 658, 802, 807, 951
of Second New Deal, 860
UN force in Korean War, 917, 918
Perestroika, 1040
Social Darwinism as, 652
(map)
Periodicals, 142, 707, 711. See also
Phips, William, 120
Peace movements. See also Antiwar
Magazines; Newspapers
Phonograph, 645, 818
movements; Copperheads
Perkins, Frances, 847, 864
Photography
in First World War, 774
Perot, Ross, 1044, 1089
of Bourke-White, Margaret,
Peace of Paris, of 1763, 165
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 279
898, 929
“Peace Policy,” for Indians, 627–628
Perryville, Battle of, 534
of Japanese American internment,
“Peace without victory,” Wilson on,
Persecution, of English religious
902
774–775
groups, 80, 83
Kodak camera and, 645, 744, 951
Peale, Norman Vincent, 953
Pershing, John J., in First World
of Mormon wagon train, 446
Pea Ridge, Battle of, 532
War, 777
Physical fitness, 654–565
I-54
Index
Physics, fission and, 891
Platform (political)
Politics
Pickens, Francis, 364, 537
of Black Panther Party, 1001
African Americans in, 1048–1049
Pickering, John, 265–266
of Democrats (1800s), 449, 482
of American Indian policy,
Pickering, Timothy, 293
of People’s Party, 669–670
1049–1051
Pickett, George, 556
of Republicans (1800s), 505
of anticommunism, 921–923
“Pickett’s Charge,” 556
Platt, Thomas C., 729
Asian Americans in, 1052–1053
Pidgin language, Gullah as, 130
Platt Amendment, 754–755
attitudes toward in 1960s, 995
Piedmont, 97
Playboy magazine, 966
of business, 807, 811–816
Pierce, Franklin, 463, 467, 474
Pledge of Allegiance, “under God”
of civil rights, 930–932, 970–972
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 472
in, 952
in elections, 859
Pilgrims, 65–66
Pleiku, attack on, 989 (map), 990
Farmers’ Alliance and, 667–668
Pill, the, 966
Plessy v. Ferguson, 636
gender, 898–900, 965–966
Pillory, 421
Plows, cast-iron, 303
in Great Depression, 856–860
Pillow, Fort, prisoners of war
Plumbers unit, 1017
of harmony, 144–145
slaughtered at, 569
Pluralism, 952
immigrants in, 476–477
Pinchot, Gifford, 732, 734
cultural, 701, 872
labor and, 858, 866–868
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth,
in New Netherland, 50
Mexican Americans in,
258, 261
political, 952, 953
1050–1052
XYZ affair and, 258
Plymouth, 52, 55, 65, 67
in New Deal, 856–858
Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, 131
Metacom and, 98, 99 (map)
New Left and, 994–995
Pinckney, Thomas, 255
Plymouth Company, 55, 58 (map)
pluralism in, 50, 952
Pinckney’s Treaty, Mississippi River
Pocahontas, 56, 57
polarization of, 1007–1012,
shipping and, 255, 267
Pocket boroughs (England), 126
1086–1100, 1112–1114
Pine Ridge Reservation, 629, 1050
Podhoretz, Norman, 10028
religion and, 952–953
“Ping-pong diplomacy,” 1013
Poets and poetry
radical third parties, 859–860
Pingree, Hazen S., 714
Beat, 995–996
sexual, 697–700, 1047–1048
Pinkerton agency, 663
in Harlem Renaissance, 832
social-cultural issues and,
Pins and Needles (musical play), 867
Point Comfort, 56, 58 (map)
1097–1100
Pinta (ship), 15
Poison gas, in First World War, 771
of social movements, 1044–1057
“Pin-ups”, in Second World War,
Poland, after First World War,
sports figures in, 1073
899
788–789, 792
of stalemate, 637–640, 874
Pirating
Polarization, of politics, 1007–1012
women issues, 1045–1047
of copyrighted materials, 1079
changing times of, 1112–1114
Politique, Henry IV (France) as, 44
of movies, 1078
of 1993–2008, 1086–1100
Polk, James K
Pitt, Fort, 162, 170, 171 (map)
Police
election of and, 448–449
Pitt, William, 160–161
Haymarket bombing and, 662
Mexican War and, 451, 453–454
American Revolution and,
strikes and, 661–662
Missouri Compromise and, 455
160–161
Polio, of Roosevelt, F. D., 846
Polk, Leonidas L, 669
English government formed by,
Political bosses. See Bosses (political)
Pollan, Michael, 1098
160.169
Political campaigns. See Whistle-stop
Poll taxes, 190, 635, 717, 728, 931
Pittsburgh, 151, 152, 292, 296
campaign
Pollution. See Environment
Pius IX (pope), 476
Political cartoons. See also specific
Polo, Marco, 6–7
Pizarro, Francisco, 2, 32–33
anti-Bryan, 671
Polygamy, of Mormons, 445, 446,
Placemen, 113
cartoons, 621
870
Plains Indians
“Caning of Sumner, The,” 481
Ponce de León, Juan, 16, 34 (map)
Ghost Dance and, 629
on “Corrupt Bargain,” 385–386
Pontiac’s War, 169–171
“peace policy” and, 627–628
on Mississippi Plan, 603
Pools (business), railroads and, 647
Sioux uprising and, 625–626
on presidential candidates of 1860,
Poor people. See also Poverty
suppression of, 626–627
505
in Civil War, 551–552
westward expansion by whites
on Wilson’s Mexico policy, 766
Homestead Act and, 611–612
and, 234–235
Political culture. See also Culture
Poor Peoples Campaign, 1005
Plains of Abraham, battle at, 162
in colonies, 143–146
Popé (San Juan Pueblo Indians), 114
(map), 163–164
Political machines, patronage and,
Pope, Alexander VI, 15
Plan of union, Albany Congress and,
594, 691
Pope, John, 534–535
156
Political parties. See also Elections;
Pope’s Day. See Guy Fawkes Day
Plantation Duty Act (1673), 95
alcohol, temperance, and,
Popish plots, 104
Planters and plantations, 129, 324,
423–427
Pop music, 1078–1079
328, 366. See also Slaves and
spoils system and, 391–393, 593
Popular culture, 357–361
slavery; specific crops
Van Buren and, 407–409
in Second World War,
in Chesapeake region, 331
Political power. See Power (political)
sexuality in, 697–700
cotton cultivation and, 322, 339
Political refugees, 683, 1062
Popular fiction, 360–361
task system and, 130, 318
Politicians, and the army, 260
Popular literature, 695–697
Index
I-55
Popular sovereignty, 215, 455
Prague, Nazis in, 879
Prisoner-exchange controversy, in
slavery issue and, 455
“Praise the Lord” (PTL) movement,
Civil War, 568–570
Population
1083
Prisoners of war (POWs), in Civil
aging of, 1058–1061
Prayer, 418, 419, 629, 952
War, 568–570
of Chinese immigrants, 613
in public schools, 1029, 1030
Prison ship, 224
density in 1790–1820, 287 (map)
Prayer meetings, 492
Privacy, rural landscape and, 305–306
of seaport cities, 289–292
Praying Indians, 99
Private banks, 738. See also Banking
of Tenochtitlán, 24
“Praying towns,” 97–98
state charters of, 416
Populists. See People’s Party
Preachers
Privateers, 150
(Populists)
circuit-riding, 350
English, 55
Pornography, 360, 435, 436, 700
crisis conversion of, 349
Private fields, land as, 318
Port Arthur, China, 762
itinerant, 334, 350
Private property. See Property
Porter, Peter B., 274
Pre-Classic cultures, Chavin, 19–20
Private schools. See Public schools;
Port Hudson, siege of, 558, 561
Pre-Columbian America
Schools
Port Huron Statement (1962), 994
complex cultures of, 17–18, 19
Privatization, in overseas economies,
Port Royal, Acadia, 121
(map)
1068
Port Royal Sound, 530
Thule culture in, 3
Privy Council, Lords of Trade and,
Portugal
Predatory pricing, 647
105–106
Asian empire of, 13–14
Predestination, 43
Prizefights. See Boxing
exploration by, 2, 9–10
Pregnancy, 62, 119
Pro-choice demonstrations, 1044
Treaty of Tordesillas and, 2
abortion and, 1011, 1029
Proclamation of 1763, 169–171
Postal campaign, of abolitionists,
Prejudice. See also Discrimination;
Proclamation of Amnesty and
433–434
Race and racism; specific groups
Reconstruction, 581
Post-Classic cultures, in
Premillennialism, 353
Production. See also specific
Mesoamerica, 20, 21–24
Presbyterians, 131, 140, 143, 361
industries
Post-industrial service economy, 1069
New Side and Old Side, 142
cotton, 489–499
Postmillennialists, 353
in South, 362
Professional Golfing Association
Postwar period, after First World
Presbytery, 138
(PGA), 1073
War, 793–799
Prescott, Samuel, warning by, 197
Professionalization, women,
Potatoes, 5, 19, 20, 40, 286, 329
Preservation, of environment, 731
minorities, and, 657
Potomac River, commerce on, 377
President. See Elections; specific
Professional organizations, barriers
Potosí, silver mines at, 33
individuals
to women and, 657
Potsdam Conference (1945), atomic
Presidential elections. See Elections;
Professions, women in, 657
bomb and, 908
specific presidents
Profit sharing, 951
Pottawatomie Creek, murders at, 481
Presidential pardons, for ex-
Progress, politics of, 704–741
Potter, David, 475
Confederates, 582–583
Progress and Poverty (George), 621
Pottery, Anasazi, 28
Presidios, 443
Progressive income tax, 738
Pottery pipe, from New England, 66
Presley, Elvis, 954
Progressive Party, of 1912, 706,
Poverty
Press. See Media; Newspapers
729–733, 735
Great Society and, 983, 986, 987,
Preston, Thomas, 183
Progressives and progressivism,
1009
Price(s)
704–741. See also La Follette,
in late 20th century, 1089
of crops (1914–1929), 817
Robert
Powderly, Terence, 660–662
of Model T Ford, 724
activist government and, 707–711
Powell, Colin, as secretary of state,
Price indexes, wholesale and
citizenship requirements and, 717
1095
consumer, 550, 666
civil rights and, 725–728
Powell, Harriet, 431
Priests. See Clergy; Missions and
cultural conservatism of, 708–711
Power (energy). See Electricity;
missionaries; specific orders
disfranchisement and, 717
Energy; Nuclear power
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 458, 461
First World War and, 774, 780,
Power (political). See also
Primary elections, 636, 715
781–782, 784, 787, 790, 792
Imperialism; Separation of
Primogeniture, 118
municipal reform and, 714–715
powers; Superpowers; World
Princeton, Battle of, 207–208, 209
in New York (state), 721, 706–722
powers
(map)
Protestant reformers and, 706
social networking and, 1114–1115
Princeton University, 735
Roosevelt, T., and, 729–733
“Power elite” (Mills), 954
Principles of Scientific Management,
socialists and, 711–713
Power of Positive Thinking, The
The (Taylor), 723
in states, 715–724
(Peale), 953
Printing, 134–135
Taft and, 754, 733–738
Power politics, Taft and, 754
in provincial America, 134–135
virtuous electorate and, 716
Powhatan (chief), 54, 55, 56, 59
revolution in, 343–344
Wilson and, 738–740
Powhatan Indians, 54, 55
Print media, 134–135, 343–344
Prohibition, 820. See also Eighteenth
Powwows, 97, 1050
Prison(s), 420–422
Amendment; Temperance
Practical System of Modern
Prison camps, in Civil War, 568, 569,
in antebellum period, 424–425
Geography (Olney), 420
569
18th amendment and, 820
I-56
Index
Prohibition (continued)
fundamentalist, 823–824
Puerto Ricans, social activism
Harding and, 812
God-centered, 403
among, 1051–1052
laws for, 424–425
Indians and, 97
Puerto Rico, 751 (map)
in 1920s, 820
liberal, 823–824
Spanish-American War and, 748,
organized crime and, 690–692
progressivism and, 706
751, 753–754
origins of movement, 424–445
Whig culture of, 104
Pulaski, Casimir (Count), 210
Promontory, Utah, transcontinental
Yankee, 345
Pulaski, Fort, 530
railroad and, 601, 614
Providential worldview, 351–352
Pulitzer, Joseph, 747
Propaganda
Provincial America. See Colonies and
Pullman, George M., 664–665
in Cold War, 915, 920
colonization
Pullman strike, 664–665
in First World War, 784–787
Provincial army, in French and
Punishment, 193, 421
in Second World War, 897–898
Indian War, 147
Capital, 82
Property, for voting, 109
Provincial congress, 194–195. See
in Massachusetts, 71
Property rights, 128, 611, 765
also Continental Congress
in prisons, 421–422
Property rights movement, 1055
Provincial government, colonial,
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 731
Property tax, 259
89–91
Puritans, 43, 70, 72
Prophetstown (Tippecanoe)
Provisional governors, in
conversion and, 68–70, 98
Tecumseh in, 275–277, 278–279
Reconstruction, 581
covenant theology of, 66
Tenskwatawa and, 276–277
Prussia, in Seven Years’ War, 159
family life of, 68
Proportional representation, 218,
PRWORA. See Personal Responsi-
Indians and, 97–98
241
bility and Work Opportunity
Metacom’s War and, 98–101
Proprietary colonies, 60 (map)
Reconciliation Act (1996)
Pequot massacre by, 69 (map)
government of, 110 (map)
Psychological warfare, 572, 943
Salem witch trials and, 109
Pennsylvania as, 106
Public affairs broadcasting, 1080
Put-in-Bay, battle at, 278 (map),
Proslavery groups. See also Kansas
Public debt, Hamilton on, 249
279
Territory
Public education. See also Education;
PWA. See Public Works
Southern Know-Nothings
Schools American workers and,
Administration
as, 477–478
Public Enemy, The (movie), 845
Pynchon family, 71
Prospectors, in California Gold Rush,
Public facilities
Pyramids 19–20, 21, 22
456–458
discrimination and, 903, 931, 969,
Temple of the Sun as, 23
Prosperity, 801–811. See also
970, 974
Affluence; Wealth and wealthy
Jim Crow laws and segregation in,
Q
in 1920s, 801–811
635–637
Prostitution, 403, 435–436,
Public friends, 79, 83
al-Qadaffi, Muammar, 1037
624, 706
Public health. See Health; Healthcare
al Qaeda. See Al-Qaeda
investigations of, 707
Public housing, 928, 930, 934, 975
Quaker City (Lippard), 360
in mining towns, 624
Public lands, 405, 732
Quaker Party, 146
reformers and, 709
Ballinger-Pinchot controversy and,
Quakers
Protective tariffs, 374, 376, 395, 401.
