Greenback Party and, 667–668
growth in, 298, 487
middle-class, 353–356
Indian lands and, 98
in international markets, 772
primogeniture and 118
land riots and, 187
to Japan, 882
in the North, 353–356
land tenancy and, 289
Market Revolution and, 338–341,
Puritan, 68
in 1920s, 816–819
400–407
Quaker, 78–80
in North, 302–303
from South, 488
sharecropping and, 585, 632
in Northeast, 299–301
in U.S., 745 (map)
sizes of, 87
parity system and, 951
Exposition and Protest (Calhoun),
slave, 331–333
in postcolonial North, 285–286
395
in South, 325–326, 363, 373
price supports for, 892–893
Expressways. See Roads and
TV images of, 705, 1075, 1076
railroads and, 666
highways
white South, 361–366
sharecropping and, 585, 632
External taxes, 173, 176, 178, 179
yeoman, 326–328, 496
slave clearing of land and, 322,
Exurbs, 1063
Family Assistance Plan (FAP),
333
1008–1009
Soil Bank Program and, 951
F
Family leave plan, 1087
in South, 302, 318–326
Family planning, 966
in Southeast, 315–318
Facebook, 1093, 1114
Family Support Act (1988), 1033
subsidies to, 852, 875
–1115
Factions, 122, 261. See also Political
Family system. See Rhode Island
surplus and, 423, 525, 818
parties; specific factions
system
tenancy and, 186, 289, 316, 692,
colonial, 144, 145, 243
Family values
850–852, 864
minorities and, 507
neoconservatives on, 1029
transporting products and, 294,
Factories, 307, 311, 312, 377
election and, 1043
1068
growth of, 12
Reagan and, 1030
UFW and, 1045, 1051
scientific management in, 722
women and, 1011
in western New York, 299, 302
–724
woman in, 553
Famine, in Somalia, 1043
yeomen and, 326–330
worker autonomy in, 658
Fanning, Edmund, 190
Farm Security Administration (FSA),
Factory Investigating Committee
FAP. See Family Assistance Plan
893
(New York), 722
Farewell address
Farm workers, Mexican, 967, 1051
Factory law, in Illinois, 708
of Eisenhower, 947
Farragut, David G., 530, 532
Factory towns, 306
of Jackson, 407
Farrakhan, Louis, 1080
–310
Rhode Island system of, 306
of Washington, 255–257
Farrell, James T., 844
–307
Waltham system and, 307
Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway),
Far West. See West
–310
Fair Deal, 928
836
Fascism, 859
–930
Fair Employment Practices
Farley, Jim, 864
in Italy, 878
Commission (FEPC, 1942),
Farm Credit Act (1933), 849
in Nazi Germany, 859, 901
895, 896
Farmer-labor parties, in 1920s, 802,
in Spain, 878
Fairfax, Thomas (sixth Baron), 187
817, 859
Fathers. See also Families; Patriarchal
Fair Housing Act, 1001. See also
Farmer-Labor Party (Minnesota),
authority
Civil Rights Act
859
family roles of, 289, 357, 365, 966
Fairness Doctrine, of FCC, 1055
Farmers’ Alliance, 667–668. See also
inheritance and, 289
People’s Party (Populists)
“Fat Man” (bomb), 892
“Faith-based” social programs, 1029
Faithful Narrative of the Surprising
Farmer’s Almanac, 306
Faulkner, William, 836
Work of God, A (Edwards), 139
Farmers’ movements, 665–669
FBI. See Federal Bureau of
Fall, Albert, 812
alliance movement, 667–668
Investigation
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 254
free silver movement, 667–668
FCC. See Federal Communications
–255
(map), 256 (map), 275
Grange, 668–669
Commission
Fall line, defined, 55
Greenback Party, 667–668
FDIC. See Federal Deposit Insurance
Fallout shelters, 958
resistance to railroads, 666–667
Corporation
Falmouth, Maine, burning of, 201
Farms and farming. See also
Fears. See Red Scare; Subversion
Falwell, Jerry, 1029
Agriculture; Rural areas;
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
–1030, 1082, 1090
Families, 87
Yeomen
harassment of activists by, 1007
–88, 312. See also
Marriage; Patriarchy
in backcountry, 292
King monitored by, 975
AFDC and, 1008, 1033, 1046,
bracero program and, 895
Mexican American activism and,
1088
in Chesapeake region, 94, 131
974
in Chesapeake region, 62
crop lien system and, 632–633,