734
abolitionism of, 79
See also Tariff(s)
Reagan and, 1033
beliefs of, 78–79
of 1887, 640
Public Lands Commission, 732
families of, 79–80
Protectorate, 760 (map), 762, 765
Public libraries. See Libraries
meetinghouse of, 79
in England, 73
Public life, voluntaristic ethic and,
Metacom’s War and, 99
Hawaii as, 746
119
migration by, 78
Samoa as, 746
Public opinion, Republican policies
New York and, 80–81
Protest(s). See also Dissent and
in South and, 601
in Pennsylvania, 81–83
dissenters; Resistance; specific
Public policy, Heritage Foundation
in West New Jersey, 80–81
movements
and, 1057
Quantrill, William, 515
in civil rights movement, 976
Public schools, reforms of, 418–419
Quartering Act (1765), 172–173
Protestant-Catholic-Jew (Herberg),
Public service jobs, 983
Quartering Act (1765), 172–173
952, 1080
CETA and, 1025
Quasi-slavery, in Reconstruction,
Protestant Episcopal Church, 232
Public utilities. See Utilities
583
Protestant Reformation, 41–44
Public virtue, 214–215
Quasi-war, with France, 259, 275
chronology, 42
Public Works Administration (PWA),
Quayle, J. Danforth (“Dan”), 1035,
in England, 51–52
849, 853
1043, 1089
Protestants and Protestantism,
“Publius” (Hamilton, Madison, and
Quebec, 163
51–52, 476. See also
Jay), 243
loyalist refugees in, 220
Evangelicalism;
Pueblo Relief Act (1933), 871
siege of, 163, 165
Fundamentalism; Great
Pueblo Revolt, 114–115
Quebec Act (1774), 193–194, 196
Awakening; Huguenots;
Puerto Rican-Hispanic Leadership
Catholic Church recognized by,
Puritans
Forum, 973
232
decline of, 476
Puerto Rican Legal Defense and
Queen Anne’s War, 120, 122
evangelicals and, 361
Education Fund, 1052
Queens. See specific monarchs
Index
I-57
Queens College. See Rutgers
Racial equality. See Equality; Race
cattle drives and, 617–618
University
and racism
Hispanic methods of, 620
Queenston Heights, Canada, 277
Racial identity, Black Power
industrialization of, 618–619
Queue ordinances, 614
approach and, 1001
itinerant laborers in, 620–622
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., Boston Massacre
Racial segregation. See Military;
longhorn cattle and, 617
and, 183
Segregation
open-range grazing and, 617–618
Quincy Market, 311
“Racial summit,” 1000
in West, 616–619
Quipu, of Inca, 21
Racing, auto, 1073
RAND (government think tank), 920
Quitman, John, 467
Radar, 884, 893
Rand, Ayn, 958–958
Quitrents, 83, 107, 187, 189
Radiation
R&D. See Research and development
Quotas
from atomic bombings, 910
Randolph, A. Philip, 831, 902, 931,
on immigration, 822, 1062
covert experiments with, 1102
1000, 1048
on Jews, 823, 881
victims of, 910
Randolph, Edmund, 240
Radical Republicans, 579–580
Randolph, Edward, 106
R
Radicals and radicalism, 585, 587,
Randolph, John, 265, 274, 386
662, 689, 700, 787, 793. See
slaves of, 332
Race and racism. See also Activism;
also Radical Republicans;
on social reforms, 428
Anti- Semitism; Civil rights;
suffragists
Range wars, 617
Civil-rights movement; Ethnic
colonial, 194–196
Rantoul, Robert, 418
groups and ethnicity; Ku Klux
after First World War, 793–797
Rappe, Virginia, 699
Klan; Minorities; Race riots;
Haymarket bombing and,
Rate-cutting wars, among railroads,
Slaves and slavery; specific
661–662
666
groups
feminist, 1045
Ratification
against Asian immigrants, 686
red scare, 795–797
of Bill of Rights, 243
in Chesapeake region, 332, 129,
third parties in Great Depression,
of Constitution, 242–243
130, 316
859–860
of Louisiana Purchase, 268
colonial, 88–89
Radical Whigs, 113
of Massachusetts constitution, 240
Columbian Exposition and racial
Radio
of Versailles Treaty, 790–791
hierarchy, 682
Coughlin on, 857–858
Rationing, 893, 896, 1012
First World War, 784–787
counterculture music on, 996
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 708
free blacks, 366–368
New Right programs on, 1055
Ray, James Earl, 1005
Indian removal and, 394
Radioactivity. See Radiation
Raynal (Abbé), 39
industrialization in New South
Radio Asia, 943
Raza Unida, La, 1051
and, 631–632
Radio Free Europe, 943
REA. See Rural Electrification
challenging inequality in,
Radio Liberty, 943
Administration
901–903
Radio Martí, 1036
Reading. See Literacy
Ku Klux Klan and, 590, 597–600
RAF. See Royal Air Force
Reading Railroad, 664, 730
Mann Act and, 700, 709, 726
Ragtime, 828, 831
Reagan, Nancy, 1039
minstrelsy and, 359
Railroad(s)
Reagan, Ronald, 1030–1034
modern notion of, 366
as big business, 646–647
anticommunism of, 1030
“new immigrants” and, 683
borderlands communities and,
assassination attempt on, 1034
in New South, 632, 633–634
614–615
as California governor, 1030
of nonslaveholders and
Chinese labor for, 613–614
Cold War and, 922
slaveholders, 495–497
first, 298
economy and, 1031–1032
in North, 366
in 1840–1860, 300 (map)
election of 1980 and, 1030–1031
politics of, 429–434
Great Railroad Strike and,
as FBI informant, 1039
Protestant missionaries and, 744
660–661
FCC and, 1055
racial fitness and, 654–565
golden spike, 614
on government action, 1032–1034
in Second World War, 900–901,
Homestead Act and, 611–612
Grenada intervention and, 1037
901–903
mining and, 616
Iran-contra controversy and,
Social Darwinism and, 652
Panic of 1873 and, 601
1037–1040
in Spanish-American War, 749
standardization of time by,
in movies, 1038–1039
in sports, 1073
650–651
presidency of, 1030–1036
stereotypes in, 204, 359, 596, 599
technological advances for, 644
second term of, 1033, 1035
suffragists and, 591
West and, 612–613
Reagan revolution, 1030–1036
Race riots, 392, 588, 635, 763, 798
Railroad Coordination Act (1933),
Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 967–968
after First World War, 798
849
Real estate, in 1700s, 187
Irish American/black, 552
“Railroad time,” 651
Real estate market , 1109
in Springfield, Illinois, 725
Ralegh (Raleigh), Walter, 53–55
African American agents in, 694
in Watts, 997
Ranching, 616–619
racial discrimination eliminated
Racial discrimination. See
beef cattle in U.S. (1867–1897),
from, 1001
Discrimination;
619
restrictive covenants in, 931, 934
Race and racism, 368–370, 631–632
Californio ranchers, 620
risky loans in, 1033, 1071
I-58
Index
Real income, growth in, 940, 1031,
Recreation, outdoor, 654
Cambodian, 1014
1088
Recruitment, 561, 570, 932
Cuban, 1062
Realism, 706–707
Recycling, in Second World War,
immigrants classified as, 1062
Real wages, 658, 671, 688, 802, 807,
895, 1091
Jewish, 885, 893
951
Red Badge of Courage, The (book
loyalist, 220–221
Rearmament, in Second World War,
and movie), 518
political, 683, 1062
879
Red China. See China
restrictions on, 821–823
“Reason Why the Colored American
Redcoats, 151, 160, 161
undocumented, 1082
Is Not in the World’s Columbian
Boston massacre, 182–184
Regions. See also Diversity; specific
Exposition, The” (Wells), 682
in French and Indian War, 163,
regions
Rebates, by railroads, 647
166
drinking in, 170, 306, 422–423,
Rebellions. See Revolts and rebellions
in Revolution, 196–197, 201, 206,
424–425
Recall, 716
211
interdependence among, 395
Recessions, 772. See also Depressions
in Virginia, 156–157
racial, ethnicity, and economies in,
(financial); Economy
Red Cross, 553, 895, 1104
88–89
in 1750, 134
Redemptioners, 131
Registration, of voters, 716–717
of 1929–1945, 873
Redford, Robert, 1076–1077
Regulation, 137, 729, 864, 985,
of 1937–1938 and, 874–875
Redistribution of income, in Second
1032–1034, 1072. See also
in 1953, 947
World War, 856
specific acts
Great Recession, 1111, 1113,
Redlining, 974–975
anti-government activists and,
1114, 1116
Red Republicanism (Europe),
1055–1057
Reciprocal Trade Agreement (1935),
476–477
of corporations, 722, 733, 735
873–874
Reds (movie), 793, 795
economic, 93, 241, 662, 666, 731,
Reconnaissance flights, for
Red Scare
814, 1098
disarmament efforts, 943
after First World War, 795–797
of environment, 732, 1024, 1033,
Reconquest, of Spain, 14
after Second World War, 923
1055
Reconstruction, 577–580. See also
Red Shirts, 601, 604
of financial system, 416,
Civil War (U.S.)
Red Sticks (Creek Indians),
1071–1072, 1108
Black Codes in, 583
278–279
of industrial safety, 658
carpetbaggers in, 589, 596–597
Reed, Esther de Berdt, 234
of labor, 579
completion of formal, 590
Reed, John (“Jack”), 794–795
Nixon and, 1012
Compromise of 1877 and, 606
Re-export trade, 131, 270, 290
personal registration laws,
congressional, 586–589
Referendum, 715–716
716–717
election of 1875 and, 602
for Lecompton constitution,
of railroads, 732–733
election of 1876 and, 604–606
485–486
of stock market, 733, 848–849
end of, 607
Reform and reformers. See also
of the territories, 484
film on, 598–599
Abolition and abolitionism;
trade, 173, 176
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 584–585
New Deal; Progressives and
of voting, 716
freedpeople in, 577, 579, 583,
progressivism;
Regulator movements, in Carolinas,
584–586
specific reforms
189–190
goals of, 607–608
alcohol and, 423–427
Rehabilitation, prisons and,
Indians and, 598
of asylums, 422
420–422, 428
Johnson, Andrew, and, 580–586
British imperial, 167–174
Rehnquist, William, 1034
Ku Klux Klan in, 590, 592, 597,
civil service reform, 593–594,
Reid, Harry, 1113
600
639–640
Relief. See also Social welfare
Radical Republicans and, 579–580
by clubwomen, 711
in Great Depression, 843,
retreat from, 601–607
men as, 864–866
849–850, 871
scalawags and, 589, 597
muckrakers and, 706–707
Religion. See also Evangelicals and
second, 608
municipal, 714–715
evangelicalism;
in South, 582–583, 584, 595 (map)
prisons and, 420–422
Fundamentalism; Great
Supreme Court and, 603–604
Roosevelt, T., and, 732–733
Awakening; Missions and
Wade-Davis bill and, 580
in states, 715–724
missionaries; specific religions
Wartime, 577–580
suffrage, 718–720
in America, 1081–1084
Reconstruction acts (1867), 588–589
tariff, 640
of American Indians, 29–30
Reconstruction Amendments. See
women as, 864–866
Aztec, 30
Thirteenth Amendment;
Reformation. See Protestant
in British colonies (1720), 110
Fourteenth Amendment;
Reformation
(map)
Fifteenth Amendment
Reformed Church of America, 953
as a business, 807
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Refrigeration, in rail cars, 802
Catholicism vs. Protestantism,
(RFC), 842–843
Refugee Act (1980), 1062
476, 683
Recordings, 1019. See also Music
Refugees
colonial, 89, 110 (map)
45-rpm and LP, 955, 1078
Acadian, 157–158
conservative, 364–365
Index
I-59
democratic sects and, 349–351
Repression, in First World War,
Research and development (R&D)
denominational realignment
784–787
in Cold War, 920
in, 143
Republic(s), Indian villages as, 147
NASA and, 959, 1060
drinking and, 419–420
“Republican court”, of Washington,
scientific, 876, 893, 900, 906, 959,
education and, 89
246
1036, 1060, 1099
gays and, 1082–1083
Republicanism, 420
Research departments, corporate,
Ghost Dance and, 629
Adams, John Quincy, 384
650
government and, 88
Black, 506
Reservations (Indian)
Indian, 628
Dutch, 47
in and 1875 and 1900, 626 (map)
Mayan, 23–24, 30
Eisenhower and, 956
Indian policy and, 169–171
New Right and, 1043
French, 252, 336
relocation from, 973
paternalism in, 129
Jeffersonian, 252
Reservoirs, 678, 949, 950
politics and, 217, 952–953
Modern, 956, 1022
Resistance, 39–40. See also Protest(s);
public funding of church-centered
Red, 476, 477
Revolts and rebellions
education and, 419–420
revival of, 383
to British taxation, 179–180
reform in, 348
Republican Party, 383, 384, 483, 589,
committees of correspondence and,
and revolt, 335–336
729, 1035. See also Democratic
185
after Revolution, 232
Republicans; Elections; Radical
to draft, 551
of slaves, 334
Republicans; specific leaders
to escalation, 179–180
splits in, 99, 139, 142
African Americans and, 669
to Fugitive Slave Law (1850),
in 20th century, 1080–1084
anti-government activism and,
461–462
Wars of, 43–44
1055–1057
to healthcare, 1113
women in, 348
Black Republicans in, 482–483,
by Indians, 170–171, 278, 319,
Religious orders. See Missions and
497
624–637
missionaries; specific orders
Blacks and, 595–596, 862
to railroads, 666
Religious Right, 1029–1030, 1080,
Chicago convention, 734
of whites to Brown Cases, 974
1082, 1083
civil service reform, 639
of workers, 657–665
Bush, George H. W., and, 1035
conservationist movement and,
Resource extraction, 611. See also
cultural conglomerates in, 1082
985, 1011
Mines and mining
Religious toleration, 107, 136
Contract with America and, 1087
western processes of, 615–616
in colonies, 74
consumer plenty and, 837
Resources Recovery Act (1970),
Dutch, 47, 76
corruption in, 720, 729, 812
1010
Relocation
foreign policy and, 594
Restoration colonies, 73
Indian, 972–973
Goldwater and, 979
Restoration era, 73
of industry, 809
Harding and, 812
colonies founded in, 73
of Japanese Americans, 901–902
In Kansas, 470–474
Navigation Acts in, 94–96
“Remember the Alamo,” 447
Ku Klux Klan and, 597–600
Restorationism, 349–350
“Remember the Maine!”, 748
Lincoln and, 504–505
“Restraint of trade,” Sherman
Removal, of Indians, 394
Mississippi Plan and, 602–603
Antitrust Act and, 649
Renaissance
nativism and, 473–478
Retailing, 931, 934
American, 347
political stalemate and, 637–640,
Retirement, communities for, 1059
in Harlem, 832–833
874
Reuben James (ship), 882
Mexican, 837, 870
program of, 263–264
Reunification, of Germany, 917
Renewable energy sources, 1025,
Reconstruction and, 579–580
Revenue Acts, 78, 106, 196
1032
Religious Right and, 1084
beer-wine, 849
Rensselaerswyck, 50, 73 (map), 188
Revival, 383–387
of 1683, 106
(map), 239
Roosevelt, T., and, 733
of 1766, 176, 180
Rent subsidies, 50, 77 (map), 239
Scalawags and, 597
of 1768, 168
Reparations
slavery and, 494, 495
of 1926, 814
German, after First World War,
Van Buren and, 383, 407–409
Townshend and, 167, 178, 179, 184
788, 790
Versailles Treaty ratification and,
Revenue-sharing plans, of Nixon,
for Japanese American internment,
790–791
1009
901
Whigs in, 639–640
Revere, Paul
of Korean War POWs, 941
Republicans. See Democratic-;
engravings by, 181
“Repeal or the Funeral of Miss
Republicans; National
warning by, 197
Americ- Stamp, The,”, 177
Republicans
Reverse discrimination, 1054
Report on Public Credit (Hamilton),
Republic of Texas, 446–447
Revivals and revivalism. See also
249
Republics
Evangelicals and evangelicalism
Representation, 174. See also Three-
Indian, 147
camp meetings and, 349
fifths clause compromises over,
in former Soviet Union, 789 (map),
consequences of, 141–142
Representative government, in New
880 (map), 889 (map), 916
in Great Awakening, 138–140
York, 76
(map), 1041
transatlantic, 140
I-60
Index
Revolts and rebellions. See also
Riggs, Bobby, 1074
Rolling Thunder (Vietnam bombing
Fugitive slaves; Resistance;
Right (political). See Conservatives
campaign), 990, 991
Revolutionary War; specific
and conservatism; New Right
Roman Catholicism. See Catholicism
revolts and rebellions
Fox News and, Religious Right
Romances (literature), 696
Bacon’s Rebellion, 102–104
and
Romania, 792, 905
in Cuba, 962–963
Rights. See Civil rights; Freedom(s);
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 846, 848, 864
Gabriel’s rebellion, 336–337
Liberty(ies); Women’s rights;
African Americans and, 869
male, 966
specific rights and freedoms
United Nations and, 904
in New England, 197–198
Right-to-Life movement, 1011,
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 84–5846. See
Pueblo Revolt and, 114–115
1099
also Great Depression; New
Shays’s Rebellion, 239
Rio Arriba County, New Mexico,
Deal
by Turner, Nat, 338
615
court-packing scheme of, 874
by Vesey, Denmark, 337–338
Rio de Janeiro, conference in (1942),
Democratic coalition and,
Whiskey Rebellion as, 253–254
906
861–863
Revolution(s)
Riots. See also Race riots
election of 1932 and, 844 (map)
in Cuba (1961), 964
antidraft, 551–552
election of 1936 and, 863 (map)
management, 650
for bread (Civil War), 551
as governor, 837
Revolutionary War
against Chinese workers, 614
Japanese American internment by,
American constitutionalism and,
after First World War, 798
901
199
nativist, in South, 474, 478
liberalism of, 846–847
events leading to, 198–203
Risk management, 1110
New Deal and, 848–856
foreign interventions, 207–208,
Ritchie, Thomas, 389
Pearl Harbor attack and,
776–777
Rivers. See also Waterways;
882–884
French intervention in, 211
Transportation; specific rivers
Second Bill of Rights of, 897
independence and, 201–203
and river regions
Roosevelt, Theodore, 729–733,
loyalists in, 219–221
in 1825–1860, 297 (map)
757–763
Spanish intervention in, 211–213
steamboats on, 296–297
American nationality and,
western land claims during, 236
Riverside Church, King at, 1002
701–702
(map)
Roads and highways. See also
big stick policy of, 763
Revolving turret, on ironclads, 528
specific roads
corollary, 758
Reykjavik, summit meeting
Highway Act and, 949
diplomacy and, 763
at, 1040
improvements in, 949–951
East Asia and, 762–763
RFC. See Reconstruction Finance
in 1825–1860, 297 (map)
election of 1904 and, 731
Corporation
Roanoke colony, 53–55
election of and 1910, 734
Rhee, Syngman, 917
1584–1590, 54 (map)
election of 1912, 737 (map)
Rhineland region, 828
“Robber barons,” 672–673
environment and, 731–732
Nazis in, 828
Roberts, John, 1034, 1099
expansion under, 763, 767
Rhode Island, 68–70, 72, 90, 243
Roberts, Owen J., 874
First World War and, 772, 773,
charter for, 92, 96
Roberts Court, 1099
774, 785, 790
factories in, 306–307
Robertson, Pat, 1082, 1083
geopolitics of, 757–763
family system in, 307
Robeson, Paul, anticommunism
government activism and, 731
government of, 110, 143–144, 146
and, 923
as imperialist, 758
Rhode Island system, in textile
Robinson, Jackie, 932
on melting-pot, 750
industry, 306–307
Rochambeau, comte de (Jean
muckrakers and, 706
Rice, Thomas, 359
Baptiste Donatien), 229
New Nationalism of, 739–740
Rice and rice industry, 75, 87,
Rochester, temperance in, 424–425
Panama Canal and, 758–762
122, 130
Rockefeller, John D., oil industry
Progressive Party and, 732–733,
in Georgia, 314, 317, 318
and, 647–648
735
plantations and, 75, 145
Rockefeller, Nelson, 1008
Republicans, as divided party, 733
in South Carolina, 129
Rockefeller Foundation, 673, 958
in Spanish-American War,
Rice coast, 317, 322–323, 330
Rockefeller University, 673
749–751
Richardson, Ebenezer, 182
Rockingham, marquess of (Charles
Square Deal of, 730–731
Richmond, 102, 229, 336–338
Watson-Wentworth), 175–176
on strenuous life, 654
bread riot in, 551
Rock ‘n’ roll, 954–955
trusts and, 729–730
in Revolution, 230, 266
Rock Springs, Colorado, massacre of
Roosevelt corollary, 758
Riesman, David, 953–954
Chinese workers in, 613
Root, Elihu, 791
Rifle
Rockwell, Norman, 898
Root, John Wellborn, 680
infantry, 521
Roderigue Hortalez and Company,
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908),
repeating, 558
211
763
in Spanish-American War, 749
Roe v. Wade, 1011
Rosecrans, William S., 548, 558,
Rifle Clubs, 601, 602
Rolfe, John, 57, 63
559, 560 (map)
Rifling, 522
Rolling Stone magazine, 996
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 924
Index
I-61
Rosenman, Samuel, 847, 864
Ruth, George Herman (“Babe”),
Salem Village (Danvers), 109
Rosenwald, Julius, philanthropy
805–806
Salem witch trials, 109
of, 673
Rwanda, U.N. peacekeeping in, 1100
Salisbury, Harrison, 993
Rostow, Walt W., 989
Saloons, 354, 358, 368, 702, 706
Rothstein, Arnold, 692
S
in Chicago, 710
Rough Riders, 749–750
SALT I, 1013
Route 66, 851
Saar region, after First World War,
Saltillo, Mexico, 452 (map)
Rove, Karl, 1096
788, 789 (map)
Salt of the Earth (movie), 974
Royal African Company, 73
Sabotage Act, in First World War,
SALT talks. See Strategic Arms
Royal Air Force (RAF), 881
785
Limitation Talks
Royal colonies, 109 (map), 193
Sacajawea (Shoshone), 269
Salvadoran immigrants, 1062
assemblies in, 110
Sacco, Nicola, 796
Salvation. See Missions and
in Georgia, 144
Sacco and Vanzetti case, 796–797
missionaries
Royal Navy (Britain),
Sachems 65
Samana Cay, 15
impressment by, 151, 255
Massasoit as, 65–66
Same-sex relationships. See Gays and
in King George’s War, 151
Sacraments, 43, 79
lesbians; Homosexuality
Royal Orders for New Discoveries
Sacrifice, 26, 27, 30
Samoa, U.S. rights to, 746, 754
(Philip II, Spain), 33
Aztec, 25
(map), 1053
Rubin, Jerry, 1002, 1006
Christians and, 30
Samuelson, Paul, 958
Rubin, Robert, 1108
Mayan, 23–24
Sand Creek massacre, 627
Ruby, Jack, 979
Olmec, 21
San Diego, founding of, 214
Ruef, Abe, 691
Sacrilegious Candidate, The
Sandinistasin Nicaragua, 1037, 1042
Ruffin, Edmund, 365, 503
(political cartoon), 671
S & Ls, bailout of, 1033
Ruhr region, French occupation of,
Sadat, Anwar, 1027
Sandys, Edwin, 59
815
Saddam Hussein. See Hussein,
SANE. See Committee for a Sane
Rum, 170, 424, 436, 640
Saddam
Nuclear Policy
trade in, 133, 138, 172, 180
Saddleback Church, 1083
San Francisco, 52, 212
Rumford Act (California), 985, 998
Safavid Empire (Iran), 7–8 (map)
Chinatown in, 613–614
Rumsfeld, Donald, 1096,
Safety, 196, 299
counterculture in, 995
1103, 1106
industrial, 658, 662, 722
segregation of Asian children in,
Runaway slaves. See Fugitive slaves
of food, 731
763
Rural areas, 692, 802, 893. See also
Nixon and, 1028
strikes in, 858
Farms and farming
Reagan and, 1033
Sanger, Margaret, 697
Chicanos in, 870
regulations, 1011, 1024
Sanitation, in cities, 688, 711
in Great Depression, 870
on urban construction projects,
San Jacinto (ship), 526
discontent, 186–189
678, 687
San Juan Hill, battle at, 749, 750,
high-tech industry in, 1060
Sagadahoc colony (Maine), 55, 56
751 (map)
living conditions in, 288, 959
Sagebrush rebellion, 1033, 1055
San Juan Pueblo Indians, 114
Puritans in, 68
Sahara region, 9–10, 39
San Lorenzo, (Olmec city), 21,
railroads and, 683
Saigon. See also South Vietnam;
24 (map)
schools in, 420
Vietnam War
San Salvador, Columbus and, 15
Rural Electrification Administration
Diem government in, 978
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 447
(REA), 893
North Vietnamese capture of, 979
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 444, 450,
Rush, Benjamin, 137
Saint(s), 15, 31, 43, 68–72. See also
517
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817), 387
specific saints Puritan,
Santa Fe Railroad, 612, 614. See also
Rusk, Dean, 993
St. Asaph, 222 (map), 235
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
Russell, John, 525
St. Augustine, 53, 122, 148, 149
Railroad
Russia, 270. See also First World
St. Christopher, 63, 64 (map)
Santa Fe Trail, 444 (map), 612, 620
War; Soviet Union
Saint Domingue, 47, 268
Santa María (ship), 15
exit from First World War, 776
slave revolt on, 336
Santee Sioux Indians, conflict with,
expansionism of, 745
St. Frédéric, Fort. See Crown Point
625–626
in First World War, 769–770,
St. George’s Fields, “massacre” of,
Santiago, Cuba, 149 (map)
775–776
181, 184
Santo Domingo (Dominican
immigrants from, 683, 684
St. John, Henry (Viscount
Republic), 594, 1062. See also
Japanese treaty with, 764
Bolingbroke), 113–114
Dominican Republic attempts to
Open Door policy and, 756, 762
St. Lawrence River region, 44, 121,
annex,
serfdom in, 38
147, 163, 206
São Tomé, 12
Russian Revolutions, 776, 796
St. Leger, Barry, 208, 210
Sarajevo, Bosnia, Franz Ferdinand
Russo-Japanese War, 762–763
St. Louis, 26–27
assassination in, 769
Rustin, Bayard, 922, 970
slave auction in, 454
Saratoga, battle at, 210
Rustling, 617
Saipan, in Second World War,
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), 1109
Rutgers University, 143, 656
889, 890
Sargent, John Singer, 656, 771, 983
I-62
Index
Sassamon, John, 98
Office of, 893
in North Africa, 884–885,
Satellite countries, in Eastern Europe,
Scioto Company, 326
885–887, 889 (map)
880 (map), 889 (map), 944
SCLC. See Southern Christian
in Pacific, 887–889
Satellites, for space exploration, 959,
Leadership Conference
peace after, 903–906
1066, 1076
Scopes, John T., 824
Pearl Harbor attack in, 882–884
Saturation bombing, in Vietnam, 991
Scopes Trial, 824–825
race issues, 900–901
Saturday Evening Post, 898
Inherit the Wind (movie) and, 825
social issues during, 897–903
Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf War and,
Scots Covenanters, 351–352
U.S. neutrality before, 878
1042–1043
Scots-Irish, 131, 132, 170, 189, 216
U.S. response to war in Europe,
Savannah, 121 (map), 137, 138, 224,
Scott, Dred, 484
879–882
228, 317
Scott, Hannah, 334
U.S. strategy in, 888–890
Saving Private Ryan (movie),
Scott, Winfield, 451, 474
Secretariat (UN), 904
886–887
in Civil War, 513, 514, 528
Secret ballot, 74, 81, 190, 216, 716
Savings and loan (S & L) institutions.
Screen Actors Guild, 922, 1039
Sectionalism, 298, 607
See S & Ls
Scribner’s magazine, 653
in election of 1836, 407–408
Savings rate, decline of, 1071
SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative
panic of 1857 and, 493
Saybrook Fort, 69 (map), 70
SDS. See Students for a Democratic
slavery and, 412
“Say It Loud, I’m Black and I’m
Society
Sects (religious). See specific groups
Proud” (Brown), 1001
Sea Islands, 220, 318
Secular humanism, 1084
Scabs (strikebreakers), 661
Seale, Bobby, 1001
Secular liberalism, Catholicism
Scalawags, 589, 597
Seamstresses, 490, 492
and, 476
Scalia, Antonin, 1034, 1055, 1056
Seaport cities, 289–292
Securities, 236, 240, 250, 251
Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne), 347
growth of, 289–290
Securities Act (1933), 848–849
Schaeffer, Francis, 1084
wealth in, 290–291
Securities and Exchange Commission
Schenectady, 119 (map), 120, 711
“Search and destroy” missions
(SEC), 849, 1056, 1109
Schlafly, Phyllis, 967
(Vietnam War), 991
Securities Exchange Act (1933), 848
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 960
Sears, Roebuck, 673, 864, 881
Security. See National security
Schlesinger, James, 1025
Seattle, strike in (1919), 793
Security Council (UN), 904
Schofield, John M., 590
SEC. See Securities and Exchange
Sedalia, Missouri, 617
“School Days” (rock song), 955
Commission
Sedentary cultures, in America(s),
Schools, 368, 393. See also
Secession, 235, 395, 502–517
17–18
Education; Higher education;
acquisition of Cuba and, 753–754
Sedition Act, 259–260, 261
Universities and colleges; specific
South Carolina’s, 537
in First World War, 785
schools
Civil War and, 509 (map)
Seditious libel, Zenger and, 135
Antebellum era, 417–420
election of 1860 and, 509 (map)
Seduction of the Innocent, The
Brown Cases and, 970
Georgia’s, 510
(Wertham), 954
Catholic, 477, 826
of Louisiana, 266
Segregation, 725, 931, 956, 969,
common, 418
Secessionism, after Revolution,
979. See also Desegregation
ethnicity and religion in, 419–420
503–504
of African Americans, 693, 725
exclusion of blacks from, 370
Secessionists, before election,
in armed forces, 900
freedmen’s, 585
503–504
in baseball, 932
law, 81
Sechin Alto, pyramid at, 19
in Birmingham, 977
normal, 419
Second Amendment, 1001, 1099
Cold War and, 931–932
public, 343, 418–419
Second Anglo-Dutch War, 101
Dixiecrats and, 939
reforms of, 417–420
Second Bank of the United States,
Eisenhower and, 972
religion and, 419–420
402
14th amendment and, 931
segregation in, 370
Second Battle of Bull Run
of government departments, 869
Schulberg, Budd, 922
(Manassas), 534–537
industrialization and, 632
Schurz, Carl, 602
Second Bill of Rights, 897
Kennedy and, 975
Schuyler, Fort, 210
Second Continental Congress,
lawsuits regarding, 728
Schwerner, Michael, 983
199–201
Montgomery bus boycott and, 970
Science., 191, 650, 652, 818. See also
Second Front, in Second World War,
in public facilities, Jim Crow laws
Astronomy; Natural science;
884, 885
and, 636
Scientific method; Technology
Second New Deal (1935–1937),
race-mixing, 955
vs. Christianity, 800, 824–825
860–868. See also New Deal
residential, 892–893
on racial differences, 429
Second party system, 876–906
in schools, 763
technology and, 898, 959, 1047
Second World War
of transportation, 970, 976
Scientific management, 722–724
atomic bombs in, 890–892
vigilantes, 1000
Scientific method, applied to society,
economy and, 892–897
Wallace and, 985
652
in Europe, 879, 879–881, 880 (map)
Seigneurs (gentry), in New France, 46
Scientific research, 673, 876
events leading to, 878–879
Selective Service Act (1917), 780, 881
Scientific Research and Development,
gender issues in, 898–900
Selective Training and Service Act
959
internment in, 901
(1940), 880
Index
I-63
Selectmen, in New England, 71
Serviceman’s Readjustment Act
Shakespeare, William, 653
Self-determination, after First World
(1944), 928
Shandong, 879
War, 774, 783, 788, 790, 792
See GI Bill (1944)
Shanghai, 1068
Self-government, 758
Settlement. See also Colonies and
Sharecropping, 585
Cubans and, 749
colonization; specific countries
in Great Depression, 850–852,
by Filipinos, 752–753
advancement of, to 1790, 237
859, 863, 864
for Indians, 872
(map)
in New South, 585, 632
Soviet Union, 1041
of backcountry, 132
Share the Wealth program, of Long,
Self-interest, of anti-imperialists, 753
Chesapeake region, 55–65
856
Selma, Alabama, racial violence in, 996
Dutch, 47–51
Share wages, in southern free-labor
Seminole Indians, 385, 393, 517, 625
English, 90 (map)
contracts, 585
Semisedentary lifestyle, 17, 18
Indians and, 4 (map)
Sharp, Granville, 191
Semiskilled labor, 292, 311, 369,
movement of southerners to, 302
Sharpsburg. See Antietam, Battle of
475, 807, 825
New England, 65–72
Shasta Dam, 857 (map)
AFL and, 663
New France, 44–47
Shaw, Robert Gould, 561
unions and, 661, 866
Quakers, 78–84
Shawnee Indians, 147, 153, 170, 171
wages for, 490, 658
of Restoration colonies, 73–78
Tenskwatawa and, 276–277
women as, 782
in South Carolina, 75
Shays, Daniel, 239
Senate (U.S.)