Reagan as informer for, 1039
–63
colonial, 118, 127
668
surveillance of artists and
–128, 165, 212
farm, 89, 131, 285, 288, 299, 330
cultural dislocation in, 818–819
intellectuals by, 922
Great Society and, 986, 987, 993,
European, 7
Federal commissioners, Fugitive
1008
family life and, 303–306
Slave Law (1850) and, 462
–1009
Index
I-27
Federal Communications Commis-
in film, 698
lending practices of, 1070–1072
sion (FCC), 955, 1055, 1079
of Fuller, 348
“subprime loan” industry and,
Fairness Doctrine of 1949, 1055
movements and, 697–700
1033, 1109–1110
television family programming
New Right and, 1029
Financial markets, Panic of 1857
and, 1079
radical, 436, 1036
and, 492–493
Federal Deposit Insurance
on Spanish-American War, 746
Financial system, 738, 848, 1072,
Corporation (FDIC), 848, 849
Feminization
1101, 111–1111
Federal elections law, 638
of domestic life, 346
deregulation of, 1033, 1071
Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933),
of poverty, 1046
derivatives and, 1071, 1108
849
of teaching profession, 488
regulation of, 1070–1072
Federal Emergency Relief Adminis-
Femmes fatales, 937, 966
Financing
tration (FERA), 849
Fences, in South, 329–330
of Civil War, 523–524
Federal government. See Government
FEPC. See Fair Employment Practices
of health care, 1087
(U.S.)
Commission
of hospitals, 853, 929
Federal Housing Administration
FERA. See Federal Emergency Relief
of housing, 849, 935, 1110
(FHA), 930
Administration
of railroads, 613
Federalism, 111–112
Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella of
Fink, Mike, 293, 294
in British Empire, 111–112
Castile and, 14
Finland, 683, 788, 789 (map)
Federalist Papers, The, 243
Ferguson, Patrick, 226
Finney, Charles Grandison,
No 10, 243
Ferraro, Geraldine, 1034
abolitionism and, 433–434
Federalists, 245, 247, 252–253, 259.
Ferris Wheel, 681
alcohol and, 424
See also Elections
Feudal revival, in colonies, 186–189
Firearms, 8, 1001, 1099. See also
election of 1788 and, 243
FHA. See Federal Housing
Arms and armaments; Weapons
election of 1796 and, 257
Administration
mass production and, 487
High Federalists, 260
Fiat money, 133
Firebombings, in Second World War,
Jefferson and, 252, 263, 264, 273
Fiction. See also Literature; Novels
890
ratification and, 242–243
tough-guy, 899
Fire-eater (Southern-rights radical),
War Hawks and, 274–275
yellow-back, 360
507
War of 1812 and, 246, 281
Field, James G., 669
Fireside chats, 847, 848
Federal Republic of Germany (West
Fifteen-Gallon Law (Massachusetts),
Firing Line (television program),
Germany). See West Germany
425
1028
Federal Reserve Act (1913), 738–739
Fifteenth Amendment, 590
First Amendment, 259, 1079
Federal Reserve Board (FRB), 739.
“Fifty-four forty or fight!,” 449
freedom of the press and, 248, 343
See also specific individuals
2nd Massachusetts Volunteer
free speech, 248, 824
in Great Depression, 840
Infantry, 521
HUAC and, 921
Greenspan and, 1072, 1088,
File on Thelma Jordan, The (movie),
political expression vs. illegal
1108, 1110
937
activity and, 924
Federal Reserve System, 840, 1110
Filibuster, 466–469
Religious Right on, 1029
banknotes and, 524
against Civil Rights Act (1964),
Scopes Trial and, 824–825
districts of, 738–739
984, 985
on separation of church and state,
financial sector and, 738–739,
of 1850 and, 466–467
349
1072
in House, Compromise of 1877,
First Annual Report (Magdalen
Federal slave code, for territories,
606
Society), 435
498, 503
Filibustering expeditions, 468–469
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas),
Federal Trade Commission (FTC),
into Cuba, 468–469
528–530, 537 (map)
739
in Nicaragua, 468–469
First Congress, 248
Coolidge and, 814
Filipino Americans, 683, 778
First Continental Congress, 196–197
Federal Trade Commission Act,
Filipinos, 752, 753–754. See also
First Frame of Government, of Penn,