Spanish, 41–44
Shays’s Rebellion, 239
caning of Sumner in, 480–481
spectrum of, 85–91
Sheen, Fulton J., 953
debates over slavery in, 459–460
in Texas, 117
Sheep, 16, 52, 300, 305
impeachment and, 589–590
Settlement houses, 707–711
grazing, 615
Versailles Treaty ratification fight,
Seven Days’ Battles, 533–534, 535
Hispanics and, 443, 611
790–791
(map)
Shenandoah Valley, 2
Watergate Committee in,
Seventeenth Amendment, 715
Civil War in, 571–572
1018–1019
Seventh-Day Adventist Church, 353
Shenseki, Eric, 1112
Senators
74th Congress, 859
Shepherd’s Tent, Davenport
direct election of, 668, 669, 715
Seven Years’ War, 122, 169, 221,
and, 141
election by legislatures, 497
159. See also French and Indian
Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), 811
terms for, 241
War
Sheridan, Philip, 565, 571, 625
Seneca Falls Convention, 438
Sewage systems, in cities, 677, 853
Sherman, John, 499
Seneca Indians, 161, 170, 221, 574
Seward, William H.,
Sherman, William T.
Sensationalism, of yellow journalism,
“higher law” speech by, 460, 504
Atlanta campaign of, 571
747
“Irrepressible Conflict” speech of,
march through Carolinas, 573
Sentimentality
504
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 638,
in literature, 347, 348
prisons and, 421–422
649, 729
in middle class, 325
Sewing machine, 487, 490, 689, 690,
Roosevelt, T., and, 729
Seoul, 917, 918 (map)
695, 744
strikes and, 662, 664–665
Separate-but equal-principle, 931
Sex and sexuality, 697–700. See also
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890),
Separation of church and state, 70,
Gender;
667–668
349, 364
advertising and, 804–805
Sherwood, Robert Abe Lincoln in
Separation of powers, Adams, John,
Homosexuality counterculture
Illinois, 749
on, 214–215
and, 922, 923, 996
Shi’a Muslims, 1043, 1104
Separatism, after Revolution, 798
female slaves and, 624
Shiller, Robert, 1110
Separatists, Pilgrims as, 52
feminism and, 697–700
Shiloh, Battle of, 531 (map),
September 11, terrorist attacks,
in movies, 698–699
532–533
1085, 1096, 1102–1103
new sexuality and, 697–700
Shippen, William, 137
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 29
in 1920s, 804–805
Ships and shipping, 134, 160, 253,
Serbia, 683, 1040, 1014 (map)
politics of, 697–700, 1047–1048
283, 290. See also Railroad(s);
First World War and, 769, 770
transsexuality and, 1047
Roads and highways;
(map), 771, 789 (map), 792
“Sex-change” operations, 923
Transportation
Kosovo and, 1100
Sex ratio, in colonies, 87
container shipping and, 1068
Serbian immigrants, 683
Sexual assaults, in military, 1047
Embargo Act and, 272–273
Serbs, ethnic cleansing by, 1100
Sexual freedom, 697, 794, 865, 1045
in First World War, 772–773,
Serfdom, 36–39
Sexual politics, 1047–1048
776–777, 778
Serra, Junípero, 212
Seymour, Horatio, 592
limits on warships, 815
Servants, 59–60, 62, 65, 71, 73
Shadow banking system, 1071
in Napoleonic Wars, 271–272
in Barbados, 75
Shadrach (slave), 463
before Panama Canal, 761 (map)
defined, 369
Shaft (movie), 1049
Shirley, William
indentured, 41
Shaftesbury, Earl of (Anthony
and Albany Congress, 155–156
Protestant, 62
Ashley-Cooper), 74, 104
in King George’s War, 150–151
slaves as, 55, 63–64
Shah of Iran. See Pahlavi, Reza
Shoe industry, 300, 493
Service economy, 1069
(Shah)
Shopping malls, 948
I-64
Index
Short-staple cotton, 318–319. See
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church
Slave ships, 400–401
also Cotton and cotton industry
(Birmingham), bombing of, 976
Slave states, 241, 399, 460, 490. See
Shoshone Indians, 269
Skeptics, as lawyers, 136
also Slaves and slavery; South;
Shriver, R. Sargent, 983
Skilled labor. See also Labor
specific states
Siberia, 3
AFL and, 663
election of 1856 and, 482
humans in, 3
mass production and, 649
election of 1860 and, 506
Russia and, 762
Skrellings, Indians as, 6
and free states, 443 (map)
Sicilian immigrants, 692
Skull rack altar, Aztec, 30
line dividing from free states, 453
Sicily, in Second World War, 885,
Skyscrapers, 675
Kentucky, 238
889 (map)
Slash and burn agriculture, 17
Louisiana Purchase and, 442
Sickle cell, 129
Slater, Samuel, 307
secession of, 502
Sierra Club, 731
Slave auction, 454
Slave trade, 10–13, 332, 399
Sierra Leone, 220, 400, 401
Slave-catchers, 462–465
African, 16, 49, 73, 105, 128, 191,
Sierra Nevada Mountains, national
Slave code, 324, 479
317, 489
forests in, 1101
federal, 498, 498
Atlantic, 11 (map), 12, 233
Sigourney, Lydia, 347
in Kansas Territory, 498
domestic, 320, 331, 333
Silent Spring, The (Carson), 1009
Slaveholders, 129, 331, 333, 335, 338
family and, 331–333
Silicon Valley, 1060, 1115
in South, 496
Indian, 75, 116, 122
Silliman, Mary Fish, 212–213
Slavers, 454, 472, 478, 493
interstate, 314, 320–322, 331,
Silver
Slaves and slavery. See also Abolition
399, 459, 508
coinage of, 667–668
and abolitionism; Emancipation;
international, 400
free silver movement and,
Fugitive slaves; Revolts and
slave families and, 331–333
667–668
rebellions; Slave trade
slave mothers and, 333
Indians and, 18
in Chesapeake farming, 322–323
white, 700, 707
mining of, 667
Christianity among, 323–334–336
Slavs
paper money and, 133, 134
Civil War and, 540–547
as immigrants, 683
people’s party and, 669–670
as contrabands, 541
origin of word slave and, 9
Simmons, William, 820
cotton and, 322–324, 490
Sloughter, Henry, 526
Simpson, O. J., trial of, 1090
distribution of (1790, 1820, 1860),
Slovak immigrants, 687, 688
Simpson-Mazzoli Act (1986), 1063
321 (map)
Slovenia, 1040, 1041 (map)
Sims, Thomas, 463
Dred Scott case and, 484–485
Slovenian immigrants, 683
Sin
emancipation and, 316–317,
Slums, 290. See also Tenements
Christian concept of, 30
542–544
Small businesses, loans to, 983
Protestant fundamentalists on,
emancipation proclamation,
Smallpox, 5, 31, 32, 120, 132, 276
823
546–547
among Aztecs, 35
punishment of, 71
evangelical mission to, 365–366
among Indians, 35, 45, 96, 97
Sinai Peninsula, 1026
family life of, 330–331, 331–333
inoculation against, 125
Sinclair, Harry F., 812
filibustering expeditions for,
Spain and, 117
Sinclair, Upton, 711–712, 859
468–469
Smith, Adam, slavery and, 191
Singapore, 882, 884, 887, 891 (map)
first, 9
Smith, Alfred E., 722
Singer Sewing Machine Company,
free-labor ideology vs., 494
Smith, Caleb B., 547
744
Kansas-Nebraska Act and,
Smith, Elijah and Albert, 424
Singleton, Benjamin, 633
472–473
Smith, Gerrit, 431
Sing Sing prison, 421
lifestyle of, 330–331
Smith, Hyrum, 357
Siouan peoples, 3
Lincoln-Douglas debates and,
Smith, Jesse, 813
Sioux Indians, 625–626
497–501
Smith, John, 56–57
Ghost Dance religion and, 629
as loyalists, 220
Smith, John Stafford, 279
Wounded Knee massacre of, 629
Manifest Destiny and, 442
Smith, Joseph, 349, 356–357
Sioux languages, Catawbas and, 97
Mexican War and, 453–455
Smith, Willie, 831
Sirhan, Sirhan, 1005
as Muslim captives, 9
Smith College, 966
Sirica, John, 1018, 1019
in North America, 63–65
Smith-Connally Act (1943), 896
Sitcoms, 1075
Northwest Ordinance and, 238
Smog, 1009, 1010
Sit-down strikes, 866
origins of term, 9
Smokestacks, emissions of, 1009,
Sit-ins, 975
popular sovereignty and, 455
1010
Sitting Bull (Sioux leader), 625,
population distribution of, 321
Smoking. See Tobacco and tobacco
629–630
(map)
industry
Six Crises (Nixon), 1008
revolts by, 336–338
Smuggling, 96, 147, 160, 161, 180,
Six Nations, 154–155
staple crops and, 9, 491 (map)
184, 485
Six Sermons on the Nature,
task system and, 130, 318
colonial, 133
Occasions, Signs, Evils, and
theology of, 334–335
Embargo Act and, 272, 273
Remedy of Intemperance
in West Indies, 63
Scottish, 104, 111, 126, 137, 189,
(Beecher), 423
Wilmot Proviso and, 453–455
223
Sixteenth Amendment, 738
women and, 190–192
Smyth, Thomas, 59
Index
I-65
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent
Social work and social workers, 708,
South; New South; Old South;
Coordinating Committee
809
Reconstruction
Soap, advertising of, 305
at Ford, 724
agriculture in, 632–633
Soccer, 1073
Society. See also Families; Gender
Bible Belt in, 361–362
Social activism. See Activism
and gender issues; Men; Women
Black Codes in, 583
Social classes. See Classes
affluence in, 948, 953–954
British offensive in, 224–232
Social Darwinism, 652
conformity in, 953–954
caning of Sumner and, 480–481
“racial superiority” and, 652
consumer, 651–652, 802–803
carpetbaggers in, 589, 596–597
Social hierarchy. See Hierarchy
after First World War, 793–799
after Civil War, 582–583
(social)
First World War and, 779–780,
compromise proposals, 508–510
Socialism, 711–714
782–784
Cotton Belt in, 319
economic inequality and, 741
of slave masters, 324–325
culture of whites in, 361–366
in First World War, 790, 794, 796
Social Darwinism and, 652
disfranchisement of blacks in, 717
Nationalism form of, 712
Society of Friends. See Quakers
economy of, 488–489, 549–550
organizations for, 712
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits
education, 585–586
progressivism and, 713
Sociology for the South (Fitzhugh),
evangelicals in, 362
use of term, 711
490
families in, 325–326
varieties of, 712
Soddies (sod houses), 622, 623
filibustering expeditions and,
in Wisconsin, 711–712
Sodomy, laws on, 1098
468–469
Socialist Labor Party, 661
Soil, quality of, 1098
free-labor ideology and, 494
Socialist Party of America, 711
Soil Bank Program, 951
Jacksonian Democracy and,
Social mobility, 690
Soil Conservation and Domestic
393–400
free-labor ideology and, 494, 504
Allotment Act (1936), 852
Jim Crow laws in, 635–637
slavery and, 494
Soil Conservation Service (SCS), 851
labor, in postwar, 584
Whigs on, 415
Soil erosion, 641, 854
land, in postwar, 584
Social movements, 1044–1057. See
Sojourner movement, 1082
lifestyle of masters in, 324–325
also specific movements
Soldiers, 228, 231. See also Armed
Lincoln and, 505–506
African Americans and,
forces; Continental Army; Red-
lynchings of blacks in, 725, 728
1048–1049
coats; specific battles and wars
Market Revolution in, 338–341
Americans Indians and,
African Americans as, 560,
mutiny and reform, 228–229
1049–1050
561–562
nativism and, 473–478
Asian Americans and, 1052–1053
British colonial, 160–161
nonslaveholders in, 495–497
politics of, 1044–1057
Citizen, 521
Panic of 1857, sectionalism, and,
in Spanish-speaking communities
Continental, 224, 234
493
and, 1050–1052
Federal, 254
Partisan War, 226–228
Social networking, culture of,
in First World War, 771, 777, 781
population growth in, 164 (map)
1114–1115
Japanese American, 903
Reconstruction in, 582–583, 595
Social orders. See Classes
Mexican, 450
(map)
Social policy, of Nixon, 1008–1009
as politician, 937–939
reformers, 495
Social programs, faith-based, 1029
provincial, 156
secession of, 507–511
Social reform. See Reform and
as strike-breakers, 492
sharecropping in, 585, 632
reformers; specific reforms
Solidarity movement (Poland), 1040
tariff and, 394–395
Social sciences, 652, 959
Solid South, 939 (map)
task system in, 130, 318
Social Security, 860–861, 864, 865,
Solomon Islands, 888, 891 (map)
temperance in, 424–425
928–929
Somalia, 1043
Texas annexation and, 448
Bush, George W., and, 1096
U.S. troops in, 1100
voter participation in (1876, 1892,
Clinton and, 1089
Somoza, Anastasio, 1027
1900, 1912), 718
indexing of, 1009
Sonoma, battle at, 451
yeomen in, 326–330
of 1970s, 1034
Sonora, 468
South Africa, 900, 919, 920
Social Security Act of 1935, 860
Sons of Liberty
apartheid in, 1061, 1048
Social welfare, 811, 839, 860, 897
Boston Massacre and, 181–184
South America, 3–5. See also specific
Carter and, 1033
Wilkes and, 181–182
countries
costs of, 860
Sony, Walkman and, 1078
South Carolina, 75. See also
expansion of, 1034
Sorosis (women’s club), 656
Carolina; Charleston; North
Kennedy and, 965
Soto, Hernando de, 33
Carolina
Payments, 1046
Sotomayor, Sonia, 1113
backcountry of, 132
political machines and, 692
Soulé, Pierre, 467–468
Fort Sumter and, 511
Progressivism and, 720, 721
Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois),
nullification in, 395–397
Reagan and, 1033–1034
637
politics of harmony in, 144–145
reform in, 1025
Sound and the Fury, The (Faulkner),
secession of, 509 (map)
in southern states, 590
836
slaves in, 75
spending on, 987, 1009, 1033
South. See also Civil War (U.S.);
South Carolina Gazette, 134
Wisconsin and, 722
Confederacy (Civil War); Deep
South Dakota, 669, 1050
I-66
Index
Southeast
Spanish Civil War and,
Spillane, Mickey, 899
farming in, 315–318
Sputnik and, 959
Spinning mills, 307
imperial wars in, 151–153
spying and, 911, 919, 924
Spirit of capitalism, 284
Southeast Asia, 963. See also
Space exploration, Sputnik and, 959
Spirit of St. Louis, The (airplane),
Vietnam War;
Space race, 1036
805
Kennedy, John F., and, 964
Space shuttles, 1060
Spirituals (music), 335
Southern Baptists, 361, 1030
Spain. See also Spanish-American
Spock, Benjamin, 965–966
Southern Christian Leadership
War American Revolution and,
Spoils system
Conference (SCLC), 970, 1048
Caribbean region and, 16–17, 149
Jackson and, 391–393
Southern Farmers’ Alliance, 668
(map)
reform of, 593
Southern Manifesto, 969
Cherokee war and, 165
Sports. See also specific sports
Southern Pacific Railroad, 612
exploration by, 14–17 (map)
blood sports, 357–358
Southern Republican Party, 597
Jay treat with, 254–255
boxing as, 358
Southern Rights Democratic Party,
in Revolutionary War, 211–213
college, 1073–1074
504
Slave revolts and war, 147–150
in late 20th century, 1072–1074
Southern-rights position, of Calhoun,
Texas and, 117, 148 (map), 446
women in, 1073–1074
455
torture of Indians by, 43
Sports-entertainment industry,
South Korea, 915, 917, 941, 1016.