739, 814
Philippines
82
FedEx, 1068
Fillmore, Millard
First Lady. See specific individuals 94
Feed lots, 1098
Compromise of 1850 and, 460
First Navigation Act (1650), 94
Felons. See Crime and criminals
election of 1856 and, 482, 483
First New Deal (1933–1935),
Female Moral Reform Society,
(map)
847–856. See also New Deal
435–436
fugitive slaves and, 461, 463
First World War
“Feminine mystique,” Friedan on,
Film noirs, 936, 937, 966
armed forces in, 780–781
967
Films. See Movies and movie
armistice in, (map), 777
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan),
industry
casualties in, 771
967
Finance(s). See Banking; Panics;
Europe after, 789 (map)
Femininity, in Second World War,
Taxation
failure of peace after, 787–793
899
Financial institutions
immigrants during, 779, 780–781,
Feminism, 697–700. See also
computers and, 1070
784–785, 787
Women; Women’s rights
deregulation of, 1033
Mexico and, 775
in antebellum period, 695–696
Federal Reserve and, 738–739
mobilization for, 777–787
I-28
Index
First World War (continued)
missions in, 34, 35 (map), 114,
Foreign Miners’ Tax (California,
movie about, 794–795
115, 121 (map)
1850), 613, 620
neutrality of U.S. in, 772–776, 878
secession of, 266
Foreign policy, 1013–1017. See also
peace movement in, 774
slavers in, 121–122
Containment; Imperialism;
postwar period and, 793–799
Spain and, 16, 33, 35, 114, 137,
specific countries and presidents
repression during, 784–787
148–152, 153 (map)
anticommunist, 905, 911
Russian exit from, 776
U.S. acquisition of, 385
of Bush, George H. W., 1043,
societal impact of, 793–799
Florida (commerce raider), 526
1102–1103, 1107, 1116
trusteeships after, 788
Flour. See Wheat
of Bush, George, 1102–1104
U-boats in, 772–773
Flu epidemic in 1919, 777
of Carter, 1026–1028
western front in, 770 (map), 771,
Flush toilets, 677
of Clinton, 1100–1101, 1116
777
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 700
after Cold War, 1042–1043
workers during, 779–780
Folk magic, of slaves, 334
Confederate, 525
FISA. See Foreign Intelligence
Folk-rock movement, Sixties and, 996
containment in, 937
Surveillance Act
Folkways, migration of southern, 3,
vs. democratic ideals, 753, 767
Fish, Hamilton, 594
132, 302
détente, 1013
Fisher, Fort, Battle of, 573
Food(s)
divisions over, 1107
Fisher’s Hill, battle at, 571
in Americas, 313, 317, 382,
after 1898, 767
Fishing and fishing industry, 3, 5, 17,
778–779, 802, 817
Eisenhower and, 941–942
53, 65, 87
in Confederacy, 523
Grant and, 594
Canada, 594
genetically modified, 1066–1067
Great Fear and, 923–925
rights and, 331, 387–388, 1050
green revolution and, 1098
of Hoover, 815, 815
unemployment and, 865
healthy, 654, 1098
Jingoism, 746
Washington Treaty and, 594
rations from Freedmen’s Bureau,
Of Johnson, 984, 988
Fission, atomic, 891
584–585
of Kennedy, John F., 961, 962
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 800
regulation of, 731, 733, 778–779
of Lodge, 791
Fitzgerald, John Francis (“Honey
as a weapon, 899
national security and, 923–924,
Fitz”), 691, 960
Food Administration, 778–779
1106–1107
Fitzhugh, George, 490, 495
Hoover and, 842
neoconservatives on, 1103–1104
Fitzhugh, William, 65
Food industry, 779, 1098
neutrality as, 772–776, 878
Fitzroy, Augustus Henry. See
“Food Is a Weapon” poster, 899
of Nixon, 1008, 1013,
Grafton, duke of
Food stamps, 1033
1013–1014, 1016–1017
Five civilized tribes. See Iroquois Five
Football, 654, 932, 1022, 1072,
Open Door in, 756–757, 815
Nations
1073
presidential power and,
Five “civilized tribes,” alliance with
Foote (Civil War commander), 531
1106–1107
Confederacy, 517
(map)
of Reagan, 1036
Five-dollar-per-day wage, by Ford,
Foraker Act (1900), 755
during Reconstruction, 594
Henry, 724
Forbes, Charles R., 813
religious divisions over, 1083
Five Forks, battle at, 573
Forbes, John, 160, 162
Roosevelt, T., and, 757, 758, 763
Five Nations. See Iroquois Five
Force Bill (1833), 396–397
after September 11, 1102–1107
Nations
Ford, Betty, 1030
of Taft, 764, 938
Five Points of New York, 354–355
Ford, Gerald R., 1022
tariffs and, 396, 841
Five-Power Treaty (1922), 815
economy and, 1023–1024
of Truman, 915, 931
FiveThirtyEight.com, 1111
foreign policy of, 1026, 1027
unilateralism as, 1103–1105
Flappers, 804–805
as president, 1026
Union, 525
Flatboats, 228, 294
as vice president, 1022
Unilateralists, 1116
Fleischmann, Doris, 804
Ford, Henry, 649–650, 723, 803
Vietnam syndrome and, 1016
Flemish, in Dutch colonies, 50, 51
African Americans and, 830
of Wilson, 764–765, 790
Flesch, Rudolf, 959
Taylorism and, 723–724
Foreign relations, 791
Flexible response policy, 961, 962,
Ford, John, 867, 897
in New Deal, 993
964
Ford Motor Company
after Revolution, 239–240,
Floating dollar, 1012
automobiles of, 723–724
524–528
Florida, 1059–1060
workers at, 723–724
Foreign trade. See Trade
British in, 165, 213
Ford’s Theatre, Lincoln’s
Forests
Cuban Americans in, 751 (map),
assassination at, 575
destruction of, 301, 305, 641, 991,
1036, 1062
Foreign Affairs (journal), 910
1098, 1102
election of 1876 and, 605 (map)
Foreign-born Americans. See
protection of, 732, 734, 1101
election of 2000 and, 1094 (map),
Immigrants and immigration
slave clearing of, 333
1095
Foreign debt, 239, 249, 1032
Formosa (Taiwan), 891 (map)
Franciscans in, 34, 121
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
Forrest, Edwin, 358, 360
Hispanics in, 1050
(FISA, 1978), 1106
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 534, 569,
Indians in, 33, 34, 53
Foreign investment, 744, 765,
592
Jackson and, 386, 388
815, 1036
Fort(s). See specific forts
Index
I-29
Fortas, Abe, 1010
Franchise (vote), 372. See also
Free-labor contracts, 584
Fort Donelson, 530–532
Disfranchisement; Voting
Free-labor ideology, 494
Forten, James, 430
Franchise businesses, 1067
slavery vs., 494
Fortune magazine, American
Francis I (France), 44
Free love, in Greenwich Village, 697,
affluence, 948
Franciscans, 35–36
700
Fort Wilson riot, 228
Franco, Francisco (Spain), 787, 879
Freeman, Elizabeth (Bett), 233
“40 acres and a mule,” 585
Frank, Jerome, 850
Free market(s)
Fossil fuels. See also Energy
Frankfurter, Felix, 837
anti-government activists on,
energy from, 1025
Franklin, Battle of, 572
1055–1056
Reagan and, 1032–1033
Franklin, Benjamin
Friedman on, 958
U.S. reliance on, 1025
Albany Congress and, 155–156
Reagan and, 1036
Founding Fathers472–473, 498, 508.
Autobiography of, 118
Freemasons, 141
See also Constitution (U.S.);
Enlightenment and, 135
Freemen, in Pennsylvania, 216
Government (U.S.); specific
in France, 211
Freeport Doctrine, 498–499
individuals
on internal improvements, 378
Free silver movement, 667–668
religion of, 348
Paxton Boys and, 170
Free Society of Traders, Quakers
“Four Freedoms” (Rockwell), 898
on Pennsylvania estates, 187
and, 83
442nd Regimental Combat Team,
Pennsylvania Gazette and, 135
Free-Soilers, 456, 474, 476, 498
903
union and, 155
in Kansas Territory, 473, 478
“Four-Minute Men,” 782
Franklin, state of, 235
Free Soil Party, 456
Fourteen Points, 777, 792
Franklin, James, 135
Free Speech, 634
Fourteenth Amendment, 587, 590,
Franklin, William, 202
Free State party, in Kansas Territory,
591
Franz Ferdinand (Austria), 769
479
segregation and, 604, 931–932
Fraternal societies
Free-staters, in Kansas Territory, 479
Fourth Frame of Government, in
immigrant, ethnic, 477, 689
Free states
Pennsylvania, 83
Klan as, 821
line dividing from slave states, 443
Fox, George, 78
Fredericksburg, siege of, 547–549,
(map)
Fox Indians, 116 (map), 207–208
554–555 (map), 565
vs. slave states, 443 (map)
Fox News Channel (FNS), 1076,
Free blacks, 366–368
three-fifths clause and, 281
1091, 1094
in Mose, 148–149, 150 (map)
Free trade. See also North American