Spanish-American War, 747–751
1072–1074
See also Korea; Korean War
in Cuba, 747–751 (map), 751
Spotswood, Alexander, 144
South Manchurian Railroad, 762,
rifles from, 749
Spotsylvania, Battle of, 564, 565
764
Spanish Armada, Roanoke and,
(map)
South Pacific region
53–54
Springfield, Illinois, race riot in, 725
American empire in (1900), 754
Spanish Civil War, 878
Springsteen, Bruce, 868
(map)
Spanish Empire, 36–39. See also
Sputnik Crisis, 959
Second World War in, 887–888
Colonies and colonization; Spain
Squanto (Patuxet), 65
South Vietnam, 946, 1026. See also
demographic catastrophe in,
Square Deal, of Roosevelt, T.,
Vietnam; Vietnam War
35–36
730–731
Diem in, 947
global economy and, 36–39,37(map)
Squatters, on Mexican-American
Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 981,
global labor system and, 37–39
lands, 620
988–990
Spanish Inquisition, 30
SSI. See Supplementary Security
Kennedy, John F., and, 964,
Spanish-speaking people, 903,
Insurance
978–979
973–974. See also Hispanics;
Stadholder
Southwest, 3, 17, 256 (map), 408
specific groups
Jacob Leisler asm 108
Indians in, 28 (map), 276,
activism of, 1050–1052
Prince of Orange as, 47
393–394, 516–517
civil rights and, 973–974
William III as, 77
Mexican Americans in, 834
in West, 610
Stage coach travel, 295
settlements, 293
Special electoral commission, for
Stagflation, 1012
slaves in, 319, 320, 331, 443 (map)
election, 606
Stalin, Joseph
urban cultures of, 28
Specie, 172, 286. See also Money
Cold War and, 908, 909, 913
South Yemen, 1037
Panic of and,
lend-lease assistance to, 882
Sovereign power, in states, 215
to redeem Confederate treasury
postwar spheres of influence and,
Sovereignty, 176, 185
notes, 523
904–905
after First World War, 788, 791,
Specie Circular (1836), 407
Stalingrad, Battle of, 885,
793
Spectator, 135
889 (map)
popular, 213, 215, 241, 242
Speculation
Stalwarts, 639, 938, 960, 1114
state, 215, 394
Homestead Act and, 612
Stamp Act (1764), 173–177
for “the people,” 715–716
in stock market, 840
newspapers and, 173
Soviet Union. See also Cold War;
“Speed-ups,” of machines, 808
nullification of, 174–175
Communism; Russia; Second
Spencer, Herbert, 652, 866
repeal of, 175–177
World War
Spending (governmental). See also
resistance to, 174
American Communist Party and,
Budget; Finance(s); Military on
Stamp Act Congress, 174
859–860
defense,
Stamp Act crisis, 174–177
atomic bomb and, 915, 923–924,
on navy (1890–1914), 747
Standardization of time, 650–651
915
Spheres of influence
Standard of living, 490, 730, 1030,
Berlin and, 912–913
of Great Britain, 904–905
1069. See also Lifestyle
collapse of, 1041 (map)
after Second World War, 904–906
rural, 288
Cuba and, 263
of Soviet Union, 904–905
Standard Oil Company, Rockefeller
lend-lease assistance to, 882
Spice trade, 13
and, 647–648
massive retaliation doctrine and,
Spies and spying
Standing army, Federalists on, 260
942–943
atomic spies, 924
Stand Watie (Cherokee leader), 625
postwar spheres of influence and,
in Cold War, 911, 919, 924
Stanford, Leland, 612
904–905
Rosenbergs and, 924
Stanton, Edwin M., 533, 547
Index
I-67
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 438
Steinbrenner, George, 1072
Stroessner, Alfredo, 945
woman suffrage and, 438, 718
Stem cell research, 1066, 1099
Strutt, Jedediah, 307
women’s rights and, 438
Steroid use, in sports, 1074
Stuart, J. E. B. (“Jeb”), 499
Stanton, Henry B., 438
Steuben, Frederich Wilhelm (Baron
Stuart, John (Earl of Bute). See Bute,
Stanwyck, Barbara, 937
von), 210
Earl of
Staple Act (1663), 95
Stevens, Thaddeus, 419, 579, 598
Stuart, John, Indian superintendency
Staple crops, 9
Stevenson, Adlai, 937–939
to, 156, 169
slavery and, 9, 491 (map)
Stiglitz, Joseph, 1110
Stuart dynasty (England), 112, 145.
Starbucks, 1067
Stiles, Ezra, 349
See also specific rulers
Stark, John, 210
Stimson, Henry, 880, 885
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Star of the West (merchant ship), 511
atomic bomb and, 892
Committee (SNCC), 975
Starr, Ellen Gates, 708
Stock exchange, in London, 113
Students for a Democratic Society
Starr, Kenneth, 1090–1091
Stock Growers’ Association, 617
(SDS), 994
“Star-Spangled Banner, The,” 279,
Stock market, speculation in, 840
Studs Lonigan trilogy (Farrell), 844
477
Stocks, 612, 679, 803, 1002, 1056,
Stump, Frederick, 171
Star Trek, scholarly studies of, 1079
1071, 1095. See also Stock
Stump Speaking, 1004, 1028
Star Wars. See Strategic Defense
market
Stuyvesant, Pieter, 51–51, 75–76
Initiative
Stockton, Richard, 207
Subcultures. See Gays and lesbians;
Star Wars (movie), 1076
Stoddard, Solomon, 139
specific groups
State (nation), separation of church
Stone Age. See Neolithic revolution
Submarines, in First World War,
from, 70, 349, 364
Stones River, Battle of, 548
772–773
State(s). See also specific states
Stonewall Narrative, 1047
“Sub-prime loan” industry, 1033
aggressor, 877–878
Stono Rebellion, 148
Sub-prime mortgages, 1109–1100
internal improvements and, 340
Storey, Moorfield, 727
Substitutes, in Civil War, 550, 551,
prisons in, 420–422
Story of Avis, The (Phelps), 655
552
ratification of Constitution by,
Stowe, Calvin, 418
Subtreasuries (federal warehouses), in
242–243
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 347, 432,
Farmers’ Alliance agenda, 668–
reform in, 715–724
465–466
669
sovereignty of, 715–716
Strategic Air Command (SAC),
Suburbs
State banknotes, 524
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 963
affluence in, 949
State Children’s Health Insurance
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
conservatism in, 935
Program (SCHIP, ), 1089
(SALT), 1013
gender politics and, 965–966
State Department, McCarthy,
SALT I, 1013
new, 933–935
Joseph, and, 925
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
public housing and, 934
State legislatures, U.S. senators
(SALT), 1026
Subversion. See also Cold War;
elected by, 497
Carter and, 1026
Communism; Movies and movie
State militia. See Militia
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),
industry
Staten Island, 203, 206–207
1036
communism, homosexuality, and,
States General, in Dutch Republic,
Strategic hamlet program, in
922, 923
47, 48, 49
Vietnam, 992
FBI and, 922
States’ rights, nullification and,
Street gangs, 354, 358
postwar fears of, 920–926
395–397
“Strenuous life, the,” 654
Subversive Activities Control Act
States’ Rights (Dixiecrat) Party,
“Stretch-outs,” of machines, 808
(1950), 924–925, 942
927, 931
Strict constructionism
Subversive Activities Control Board,
Status. See Classes
of Jefferson, 251
924–925
Statute for Religious Freedom
Marshall and, 266
Subway, 677
(Jefferson), 232
Strikebreakers, 661, 663
Succession, in England, 104
Stay laws, 239
Strikes. See also Wildcat strikes
Sudetenland, Hitler and, 879
Steam power, electricity and, 645
by cowboys, 616
Suez Crisis, 945
Stearns, Harold, 835
after First World War, 793–795
Suffolk Convention, 195–196
Steel and steel industry
in First World War, 780
Suffrage. See also Woman suffrage
cargo containers and, 1068
in Great Depression, 858, 859,
reform of, 718–720
Carnegie in, 647
866, 874
women’s club movement and, 711
mass production in, 649
Great Railroad Strike of 1877,
Suffragists, 591, 718–720
merger movement in, 648–649
644, 660–661
Sugar Act (1764), 169–171
strikes in, 794–795
Homestead (1892), 663
Sugar and sugar industry, 9, 12, 753
Steele, Richard, 135
Knights of Labor and, 660–661
in Barbados, 63
Steeplechase Park (Coney Island),
in mining industry, 615–616
in Cuba, 747
695
Pullman, 664–665
France and, 133
Steffens, Lincoln, 706
Reagan and, 967–968
imperialism and, 172
Stein, Gertrude, 835
steel, 794–795
plantations in, 746
Steinbeck, John, 867, 922
Strip-mining, 615–616
slavery and, 38, 491 (map)
I-68
Index
Sugar colonies. See Barbados; West
Surge, the, in Iraq, 1106
Tariff(s), 376. See also specific acts
Indies; specific colonies
Surgeons, 554. See also Medicine
First congress and, 248
Sugar plantations, Crusades and, 9
Surplus
of 1815, 374
Suicide, assisted, 1099
agricultural, 118, 423
of 1816, 377
Sukarno, Achmed, 946
budget, 640
of 1828, 394–396, 405
Sullivan, Louis, 680, 681
of mules, 585
of 1832, 396
Summers, Larry, 1108
of war materiel, 880
of 1833, 375, 396–397, 405
Sumner, Charles, caning of, 480–481
Survey, of Northwest Territory, 235
of 1930 (Hawley-Smoot), 841
Sumter, Fort, attack on, 511–513
Survival, Indian strategies for,
Cleveland and, 640
Sumter, South Carolina, city manager
221–223
McKinley Tariff (1890), 638, 640
plan in, 714
Survival of the fittest, 652–653
Tariff of Abominations, 395
Sumter, Thomas, 225
Susquehannock Indians, 92, 101–102
Taft and, 734
Sunbelt
Sussex (ship), 773
Walker, 453
economic growth in, 1060–1061
Sussex pledge, 773
Wilson and, 738
population shift to, 1061 (map)
Sustainable development, 1102
Tarleton, Banastre, 225
Sundance Film Institute, 1076
Swaggart, Jimmy Lee, 1083
TARP. See Troubled Assets Relief
Sunday, Billy, 706
Swamp Fox. See Marion, Francis
Program
Sunni Muslims, 1080, 1104, 1107
Swansea, 98
Task system, 130, 318
Sun Records, 955
Swarthout, Samuel, 392
Tatler, 135
Super banks, 1070
Sweated trades, 312
Taverns, licenses for, 424
Super Bowl, 1072, 1073
Sweatshops, 690, 709
Tax-and-spend policy, Reagan and,
Superintendencies, Indian, 156
Sweden, 51, 759 (map), 770 (map),
1006, 1030
Superman (comic-strip hero), 866
789 (map), 822
Taxation. See also Duties; Finance(s);
Superpowers, 1013. See also Soviet
Sweet Honey in the Rock, 968
Income tax; Tariff(s); specific
Union
“Sweet Little Sixteen” (rock song),
acts and taxes under Articles of
conflict between, 908, 963
955
Confederation,
United States as, 908
Sweet potatoes, 5, 329
for Civil War, 523
Supplementary Security Insurance
Swift (meatpacking), 648
consent to, 112
(SSI), 1009
Swift, Jonathan, 113
cuts in, 1023
Supply lines, in Civil War, 522
Symphonies, 678, 679, 785
direct, 189, 238
Supply-side economics, 1031–1032
Synagogues, 689, 826, 1082
estate, 814
Supreme Court (U.S.). See also spe-
Synod, 139
excise, 250
cific cases and justices on anti-
Synod of Philadelphia, 139, 140
in First World War, 778, 781–782
trust laws and movie industry,
Syphilis, 40, 55, 862
income, 738
Bakke case and, 1054
Syria
property, 714
Brandeis on, 740
after First World War, 788–789
railroads and, 417
Brown Cases and, 968–970
dollar diplomacy of, 764
rights of, 167, 173
on civil rights, 931–932
Versailles Treaty and, 788–789
in Second New Deal, 861
constitutional protection of rights
Taxation without representation,
and, 1010
T
173, 176
disfranchisement clauses in
Tax revolt, in California, 1030
southern constitutions and, 717
Taft, 736–738
Taylor, Frederick Winslow,
Dred Scott case and, 484–485
election of 1912 737 (map)
and 722–724
on executive power, 926
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 921
“Taylorism,” 723–724
on federal authority, 264
Taft-Katsura Agreement, 764
Taylor, John, American Colonization
manufacturing, 487–488
Taino Indians, 15
Society and, 430
on fugitive slaves, 461–462
sedentary culture of, 18
Taylor, Zachary
on gambling on tribal land, 1050
Spanish missionaries and, 16
election of and, 456
on grandfather clauses, 636, 728
Taiwan. See Formosa (Taiwan)
in Mexican War, 451–452
injunctions against strikes and, 662
Take Back the Night rallies, 1044
Whigs and, 456, 473–474
on Japanese-American internment,
Taliban, 1103, 1104, 1113
Tea
901
Tallmadge, James, Jr., 380
crisis over, 167, 193
labor unions and, 1034
Tallmadge amendments, 380–381
duties on, 185–186
Northern Securities and, 730
Tammany Hall, 593, 706
Townshend Revenue Act and,
on pro-communist expression, 924
Taney, Roger B., Dred Scott case
178, 179
on public bus segregation, 970
and, 484–485
Tea Act (1773), 167, 193
on restrictive covenants, 931, 934
TANF. See Temporary Assistance to
Teachers’ colleges, 419
on separate but equal facilities for
Needy Families
Teaching profession
blacks, 931
Tanzania, embassy bombing in, 1102
in freedpeople’s schools, 586,
on sexual harassment, 1047
Tapioca, 5
596, 629
on states’ rights, 463
Tappan, Lewis, 370, 400, 434
women in, 488, 553
on tribal self-determination, 1050
Tarbell, Ida, Standard Oil exposé by,
Teach-ins, 1002
U.S. v. Nixon and, 1019
672, 706
“Team B,” 1029
Index
I-69
Tea Party movement, 193
Tenant revolt, in Hudson
Textiles and textile industry, 307,
Teapot Dome scandal, 812
valley, 151
377, 687, 808
Technocrats, New Dealers as, 864
Ten Days That Shook the World
immigrant labor in, 632
Technology. See also Weapons;
(Reed), 794
in 1920s, 880–809
specific inventions
Tenements, 312, 688, 708
Rhode Island system in, 307
for advertising, 803–804
Tennent, Gilbert, 140
strikes in, 310
economic growth and, 644–645,
Tennent, William, Sr., 138
value of cotton output, 809
1065–1066
Tennessee, 235
Waltham system and, 307–310
for information collection, 992,
militiamen, 280
Thames, Battle of the, 279
1066
Scopes Trial in, 824–825
Thames River region, 70, 278 (map)
innovations in, 644–645,
settlement of, 237 (map), 302
Thanksgiving, Massasoit and,
1065–1066
voting rights in, 371, 372
65, 98
manufacturing growth and,
yeomen in, 328
Theater
487–488, 644–645
Tennessee river region, Civil War in,
American, 358–359
mining, 616
530, 532, 568 (map)
minstrel shows and, 359
network TV and, 1075
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA),
Theology. See also Religion; specific
for pirating movies, 1078
853–855
religions
in printing, 343–344
Tennessee Valley Authority Act
of slaves, 334–335
in Second World War,
(1933), 853
Theory of the Leisure Class, The
spread of, 644–645, 1065–1066
Tenochtitlán, 24
(Veblen), 652
Tecumseh, 275–277, 278–279
Cortés in, 16–17, 31
Thief in the Night, A (movie), 1084
Teflon president, Reagan as, 1034
Tenskwatawa (Shawnee), 276–277
Thieu, Nguyen Van, 992, 1015
Tejanos (Mexican Texans), 447, 620
Tenth Amendment, 248, 259
Thinker, The, A Moral Reader, 418
Tejas Indians, 117
Tenure of Office Act, 589
Third Amendment, 248
Telegraph, 515, 522
Teotihuacan, 22
Third Anglo-Dutch War, 77–78, 105
Telephones, 802
fall of, 22, 24
Third parties. See also specific parties
U.S.-Soviet hot-line, 963
Temple of the Sun at, 23
Farmer-Labor, 802
Television, 955, 969. See also Cable
Tepee, 17
Perot and, 1044, 1089
television
Termination and Relocation
of Wallace, George, 1006, 1007
animated shows on, 1077
programs, for Indians, 972–973
(map)
Army-McCarthy Hearings on, 942
Term limits, in Carolina, 74
Third Reich, 878–879, 881, 885. See
blacklist in, 936
Terms of office, 241, 255
also Nazi Germany Third World
civil rights and, 976
Terrell, Mary Church, 635
CIA and,
conservatives on,
Territories. See also specific locations
Thirteenth Amendment, 562, 582
Eisenhower and, 942
Dred Scott case and, 484–485
Thirty Years’ War, 66
Kennedy assassination, 1005
federal slave code for, 498, 503
“This Land Is Your Land” (Guthrie),
presidential debates on, 960–961
free and slave, 241, 389, 443
868
programs on, 1076–1077
(map), 453
Thomas, Clarence, 1047, 1054, 1099
religious programs on, 1083–1084
popular sovereignty and, 455
Thomas, George H., 450
sports coverage on, 1072–1074
Terrorism, 586, 1037, 1096, 1103.
Thomas, Jesse, 381
video revolution and, 1075–1076
See also September 11th
Thomas Proviso, 381
Vietnam War on, 992
of Ku Klux Klan, 597, 600
Thomas the Doubter (Saint), 30
Watergate hearings on, 1019
presidential power and, 1103
Thompson, Donald W., 1084
Watts riot on, 997
post-September 11, 1106
Thomson, Charles, 231–232
Temperance. See also Prohibition
Tesla, Nikola, 645
Thoreau, Henry David, 347, 360
divisions among supporters,
Tet Offensive, 989 (map),
Thoughts on Government (John
426–427
1003–1004
Adams), 214
Irish and German immigrants
Texas
Three-fifths clause, 281
and, 427
acquisition of, 448–449
Hartford Convention and, 281
politics of alcohol and, 423–427
annexation and, 447–448
369th Regiment (New York), 781
prohibition laws and, 424–425
border dispute with New Mexico,
Three Mile Island, reactor
in South, 428
461
malfunction at, 1025
Temple of the Sun (Teotihuacan), 23
border patrol, 823
Three Rivers, 46
Temporary Assistance to Needy
cattle industry in, 617
“Thriller” (Michael Jackson), 1078
Families (TANF), 1088
Mexican Americans in, 447, 620
Thule phase, of Inuit culture, 3
Tenancy, 289
Republic of, 447
Thunderbird dig (Virginia), 3
Tenant farmers, 186, 692, 850,
Spain and, 117, 148 (map)
Thurmond, J. Strom, election of and,
851, 852
statehood for, 469
913–914
in Great Depression, 850– 852,
Texas Rangers, as Anglo vigilante
Tibbets, Paul, 892
864
force, 620
Ticonderoga, Fort, 159 (map), 162
in New York, 127
Texcoco, 32 (map)
(map), 199, 206, 210
revolt, 151
Textbooks, 420, 596, 825, 1056,
Tierra del Fuego, migration to, 3
whites as, 316
1115
Tikal, 22
I-70
Index
Tilden, Samuel J., 604–606
Totalitarianism, Soviet, 912, 1054
Trade deficit, 1012
Till, Emmett, murder of, 969–970
Total war, in First World War,
Trade unions. See also Labor unions
Tillotson, John, 326, 670
777–787
anarchists in, 661
Timber industry, endangered species
Town(s). See also Cities; specific
Wilson and, 739–740
and, 1033
cities and towns
Trafalgar, Battle of, 270
Timberlake, Peggy O’Neal. See
cow towns, 617
Trail(s)
Eaton, Peggy
mining, 624
California, 444–445
Time, transportation and,
Town meetings, in Massachusetts,
Chisholm, 617
299 (map)
193
Oregon, 444–445
Time-and-motion studies, 722
Townsend, Francis E., 858
overland, 444 (map)
Time magazine, 992
Townshend, Charles. See Townshend
Santa Fe, 444, 620
person of the year in, 992
crisis
Trail of Tears, 394
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 277, 278
Townshend crisis, 177–186
Traitors. See Treason; specific
Titicaca (Lake), 19
Townshend duties, repeal of,
individuals
Title VII, of Civil Rights Act (1964),
184–185
Trans-Appalachian region, trans-
983
Townshend Revenue Act (1776),
porting goods into, 294–299
Title IX, 1011, 1074
178, 179
Transcendental Meditation, 1080
Tiwanaku Empire, 20
Townships, in Northwest Territory,
Transcontinental railroad, 493, 505,
Tlacopan, 25, 32 (map)
89–90, 235–236, 238
553, 601, 606, 612
Tlaxcalan people, 31
Toxic waste, 1102
Chinese laborers for, 613–614
Tobacco (Van Scheyndel), 95
Toynbee Hall, 708
completion of, 601
Tobacco and tobacco industry, 283,
Tractors, 802, 817
western settlement and,
304, 315–316, 648, 650–651
Trade, 10–13. See also Commerce;
612–613
advertising of, 804
Exports; Slave trade;
Transit systems, electric-powered,
in Barbados, 63
Transportation
677
chewing of, 648
Antebellum era, 416–417
Trans-Mississippi West, 624–630.
Duke and, 649–650
balance of, 94
See also West
in New South, 631
with Britain, 147, 252, 255, 261
American Indians in, 624–630
soil and, 315
caravan, 9, 11
black land ownership in, 632
trade and, 744–745
Clinton and, 1101
borderland communities in,
Van Scheyndel and, 95
clothing, 292, 312
614–615
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 348, 421
domestic, 320, 331, 333
cartoon, 603
Toilets, flush, 677
Dutch, 47, 48, 94
cattle drives, 617–618
Tojo, Hideki, 883
in 1815, 294
Chinese in, 613–614
Tokyo, air attacks on, 890, 891
with England, 95, 106
cowboys, 619
(map)
by English colonies, 294–296
gender in, 623–624
Toltecs, 2
European, 10
Highway Act (1949) and, 949
Tomatoes, 5, 40
French-Indian, 115
homesteads, 611–612, 622–623
Tongs (Chinese secret societies), 692
GATT and, 904, 1101
laborers in, 620–622
“Too big to fail” institutions, 1111
imbalances in, 28
Mexican Americans in, 619–620
Tools
improvements in, 294–296
mining in, 615–616
farming, 285–286, 298
interregional, 298
railroads, 612–613, 614
Indian, 18, 276
Lords of Trade and, 105–106
ranching in, 616, 618–619
Toombs, Robert, 459, 501
Macon’s Bill No. 2 and, 273
reform of municipal, 714
Toomer, Jean, 832
market driven economy, 298–299
white population in, 609
Tootle the Engine, 953, 966
in Massachusetts Bay, 67–68
Transportation. See also Automo-
TORCH campaign, in Second World
Mayan, 24
biles and automobile industry;
War, 885
mercantilism and, 92–93
Railroad(s); specific types
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 15
by mound builders, 27
cost of, 296–298
Tories (England), 104
in New England, 133
in 1815, 294
Toronto, in War of 1812, 278 (map),
privateers and, 111
government control of, 413, 414
279
in prostitution, 624
improvements in, 294–296
Torpedoes (mines), 526, 776
reform, 105
markets, 298–299
Torture
restraint of, 649, 852
national, 377
by Catholics, 35
Revenue Act and, 176, 178, 179,
railroads, 612–613, 614
by Indians, 30, 31
184,
revolution in, 293–299
of slaves, 149
after Revolution, 296–298
settlements and, 293
by Spanish, 43
along Santa Fe Trail, 444
suburbanization and, 402, 405
by U.S., 1105
with Third World, 944
time for, 296–298
“Tory Tax Collector being Tarred
in tobacco, 111
trade and, 411
and Feathered” (Malcolm), 198
trails for, 444 (map)
Transsexuality, 1047
“To Secure These Rights,” 931
in West Indies, 57
Transylvania Company, 234
Index
I-71
Travels of Marco Polo, The,
Korean War and, 908–909, 911
U
6, 15
MacArthur and, 917–918
Traverse des Sioux, Treaty of, 625
McCarthy, Joseph, and, 925
UAW. See United Auto Workers
Treason
peace after Second World War
U-boats. See also Submarines
by Arnold, 225
and, 903–906
in First World War, 772–773
Burr trial for, 266–267
Truman Doctrine, 909–911
in Second World War, 776
Treasury Department, 1072,
Trumbull, John, 224
UFW. See United Farm Workers
1109–1111
Trusteeships, after First World War,
Ukraine, economic aid to, 1102
Treasury notes (paper money), to
788
Ukrainian immigrants, 683
finance Civil War, 523
Trusts, 647, 707
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 398
Treaties. See specific treaties
FTC and, 739
Ulster, 53, 131, 132
“civilized tribes,”, 393–394
regulation and, 649, 704,
Ultranationalism, before Second
Trees. See Forests; Lumber
729–730
World War, 876, 877
Trenchard, John, 113, 135
Roosevelt, T., and, 729–730
UMW. See United Mine Workers
Trench warfare
Wilson, 737, 739
UN. See United Nations
in Civil War, 567
Trust Territories of the Pacific, 906
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 347,
in First World War, 771, 775,
Truth, Sojourner, 368, 431, 438
432, 465–466
776–777, 781
Tryon, William, 190
Unconditional surrender policy
Trent Affair, 526
Tubman, Harriet, 464
(Second World War), 885, 890
Trenton, New Jersey, battle at,
Tugwell, Rexford, 837, 847, 850,
Underconsumption theory, 860
209 (map)
854
Underground railroad, 461–462
Trenton-Princeton campaign,
Tula, 24 (map), 24, 25, 28
Understanding clauses, black voting
207–208
Turkey
rights and, 636, 728
Tresca, Carlo, 700
immigrants from, 683
Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913),
Trials, 1089–1090
U.S. aid to, 909
738
New York conspiracy, 150
U.S. missiles withdrawn
Undocumented immigrants, 974,
novels about, 1089–1090
from, 963
1098. See also Illegal immigrants
of president, 1090–1092
Turks, Ottoman, 7
refugees as,
Salem witch trials, 109
Turner, Frederick Jackson, frontier
Unemployment. See also
of 2000, 1093–1095
thesis of, 744
Employment
Triangle Shirtwaist Company, fire at,
Turner, George Kibbe, 706
in 1930s,
687–688
Turner, Nat, rebellion by, 338
in 1800s to 1900s, 382, 490, 601,
Tribes (Indian). See also American
Turner, Ted, 1076
664, 780
Indians; specific groups
Turner Joy (ship), 988
in 1920s, 802, 807, 808
self-determination for, 1050
Turnevereins, 689
benefits, 1023
termination of, 972–973
Turnpikes. See Roads and highways
Clinton and, 1088
Tribute labor. See Mita (tribute
Tuscarora Indians, 154, 221
in depression of 1893–1897,
labor)
Tuskegee Institute, 636–637
663–664
Tripartite Pact, 879
Tutsis, 1100
in First World War, 780
Triple Alliance, 768. See also Central
TVA. See Tennesee Valley Authority
in Great Depression, 838, 848,
Powers
Twain, Mark, 593, 652
849, 853, 859, 865–866, 869,
Triple Entente, 768. See also Allies
as anti-imperialist, 752
873, 875
(First World War)
Tweed, William Marcy
of men and women, 808–809
Trist, Nicholas, 454
(“Boss”), 593
in nonfarm labor force
Trolleys, electrical, 677, 798
Twelfth Amendment, 257, 385
(1929–1945), 873
Trollope, Frances, 369
Twenty-fifth Amendment, Ford as
Panic of 1819 and, 382
Troops. See Military
vice, 1019
Panic of 1857 and, 492–493
Trotter, Monroe, 725
Twenty Negro Law (1862), 550
Panic of 1873 and, 601
Troubled Assets Relief Program
Twenty-second Amendment, 926,
Reagan revolution and, 1030
(TARP), 1111
960
Unemployment Relief Act (1933),
Troup, George M., 274, 394
Twenty-sixth Amendment, 1017
849
True Washingtonians, 426
Two-party system, 412, 453,
UNESCO, Reagan funding and,
Truman, Harry S.