Fox TV, 1076
in North, 366–368
Free
France, 153 (map). See also French
in Pennsylvania, 233
Trade Agreement Clinton and,
and Indian War; French
in social hierarchy, 367–368,
1043, 1101
Revolution; New France; Second
584–585
after First World War, 788, 790
World War; West Indies
Freedmen’s Bureau, 584–585
Freewill Baptists, 351
Americans and, 252–253,
education for freedpeople and,
Freight, railroads and, 666–667
257–259
585–586
Frelinghuysen, Theodorus Jacobus,
challenges to, 147
Freedom(s). See also Liberty(ies);
138
Confederate foreign policy and,
Religious toleration; Rights
Frémont, John C., 450–451
525–526
in Bill of Rights, 248
election of and, 481–482
Dominican Republic and, 268
of press, 343
French and Indian War, 122, 154,
Dutch and, 50
for slaves, 362
159 (map)
England and, 150–152
of speech, 725, 898
British offensives in, 147, 153,
in First World War, 768, 769–771,
of worship, 898
158–160
776–777, 788–789
Freedom Budget, 1000, 1048
French Empire. See Canada; Colonies
fur trade and, 44, 46, 96
Freedom Democratic Party (FDP),
and colonization; France; New
Huguenots in, 44
967, 983
France
Indochina and, 882, 919
Freedom riders, 976
French Canadians, 687, 826
King George’s War and,
Freedom Singers, 967–968
French Indochina, Japan and, 882,
150–151
Freedom Summer, 983, 994
891 (map)
Louisiana and, 117, 148 (map)
Freedpeople
French Revolution, 220, 252–253
occupation of Ruhr by, 815
education for, 585–586
Friant-Kern Canal, 857
Open Door policy and, 756
free-labor contracts and, 494,
Frick, Henry Clay, 663, 672
privateers from, 760–761
584–584
Friedan, Betty, 954, 967
Seven Years’ War and, 122,
land for, 585
Friedman, Milton, 957, 985, 1028,
159–160
in Reconstruction South, 583–586
1055
Suez Crisis and, 945
sharecropping and, 585, 632
Friends. See Quakers
trade with, 133, 160, 238,
symbolism of, 972, 1000, 1001
Fries, Jacob, 261
270, 273
“Free grace” doctrines, 351
Frontenac, Fort, 147, 158, 162
treaties with (1778), 252
Freehold requirement, 372
Frontier. See also Backcountry
troubles with, 257–259
Free labor, vs. slavery, 490
disappearance of, 745
Vichy regime in, 879, 880 (map)
Free-labor capitalism, institutions
Indians along, 98–99
Wars of Religion in, 44
and ideology of, 494, 576
lifestyle along, 293
I-30
Index
Frontier (continued)
Galloway, Joseph, 196
woman suffrage and, 436–438,
permanent Indian, 442
Galveston
718–720
use of term, 293
city commission plan in, 714
General Agreement on Tariffs and
war along (1777–1782), 222
scientific management and, 722
Trade (GATT), 904
(map)
Gambling, 368, 369, 692, 812
General Assembly (UN), 904
Frontier thesis, of Turner, 744
Indian casinos and, 1050
General Court (Massachusetts), 67,
Front-porch campaign, of McKinley,
Gang labor, 130
71, 99, 109, 195, 217
671
Gangs. See Street gangs
General Electric, 648, 948
Frost, Robert, 962
Gangs of New York (movie),
General Motors (GM), 724, 803,
FTC. See Federal Trade Commission
354–355
874, 951
Fuchs, Klaus, 924
Gangsterism, 692
sit-down strike against, 866
Fuel. See also Fossil fuels
Gardoqui, Diego de, 239
Generals, in Civil War, 521, 548, 572
wood as, 300–301
Garfield, James A., 638, 639
General strikes, after Second World
Fugitive Slave Law, 461
Garment industry, 808. See also
War, 921
of 1850, 461–462
Clothing
“General welfare” clause, 378
of 1857, 537
clothing industry immigrant labor
Genêt, Edmond (“Citizen”), 253
Fugitive slaves
in, 687, 689
Genetically modified foods, 1066
Compromise of 1850 and,
strike in, 722
Genetic code, 1066
461–462
women in, 663
Geneva, Calvin in, 43
Craft, William and Ellen,
Garner, Margaret, 463, 465
Geneva Medical College, women
as, 462–463
Garrison, William Lloyd, 396, 431,
in, 657
Supreme Court on, 461
726
Geneva meeting (1959), on cultural
underground railroad and,
Garvey, Marcus, 798–799
exchanges, 943
461–462
“Gas and water socialists,” 712
Geneva Peace Accords (1954), 946
Fulbright, J. William, 993
Gas attacks, in First World War, 771
Genoa, 14, 39
Full Employment Bill, 927
Gasoline. See Oil and oil industry
Genocide. See Ethnic cleansing;
Fuller, Margaret, 348
Gaspée (ship), grounding of, 185
Holocaust
Fulton, Robert, 294
Gassed (Sargent), 771
Genre paintings, 500
Fundamental Constitutions of
Gates, Bill, 1066
Gentlemen’s agreement, with Japan,
Carolina, 74–75
Gates, Henry Lewis, Jr., 1049
763
Fundamentalism
Gates, Horatio, 160, 210, 226
Gentlemen Volunteer Light
Islamic, 7–8
Gates, Robert, 1106, 1112
Dragoons, 190
vs. liberal Protestantism, 824
Gates, Thomas, 56–57
Gentry, 46, 74, 113, 124, 361
Protestant, 824
GATT. See General Agreement on
Geopolitics
Scopes Trial and, 824–825
Tariffs and Trade
of Cold War, 916 (map)
Funded national debt, 113
Gay, John, 113
of Roosevelt, T., 757–763
Funding, military, 880, 994. See also
Gay Activist Alliance (GAA), 1047
George III (England), 167, 176,
Defense spending; Military
Gay marriage, 1083, 1098–1099
181–182, 197, 202, 203
spending
Gay rights, 1021, 1045, 1111
Anglican Church and, 232
Fur trade, 44, 45, 46
Gays and lesbians. See also
Olive Branch Petition to, 200
Choctaws and, 276
Homosexuality
Parliament dissolved by, 181
Dutch, 50, 96
activism of, 1047–1048
Revolution and, 211, 220, 223,
Indians and, 97
LGBT movement and, 1047–1048
230
in New France, 115
subcultures of, 923
George, Fort, 149, 162 (map)
Fusionism, 957
Gay theology, 1083
Georgetown, 131
“Fusion” tickets, in election, 506,
GDP. See Gross domestic product
Georgia, 34, 73
509 (map)
Geithner, Timothy, 1112
failure of Enlightenment in,
Gender and gender issues. See also
137–138
G
Men; Women
government of, 144, 215
changes in, 898–900
politics in, 145–146, 189–190
Gabriel, slave blacksmith, 326
in Chesapeake region, 316
secession of, 510
Gabriel
discrimination by, 432, 708, 810
slavery in, 137, 138, 140, 233, 318
’s rebellion, 336–337
Gage, Margaret Kemble, 197
drinking by, 710
Spanish invasion of, 150 (map)
Gage, Thomas
evangelicalism and, 363
“Georgia Traders,” 320
events leading to Revolution and,
farm labor and, 285
Germain, George (Lord), 202, 208,
198
Indian-European
223
–199
as governor of Massachusetts, 193
misunderstandings and, 31
German Americans
slaves and, 191
in New Deal, 865
alcohol and, 427
Gag rule, in Congress, 398
“New Woman” and, 656–657
First World War and, 785
–400
Gaither Report, 958
politics of, 434–435, 965–966
Haymarket bombing and, 662
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 948, 952,
in Second World War, 898–900
Turnevereins of, 689
958
in sports, 1074
German Democratic Republic. See
–959
Gallatin, Albert, 362, 375
western settlement and, 623–624
East Germany
Index
I-31
Germantown, 170, 209 (map), 210,
Glorieta Pass, Battle of, 517
Government. See also Constitution
784
Glorious Revolution (England),
entries; Municipal government;
Germany. See also East Germany;
107–114
specific countries and forms
First World War; Nazi
Glynn, Martin, 774
Antebellum era, 414–416
Germany; West Germany
Gnadenhutten, Ohio, Moravian
of Carolinas, 89, 189, 243
First World War, 775–776
mission, Indians massacred at,
of Dominion of New England,
Lusitania and, 772–773
221–222
106–107
NATO and, 916 (map)
GNP. See Gross national product
Dutch, 50
occupation zones in, 889 (map)
Goa, 13
limitation of power of, 113
Open Door policy and, 756
God(s). See Religion; specific
of Massachusetts, 90, 98–99,
reparations after First World War,
religions
193–196
788, 790
God and Man at Yale (Buckley), 957
of New England, 70–71, 197
reunification of, 1040
“God Bless America” (song), 868
national, 245–252
Ruhr and, 815
Godey’s Lady’s Book, 347
of Pennsylvania, 81–82
submarine warfare by, 772–773
Godkin, E. L., 746
religion and, 88, 110 (map)
as U.S. ally, 882
Gold
of Virginia, 90
Venezuela and, 758