669, 802
1036
anticommunism of, 921–923
Two Years before the Mast (Dana),
Unfree labor, 36–37, 38 (map), 68.
atomic bomb and, 909–910,
442
See also Slaves and slavery
917–918, 920
Tydings, Millard, 925
Unicameral legislature, 215
civil rights and, 930–932
Tyler, John, 639
in Pennsylvania, 215
Cold War and, 908–914
election of 1836 and, 409
Unilateralism, Iraq War and, 1103
containment and, 937
Texas annexation and, 447
Union. See also Civil War (U.S.);
of 1948, 913–914
Tyler, Royall, 447–448
North; North (Civil War)
election of 1952 and, 937–939
Typewriter, 553
emancipation and, 540, 542–544
Fair Deal of, 928–930
Typhoid, in cities, 678, 680, 688
Jackson and, 384–387
I-72
Index
Union, Fort, 517
injuries at South Works plant,
AFL and, 663
Union Fire Company, 135
687–688
wages for, 290
Unionists
Kennedy, John F., and, 964–965
Upcountry. See South
in border states, 514–515, 542
strike against, 794–795, 866
Upper Canada. See Ontario
election of 1866 and, 588
Truman and, 926
Upper house, 71, 74, 105, 144
in North, 507–508
U.S. v. Cruikshank, 603
Upper South. See South
in South, 507–508
U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company, 649
Urban areas. See Cities
Union Leagues, in Reconstruction
U.S. v. Nixon, 1019
Urbanization, 19, 611, 653, 683,
South, 589
U.S. v. Reese, 603
702, 819 (map)
Union Pacific Railroad, 593,
Unit (Japanese army), 888
Urban League. See National Urban
612–613
Unity League, 974
League
Irish laborers of, 613
Universal Declaration of Human
Urban renewal, 930, 975, 986
strikes against, 613
Rights, 904
Ursuline Order, 120, 121
Union Party, 580, 858
Universalists, 351
Uruguay Round, of GATT, 1101
Unions (labor). See Labor unions
Universal male suffrage, 590
Ury, John, 150
United Auto Workers (UAW), 951
Universal Negro Improvement
USA Patriot Act, 1103
United Cannery, Agricultural,
Association (UNIA), 798
USIA. See United States Information
Packing and Allied Workers of
Universal suffrage, 372
Agency
America (UCAPAWA), 974
Universities and colleges. See also
USSR. See Soviet Union
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Higher education; specific
Usury, regulating, 1033, 1071
(UDC), 633
schools
Utah, 491 (map)
United Farm Workers (UFW), 1045,
advantages of, 650
Mormons in, 446
1051
Asian American study programs,
territorial organization of,
United Fruit Company, Arbenz
1053
446, 471
ouster and, 944
anti-corporate, 1028–1029
woman suffrage in, 718
United Fruit of Boston, 764
antiwar movement in, 1002
Utilities, private, 714, 720, 721,
United Mine Workers (UMW), 663
Chicano/a studies in, 1051
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 119,
United Nations (UN), 903–994
contracts with, 893
122, 133
China in, 904
control over, 673
U- spy planes, 943, 958, 963
Iraq War and, 1104
in Deep South, 976
Korean War and, 917, 918 (map)
elite, 826, 864,
V
Persian Gulf War and, 1043, 1104
federal aid for, 928, 959, 994
Rwanda peacekeeping effort by,
gender politics and, 966, 1011,
VA. See Veterans Administration
1100
1045
Vacations, 802, 807
“Trust Territories of the Pacific”
in Great Awakening, 142–143
Valens, Richie (Richard Valenzuela),
and, 906
in Japan, 919
954
United Neighborhood Organization
land-grant, 657
Valentino, Rudolph, 805
(UNO), 1051
New Left and, 994–995
Vallandigham, Clement L.,
United Provinces of the Netherlands.
New Right and, 1028
549, 562
See Dutch Republic
quotas on Jews in, 823
Valley Forge, Continental Army in,
United States, as Christian nation,
revolts on, 995
210
1084
after Second World War, 929
Valley of Mexico, 16–19, 25, 32
U.S. Bureau of Immigration, 687,
sports in, 1073–1074
(map)
717
firing of teachers, 796
in 1519, 32 (map)
U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. See
Title IX and, 1074
Toltecs in, 24
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
women and, 657, 710
Value added (1869-1899), 645
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, on
University of California
Van Buren, John, 435
Puerto Ricans, 973
Berkeley Revolt at, 995
Van Buren, Martin, 383, 389,
United States Conference of Catholic
Lawrence Livermore National
391–393
Bishops, 1082, 1082
Laboratory of, 1044
Cherokee and, 394
United States Information Agency
University of Chicago, law and
Eatons and, 398
(USIA), 943
economics activist-academics at,
election of 1824 and, 383–384
United States Magazine and
1055–1056
election of 1836 and, 408
Democratic Review, 415
University of Iowa, 929
election of 1840 and, 409–411
U.S. marshals, freedom riders and,
University of Mississippi, 1000
party politics and, 383, 407–409
976
University of Pennsylvania, 145, 143
Texas annexation and, 447
U.S. News and World Report, 928
University of Wisconsin, 641
Vance, Cyrus, 1026, 1027
U.S. Patent Office, 553
antiwar protests at, 1002
Vandenberg, Arthur, 910
U.S. Sanitary Commission, 554
bombing at, 1007
Van Dorn, Earl, 534
U.S. Steel Corporation, 649, 672,
reform laws and, 721
Van Evrie, John, 429
803
Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 1011
Van Kleeck, Mary, 864
CIO contract with, 866
Unskilled labor, 126, 322, 496, 798
Van Rensselaer family, 187, 239
Index
I-73
Van Scheyndel, Gillis, 95
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and,
Virginia (large state) plan, 241
Van Wyck, Frederick, 357
988–990
Virtual representation, 174
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 796
at home, 993–1003, 1004–1006
Virtually represented, 173
Vaqueros, 620–622
King on, 1002, 1005
Virtue, public, 214
Vassar college, 657
media coverage of, 992–993
Virtuous electorate, 716
Vast wasteland, TV as, 955
movement during, 993–995
VISTA. See Volunteers in Service to
Vaudeville, 695
in 1968, 1003–1004
America
VCRs, 1076
Nixon and, 1013–1014
Visual imagery, in advertising,
Veblen, Thorstein, 652, 713
peace accords ending, 1015
803–804
Venango, 147
saturation bombing in, 991
V-J Day, 892, 893
Venezuela, 431
Tet offensive in, 989 (map),
Voice of America, 943
VENONA files, 911
1003–1004
Volstead Act, 787. See also
Veracruz, 759 (map), 660 (map)
U.S. leaves, 1015–1016
Prohibition
battle at, 758
Vigilantes
Voluntarism, 119, 185
intervention in, 758, 760 (map)
regulators as, 189–190
Voluntaristic ethic, 119
Vergennes, comte de (Charles
Texas Rangers as, 620
Voluntary immigrants, 128, 131.
Gravier), 211, 231
white, 693, 969
See also Immigrants and
Vermont, 418
Vikings, 6
immigration
Vernon, Edward, 149
Villa, Francisco (“Pancho”),
Volunteers in Service to America
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 44
765–767
(VISTA), 983
Versailles, Treaty of, 788, 789 (map)
Villages, Indian, 147
Voting. See also Elections; Suffrage;
Vertical integration, 647, 648
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 726
Woman suffrage; specific
Vesey, Denmark, 337–338
Vincennes, 223
elections
Vespucci, Amerigo, 16, 435
Vinland, 6
Australian (secret) ballot
Veterans
Violence. See also Civil-rights
and, 716
Bonus Army and, 843
movement; Race riots
citizenship rights and, 371–372
Confederate, 579, 581, 583, 585,
in Boston, 793
disfranchisement and, 717
587, 588, 590, 600
against Chinese workers, 614
by ethnic groups (1924, 1928),
after First World War, 793, 796,
after King’s death, 1005
827
798
by Ku Klux Klan, 597, 600
Fifteenth Amendment and, 590
after Second World War,
labor, 660
Mississippi Plan and, 602–603
Veterans Administration (VA), 928
neo-Confederate, 582, 592
participation in (1876, 1892,
Vice, 691
political, 1007–1008
1900, 1912), 718
Vice-admiralty courts, 172, 178, 185
racial, 1008
personal registration laws and,
Vice commissions, 699–700, 722
in strikes, 858
716–717
Vice president. See specific
against war protesters, 1008
virtuous electorate and, 716
individuals
in Watts, 997
Voting age, lowered to 18, 1017
Viceroyalties, in Spanish Empire, 35
Virginia
Voting Rights Act (1965), 986
Vichy regime (France), 880 (map)
Bacon’s Rebellion in, 102–104
Voyages of exploration. See also
Vicksburg campaign, 557–558, 559
Charter, 55, 58 (map)
Exploration; specific explorers
(map)
in Civil War, 533 , 564–565
of Columbus, 14–16 (map)
Victory (magazine), 898
constitution of, 215–216
Victuallers, procession of
government of, 59, 60
(1815), 291
Indians in, 59
W
Video revolution, 1075–1076
Indian war in, 101–102
Wade, Benjamin, 580
Vietnam
life expectancy in, 60
Wade-Davis reconstruction
Eisenhower and, 990, 1006
manumission in, 233
bill, 590
Johnson, Lyndon B., and,
Philadelphia Convention and, 240,
Wage earners, 291–292. See also
988–990
241, 243
Workers
Kennedy, John F., and, 990
politics of harmony in, 144–145
Wage labor
In 1968, 1003–1004
in Revolution, 229–232
Hispanic, 1089
Vietnamization policy, 1013–1015
as royal colony, 59
in mining, 615
Vietnam Veterans against the War
servants, 59–60
vs. slavery, 717
(VVAW), 1015
slavery and, 63–65
Wages. See also Income
Vietnam War, 988–1006
tobacco in, 59–60
in First World War, 780, 794
American attitudes toward, 995
Turner, Nat, uprising in, 338
in mining, 615
antiwar movement in, 1001–1003
Virginia (Merrimac, ironclad),
real, 658, 1069
body count measure in,
526–528
rises and declines in, 408, 487,
991, 1014
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves,
660, 803, 807
casualties in, 990–991
259–260
share, 585
domestic issues, 993–1007
Virginia Company, 55, 58 (map)
of skilled workers, 290, 658
escalation of, 988–993
Virginia Gazette, 134
of southern labor, 631
I-74
Index
Wages (continued)
War Manpower Commission, 892
as president, 245–247
strikes and cuts in, 644
Warner, Charles Dudley, 593
at end of presidency, 247
for women, 968
Warner, Susan, 347
in Revolutionary War, 206
“Wages of whiteness,” southern mill
War of 1755, 159 (map)
slaves of, 316
workers and, 632
British offensive in, 158–160
Washington, John, 101
Wagner, Fort, assault on, 561
Canada in, 162 (map), 163–163
Washington, Treaty of, 594,
Wagner, Robert F., 722
Hartford Convention and, 281
Washington Conference on the
Wagner Act (1935). See National
North America, 153–165
Limitation of Armaments, 815
Labor Relations Act (1935)
War of 1776, British offensive,
Washington Naval Treaties, 877
Wagner-Rogers bill, 881
206–207
Washington Post, Watergate and,
Wagon trains, Mormon, 446
War of 1812, 278 (map)
1018
Waiting for Lefty (Odets), 867
War of Jenkins’s Ear, 149
Washington Temperance Society
Wake Island, 887
War of the Austrian Succession.
(Washingtonians), 426
Wald, Lillian, 722
See King George’s War
WASPs. See Women’s Air Force
Walden (Thoreau), 347
War of the League of Augsburg. See
Service Pilots
Walker, Alice, 1049
King William’s War
Waste Land, The (Eliot), 835
Walker, David, 368
War of the Spanish Succession. See
Waste management, 1010
Walker, Madame C. J., 694
Queen Anne’s War
Watchung Mountains, 225
Walker, Robert J., 453
War on Poverty, Johnson, Lyndon B.,
Water
Walker, William, 468
and, 983
California projects and, 857 (map)
Walker tariff (1846), 453
War Production Board (Second
in cities, 677, 856
Walking cities, 677
World War), 892
contaminated, 678
“Walk to Freedom March” (Detroit),
Warren, Earl, 968, 979, 1010, 1029
diseases from, 678
976
Warren, Peter, 150
Federal projects, 857 (map)
Wallace, George, 985
Warren, Rick, 1083
laws, 457
assassination attempt on, 1017
Warren Commission, 979
New Deal projects, 857
election of 1964 and, 985, 987
Wars and warfare. See also specific
as power, 306–307, 853
election of 1968, and, 1006,
battles and wars
rights to, 380, 1050
1007 (map)
in Caribbean region, 149 (map)
running, 675, 677
Wallace, Henry A., 913
in colonies, 91, 158–160
transport and, 296
election of 1972 and, 1017
as cultural misunderstanding,
Water filtration systems, 678
Waller, Fats, 831
30–31
Watergate Crisis, 1018–1019
Walling, William English, 726–727
along frontier (1777–1782), 222
Water pollution, 1010
Wallis, Jim, 1082
(map)
Water Pollution Control Act (1972),
Walloons, 50
1689–1713 northeastern theater,
1010
Wall Street, 492, 601, 1057, 1071.
119 (map)
Waters, Alice, 1098
See also Financial institutions;
trench warfare, in Civil War, 567
Waterways, 949–951. See also
Investment Panic of and,
women in, 553–554
Canals; specific waterways
Wal-Mart, 1067, 1069, 1070
Warsaw Pact, 916, (map), 943
construction of, 854
Walpole, Robert, 113, 145, 166
Wars of Religion (France), 43, 44
Watkins, Katherine, 64
Walt Disney World, 1061
War That Made America, The
Watson-Wentworth, Charles. See
Waltham system, 307–310
(movie), 154
Rockingham, Marquess of
Walton, Sam, 1067
Wartime conferences (Second World
Watt, James, 1033
Waltz, controversy over, 697
War), 903, 906
Watts riot, of 1954, 997–998
Wampanoag Indians, 65, 98
Wartime Reconstruction,
Watts Writers Workshop, 998
War against drugs, 1042
577–580
“Waving the bloody shirt” rhetoric,
War bonds, 898
Warwick, Rhode Island, 72
638
in Civil War, 523, 601
Washington (state), 741, 744
Wayland, Julius, 711
in Second World War, 893–894
Washington, Booker T., 636–637
Wayne, Anthony (“Mad Anthony”),
Ward, A. Montgomery, mail-order
Roosevelt, T., and, 731
254
catalogue of, 651
Washington, Bushrod, 430
WCTU. See Woman’s Christian
War Democrats, 580, 581
Washington, D.C., 446, 893, 971
Temperance Union
War Department, 551, 589, 884,
activists and, 1014, 1029
Wealth and wealthy, 217, 249, 401,
911, 920
British burning of, 280
495. See also Affluence
War guilt, of Germany, 788
conservatism of, 1095–1097
in cities, 251
War Hawks, in Congress, 274–275,
Washington, George,151–152,
corruption of, 374
275
154–155, 242, 330. See also
income tax on, 738
War industries, in Confederacy,
Continental Army
maldistribution in Great
523
as commanding general, 199
Depression, 841–842
War Industries Board (WIB), 778,
Farewell Address of, 255–257
mercantilism and, 92–93
793
Mount Vernon conference
national, 652–653
War Labor Board, 892, 895, 896
and, 240
in New York, 290, 312
Index
I-75
planters and, 126, 326
West, Thomas (Baron de la Warr).