in California, 440, 456–458
Whigs on role of, 414–416
war guilt after First World War,
discoveries of, 17, 18, 32
Government (U.S.), 245–252. See
788
dual currency with greenbacks,
also Continental Congress;
Gerry, Elbridge, 258
667
Progressives and progressivism
Gettysburg, Battle of, 556, 557 (map)
gold-to-dollar ratio, 1012
activist, 958–960
Gettysburg Address (Lincoln),
mining of, 615–616
Albany Congress and, 154–156
511–512
paper money and, 134
centralized, 249
G’hals of New York (Buntline), 360
vs. silver, 667–668
civil service reform and, 593–594,
Ghent, Treaty of, 281–282
Gold bugs, 667
639–640
Ghettos, 706, 785
Golden cities, Spanish search for, 33
Continental Congress as, 194–197,
Ghost Dance, 629
Golden spike, 614
199–201
Giannini, Amadeo, 690
Goldman, Emma, 697, 794
corporate support by, 863–864
Gibbons v. Ogden, 739
Goldman Sachs, 864, 1108, 1109,
debt of, 249, 250, 272, 417
Gibbs, Jonathan, 596
1110
Hoover and, 842–843
GI Bill (1944), 928
Gold Repeal Joint Resolution (1933),
implied powers of, 379
GI Bill of Rights (1944), 928
849
interstate commerce and, 241, 379,
Gibraltar, 213, 230, 231
Gold Rush, in California, 456–458
638, 666, 731, 983
Gibson, Josh, 830
Gold standard, 667, 671, 872
Jefferson on, 251–252, 264
Gilbert, Humphrey, 52–53,
Goldwater, Barry, 979
1972–1974, 1017–1020
1006–1007
election of 1964 and, 984–985
New Right and, 1028–1030
Gilded Age, 593
Golf, 1073
pollution and, 1009–1010, 1024,
literary indictment of, 593, 654
Gompers, Samuel F., 662
1102
Twain and, 593, 652
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 944
power of, 981, 985, 986, 1056,
Gilded Age, The (Twain and
Gooch, William, 145
1057
Warner), 593
Goodman, Andrew, 983
roll of, debates on, 956–960
Gillespie, Dizzy, 972
Good Neighbor Policy 872–873
Governor(s), 108, 115, 148, 866,
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 655
Mexican Americans and, 873
968, 1022–1023, 1090, 1084.
Gingrich, Newt, 985
Goods and services, consumer goods
See also assemblies; specific
Contract with America and, 1087
and, 286, 339, 689, 927
governors
election of 1994 and, 1087
Google, 1076, 1115
colonial, 144
election of 1998 and, 1091
Gookin, Daniel, 99
of New York, 97, 100
extramarital affair by, 1091
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1040
of Massachusetts, 67, 145, 146
Ginsberg, Allen, 995–996
Gordon, George, 223, 556
royal, 144
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 1086
Gordon, John B., 592
in Virginia, 101
Gipp, George, 1038–1039
Gordon, Thomas, 113, 135
Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de
Glaciers, 3
Gordon riots, 223
Mose, 148
Glasnost, 1040
Gore, Albert, 1044, 1088
Gradual emancipation, 233
“Glass ceiling,” 1046
climate change and, 1107
South Carolina and, 75
Glass-Steagall Act (1932), 842
election of 1996 and, 1089
Grady, Henry, 630
Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933),
electioin of 2000, 1093, 1094
Graft (payments), 612, 691–692, 707
848, 849
(map, 1095
Grafton, duke of (Augustus Henry
Globalization, 1068–1069, 1072. See
Goree, Jordan, 339
Fitzroy), 179, 185
also International
Gorton, Samuel, 72
Graham, Billy, 953, 1029, 1083
Clinton and, 1101
“Gospel of Wealth,” of Carnegie,
Grain. See also Wheat; specific grains
western industrialization and,
648, 672
exports of, 745
1068
Gouge, William, 382
Gramm, Phil, 1108
Global warming, 1107
Gould, Jay, 646, 647
Granada, 14
I-32
Index
Grand Coulee Dam, 853, 856, 836
Great Railroad Strike (1877), 644,
Guadalcanal, 888
Grandfather clauses, 636
660–661
Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of,
NAACP challenge to, 728
Great Salt Lake region, Mormons in,
454–455
Grange, 668–669
445
Guam, 47, 161
Granger laws, 666
Great Seal of the United States, 244
Guanche people, 14
Granger, 617, 668–669
Great Serpent Mound, 26
Guantanamo Bay
Grant, Ulysses S.