Weyler, Valeriano (“Butcher”), 747
redistribution of, 856
See De la Warr, Baron
Whaling industry, 133
robber barons and, 672–673
West Africa, 10–13
Wheat, 46, 47, 67, 89, 131
seaport merchants and, 290
slave trade and, 12 (map)
Wheatley, John, 191
Social Darwinism and, 652
West Bank, 1026
Wheatley, Phillis, 191, 192
And society, 652–653
West Berlin. See Berlin
Wheel, among Indians, 18
of southern whites, 495
Western Europe. See also Europe and
Wheeler, Burton K., 881
Whigs and, 411
Europeans; specific countries
Wheeler Dam, 854
Wealth gap, 703, 306, , 803, 846,
christian Europe and, 7–8
Wheeler-Howard Act (1934). See
893, 1034, 1096
Spanish empire and, 38 (map)
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
Wealth Tax Act (1953), 861, 863
Western Federation of Miners
Wheelock, Eleazer, 143
Weapons. See also Bombs and
(WFM), 616
Wheelwright, Esther, 120
bombings; Nuclear power;
Western front, in First World War,
Whig Party, 74. See also Politics;
specific weapons
770–771
Whigs (England); specific issues
atomic, 909–911
Western Hemisphere. See also
activist government and, 104
in Civil War, 521–522
Americas; specific locations
alcohol consumption and,
Clovis tip as, 4
Monroe Doctrine and, 388
424–425
limitations on, 815
Roosevelt Corollary and, 758
American Party and, 374
steel, 39
Westerns, on television, 598, 654,
antislavery movement and, 478
Weapons of mass destruction
1039
annexation controversy and,
(WMDs), 1102, 1110
West Florida, Spanish acquisition of,
447–448
Weather Underground, 1007
213
beginnings of, 404–405
Weaver, James B., 669
West Germany (Federal Republic of
demise of, 473–474
Web. See Internet
Germany), 912, 916 (map), 943,
election of 1834 and, 404
Web browsers, 1066
1041 (map)
election of 1884 and, 447–448
Weber, Max, 284
rearmament of, 919
Mexican War and, 450, 452–453
Webster, Daniel, 379, 391, 402,
West India Companies, 48
middle class and, 413
405, 407
West Indies. See also specific
Whigs (England), 74, 104
election of 1840 and, 409
locations
Whip Inflation Now (WIN) program,
Weeks, Philip, on Indian “policy of
British, 197, 238, 275
1023
concentration,” 624
British imports, 134
Whipping post, 421
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 424, 433
Education in, 89
Whiskey, 250, 294, 423. See also
Welfare capitalism, 807, 837
French in, 47, 160
Alcohol and alcoholism;
Welfare programs. See Social welfare
Lords of Trade and, 105–106
Temperance alcohol use and,
Welfare recipients, payments to,
religion in, 89
Whiskey Rebellion, 253–254
1011
reform in, 105
Whistle-stop campaign, of Bryan,
Welfare state, in Europe, 927, 930
settlement in, 56, 87, 88
670
Welles, Gideon, 547
slaves in, 63, 88
White, George, 335
Wells, Ida B.
trade in, 118
White, Hugh Lawson, 407
anti-lynching campaign of, 634,
Westinghouse, George, 645, 648
White, John (slave trader), 331
635, 727
Westminster School District v.
White Citizens Council, 969
on Columbian Exposition’s
Mendez, 931
White City. See Columbian Exposi-
exclusion of blacks, 634, 682
Westmoreland, William, 990–991
tion of Columbian Exposition,
NAACP and, 634, 727
West New Jersey, 80–81
White Eyes (Delaware Indians), 221
Wentworth, Benning, 145
West New Jersey Concessions and
Whitefield, George, 140
Wertham, Frederick, 954
Agreements, 81
White Leagues, 601, 604
“We Shall Overcome” (song), 975
West Point, 264
White Russians, Bolsheviks and, 795
Wesley, John, 139, 190, 362
Arnold, Benedict, and, 225–226
Whites. See also White supremacy
West
Civil War generals from, 450,
citizenship and voting rights for,
homesteading and farming in,
510, 521
370–372
611–612
Mexican War officers from, 450
Homestead Act and, 611–612
itinerant laborers in, 620–622
military academy at, 264
movement to suburbs, 934–935
land claims in Revolution, 236
Seven Days’ Battles and, 535 (map)
racism of, 368–370
(map)
southerners from, 518
in South, 361–366
mining in, 615–616
surrender of, 225
White slave trade, 700, 707
ranching in, 616–619
West Virginia, creation of, 515–516
White supremacy, 496, 583, 711
water projects in, 857 (map)
Westward movement, 641. See also
in antebellum era, 581
Whiskey Rebellion in, 253–254
Louisiana Purchase
Dixiecrats and, 927
woman suffrage in, (map)
environmental impact of, 641
Ku Klux Klan and, 597, 600,
718–719
overland trails and, 444 (map)
607, 820
West, Benjamin, 82
territory in 1790–1796,
in New Deal, 863
West, Nathaniel, 844
256 (map)
in New South, 633
I-76
Index
White supremacy (continued)
Wilson, James, 226
baby boomers and, 935
people’s party, 669
Wilson, Woodrow, 764–767
baseball leagues, 895
reconstruction, retreat from 601,
American nationality and,
business, 1045, 1046
604,
701–703
cabinets, 864
Whitewater scandal, 1090, 1091
Brandeis appointment by, 740
changing roles of, 966–967
Whitman, Walt, 344, 347
election of 1912 and, 735–738
civil service, 553
Whitney, Eli, 318–319
First World War and, 764–767
in Civil War, 550, 553–554
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 432
foreign policy of, 764–767
clubs, 656
Wholesale and consumer price
Fourteen Points of, 777, 792
consciousness-raising sessions,
indexes 550, 666
on immigrants, 740
1045
Wholesale merchants, 311
New Freedom of, 739–740
corporations, resistance to,
Why Johnny Can’t Read (Flesch),
Paris Peace Conference and,
657–665
959
788–789
editors, 655
Whyte, William H., Jr., 953–954
“peace without victory” and,
education, 657, 710, 1054
Why We Fight (documentary), 897
774–775
employment of, 307, 703, 708,
Wide, Wide World, The (Warner),
presidency of, 738–740, 765
808, 965, 966–967
347
progressivism and, 738
equality of, 865, 1074
“Wide Awake” clubs, 482, 505
Versailles Treaty ratification and,
family values, 1011
Widows, 584
790–791
in First World War, 782–783
inheritance by, 128
Wilson’s Creek, Battle of, 515
gender politics and, 965–966
poverty among, 250, 351
Wiltse, Robert, 421
in gold rush, 457
voting rights for, 372
WIN. See Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
Great Railroad Strike and, 644,
Wigwam, 17, 70
program
660
Wikipedia, 1115
Winchester, battle at, 571
higher education and, 657, 710
Wildcat strikes, 896, 951
Winesburg, Ohio (Anderson), 836
Homestead Act provisions
Wilderness, Battle of, 554, 555 (map)
Wingina (chief), 53
for, 611
Wilderness, preservation of, 1009,
Winslow, John (colonial general),
households and, 127–128
1010
160
Industrial conditions, 658–660
Wilderness Act (1964), 1009
Winthrop, John (father), 67
issues, 1045–1047
Wilderness, battle of, 564,
Winthrop, John, Jr. (son), 70
in job market, 1046
565 (map)
Wiretaps, 1007, 1106
in Ku Klux Klan, 597, 600
Wilderness Road, 222 (map), 234
Wisconsin
labor, 663
Wild West Show, of Buffalo Bill
direct primary in, 715, 720
Mexican Americans workers and,
Cody, 629–630
progressivism and La Follette in,
835
Wiley, Calvin H., 418
720–721
in middle class, 655–657
Wilhelm II (Germany), 771, 788
“Wisconsin idea,” 720–721
New Right, 1021, 1035, 1045
Wilkes, Charles, 526
Wisconsin Progressive Party, 859
“New Woman” and, 656–657,
Wilkes, John, 181–182
Wise, Henry, 518
967–968
Willard, Frances, 656, 657
“Wise Men,” Vietnam War and,
in 1960s, 1045
Willard, Jess, 726, 727
1004
in 1970s, 1045–1047
William, Fort, 77, 109, 158, 159
Wise use movement, 1055
office work, 655
(map)
“Witch hunts,” 109
as patriots, 782–782
William III (England), 107
Witch trials, in Salem, 109
physical activities by, 654
William III (Nassau, Prince of
Wives. See Families; Women
pilots and, 810, 898
Orange), 77
WMDs. See Weapons of mass
professional organizations, 657
William and Mary (college), 142
destruction
as readers of novels, 695–696
William Henry, Fort, 158,
Wolfe, James, 160, 161
reform by, 436–438, 864–866
159 (map)
Woman of the Year (movie), 866
as reformers, 864–866
William of Orange. See William III
Woman’s Christian Temperance
rights and, 192, 437–438,
(England)
Union (WCTU), 656
347–348, 438
Williams, Eunice, 120
Woman suffrage,464, 718–720
in seaport cities, 292
Williams, John, 120
Fifteenth Amendment and, 591
settlement house movement and,
Williams, Roger, 70
movement for, 718–720
707–711
Williamsburg, 862
before 1920, 719 (map)
sexual harassment of, 624,
Williams v. Mississippi, 636
women’s clubs and, 656
1046–1047
Willkie, Wendell, 881
Women. See also Gender and gender
sexual slavery of Chinese, 624
Wilmington, North Carolina, race
issues; Woman suffrage
as slave, 190–192, 624
riot in, 635
academies, for, 234, 1047
in sports, 1073–1074
Wilmot, David, 453
activism by, 656, 707–711, 1044
strikes and, 967
Wilmot Proviso, 453–455
African American, 1047
teaching, 488, 553
Wilson, Edith Bolling, 791
Anglicizing role of, 127–128
textiles work, 663, 808
Wilson, Henry Lane, 765
in antislavery movement, 433
unemployment of, 865
Index
I-77
wartime inflation, 550
Mexican Americans and, 974
Wyandot Indians, 170
westward migration by,
protests of, 858
Wyoming, 187, 222, 671
women’s club movement,
regulation of, 722
statehood in, 718
634–635, 711
Workingman’s Party of California,
woman suffrage in, 718
in working class, 655–656,
613
808–810
Workmen’s compensation, 658,
X
Women’s Airforce Service Pilots
722, 740
(WASPs), 898
Workplace. See also Safety
XYZ affair, 258
Women’s Bureau, 864
scientific management in,
Women’s Central Association for
722–724
Y
Relief, 554
Works Progress Administration
Women’s club movement, 656
(WPA), 861
Yale, Elihu, 136
Women’s colleges, gender politics
arts under, 861
Yale College, 136
in, 966
job creation programs,
Yalta Conference (1945), 922
Women’s movement, 810–811. See
abolishment of, 893
YamaSee Indians, 122
also Feminism;Women;Women’s
projects in New York City, 862
Yancey, William L., 503–504, 505
rights
Work-study programs, 983
Yankees, 51, 133, 151, 157, 428,
in 1920s, 810–811
Workweek, 688, 690, 802
463. See also New England
New Women’s, 967–968
in First World War, 780
Atlantic fisheries and, 197
Women’s Peace Party, 774
World Bank. See International Bank
in colonies, 151
Women’s rights. See also Feminism;
for Reconstruction and
in New York, 187
Women’s movement
Development
Yankee Stadium, sports and, 805
in antebellum period, 437–439
World Economic Conference, 872
Yazoo Land Company, 265
New Women’s, 967–968
World Hockey Association (WHA),
Yellow-back fiction, 360
Women’s Strike for Peace, 967
1073
Yellow dog contracts, 808
Wood, as fuel, 300
World market(s), for American
Yellow journalism, 747
Wood, Leonard, 749, 754
agricultural products, 666
“Yellow Peril,” 763
Wood, Robert E., 881
World powers
Yellow Tavern, Battle of, 565
Woodlands, 221, 285, 300–301
Open Door policy and, 756–757
Yellow Wallpaper, The (Gilman),
Woods, Eldrick (Tiger), 1073
United States as, 752–757
655
“Woodstock” music festival, 996
World Series, of 1919, 692
Yelp, 1115
Wool and wool industry, 5, 300,
World’s Fair
Yeltsin, Boris, 1041
395. See also Textiles and textile
in Chicago, 680–681
Yemen, 1037
industry
in London, 487
al-Qaeda in, 1107
Woolens Act (1699), 111
World Trade Center
Cole attacked in, 1102
Woolman, John, 190
attack on, 1096
Yeomen
Worcester County Convention, 195
September 11, destruction of,
neighborhoods of, 329–330
Worcester v. Georgia, 394
1102–1103
and planters, 328–329
Work (Alcott), 655
World Trade Organization (WTO),
in South, 294, 302, 325
Workday, eight-hour, 660, 661, 730,
1101
YIPPIEs, 1006
740, 794
Worldview, providential, 351–352
YMCA. See Young Men’s Christian
Workers. See also Labor; Strikes;
World War I. See First World War
Association
Working class
World War II. See Second World
Yom Kippur War (1973), 1026
after First World War, 793–795
War
York. See Toronto
in First World War, 779–780
World Wide Web. See Internet
York, Alvin C., 781
industrial, 807–808
Worship. See Religion
York, duke of. See James II
as reformers, 864–866
Wounded Knee massacre, of Sioux
Yorktown
unions and, 1032–1033
Indians, 629
battle at, 230 (map)
Workers’ cooperatives, 661
Wovoka (Paiute shaman), 629
In Revolution, 229–232
Working class, 695–697
WPA. See Works Progress
Young, Brigham, 445
commercial culture of,
Administration
Young America movement, 441
695–697
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 680, 708
Young Americans for Freedom
in film, 794–795
Wright, John, 122
(YAF),
immigrants in, 682–688
Wright, Richard, 922
Younger, Cole and Jim, 515
in literature, 695–697
Wrigley’s chewing gum, 894
Young Men’s Christian Association
living conditions of, 688
Writers. See Literature; Novels;
(YMCA), 966
middle class and, 318–319
specific writers
Youngstown Steel & Tube Company
readers in, 695–696
Writing (literary). See Literature;
v. Sawyer, 926
Working conditions, 616, 712–713,
specific titles and authors
Youth
809
Writing, Olmec, 21
counterculture and, 954–955,
dangerous, 686
WTO. See World Trade
995–996
in mines, 616
Organization
culture in 1950s, 954–956
I-78
Index
Youth (continued)
Z
Zitkala-Sa (Yankton Sioux writer),
music and, 954–955
628–629
new sexuality and, 954–955
Zangwill, Israel, 700–702
Zones of occupation
Youth International Party (YIPPIEs).
American nationality and,
in Germany, 905, 912
See YIPPIEs
700–702
in Korea, 917
YouTube, 1115
Zanuck, Darryl F., 897
Zoot Suit Riots (1943), 900–901
Yucatán, Mayans in, 22, 24
Zelaya, José Santos, 764
Yugoslavia
Zenger, John Peter, 135
creation of, 788, 789 (map)
Zimmermann telegram, 775
disintegration of, 1040
Zionism, 906