Great Society, of Johnson, Lyndon B.,
detention center at, 1106, 1112
administration of, 592–601
985–986
U.S. Naval Station at, 755
civil service reform and, 593–594
evaluating, 986–988
Guatemala, 944, 1037
election of 1868 and, 591–592
Great Swamp Fight (1675), 98
CIA in, 944
election of 1872 and, 600
Great War. See First World War
refugees from, 1062, 1083
foreign policy and, 594
Great White Fleet, 763
Guerrilla warfare, 749, 753. See also
Hamburg Massacre and, 604
Great White Hope, The (movie),
Kansas Territory
Ku Klux Klan and, 597, 600
726–727
in Civil War (U.S.), 515, 516,
in Mexican War, 450
Greece, 7, 22, 28, 204, 905, 909
533, 600
Mississippi election of 1875
U.S. aid to, 910
in Kansas, 492
and, 602
Greeley, Horace
by Molly Maguires, 659
peace policy toward Indians of,
election of 1872 and, 600
Guggenheim, Daniel and Simon, 673
627–628
homestead law and, 611–612
Guilford Court House, battle at,
reconstruction in the South,
slavery and, 453, 546, 566
227 (map), 228
594–595
Greenbackers, 553, 659
Guiteau, Charles, 639
Granville, Earl of (John Carteret),
Greenback-Labor Party, 660
Gulf of Mexico region, 24 (map), 24,
189
Greenback Party, 667–668
26, 33
Granville District, 188 (map), 189,
Greenbacks, 523
BP rig explosion in, 1114
190, 239
Civil War financing and, 523–524
France and, 147
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck),
gold and, 667
Hurricane Katrina and, 1106
867
Green Bay, 170
Indians in, 4 (map)
Grassroots activism
Green Berets, 964
Louisiana Purchase and, 117
in civil rights movement, 930
Greene, Nathanael, 226
Spain and, 34 (map), 35 (map),
Great Society and, 983, 986,
Green energy, 1107
117
987, 994
Greenland, 3, 6
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 988–990
Grateful Dead, The, 996
Green Mountain Boys, 235
Gulf War. See Persian Gulf War
Gray, Samuel, 183
Green Mountains, in Revolution, 210
Gullah language, 130
Great American Desert, 445
Green revolution, 1066
Gunboats, in Civil War, 530–532
Great Awakening, 138–143
Greenspan, Alan, 1072, 1088, 1108,
Gun Crazy (movie), 939
Great Britain. See England (Britain);
1110
Gunpowder, 6, 39, 100, 288
Scotland
Greensted, William, 64
Gutenberg, Johannes, 8
Great Depression, 840–842. See
Greenville, Treaty of, 254, 256
Guthrie, Woody, 867–868
also New Deal; American
(map), 275
Guy Fawkes Day, 145, 175
Indians
Greenwich Village
Gypsies, Nazi death camps and, 881
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 845–847
feminists and labor leaders in,
agricultural reforms in, 850–851
697–698
H
causes of, 840–842
Stonewall Narrative and, 1047
First New Deal in, 847–856
Gregory, Thomas, 787
Habeas corpus, writ of, 82, 462, 463
Mexicans in, 870
Grenada, 1037
Lincoln’s suspension of, 544
Second World War and, 856, 875
Grenville, George, 169
presidential power to suspend, 600
stock market crash and, 840
Sugar Act and, 172
Habitants, 46
victims of, 850
Grey (Lord), 773
Haciendas (estates), 35
Great Dismal Swamp, slave escape
Gridley, Benjamin, 136
Hague, The
and, 129
Grier, Robert, 484
environmental convention in, 1102
Great extinction, 3–4
Griffith, D. W., 598–599, 820
international women’s peace
Great Fear, communism and,
Grimke, Sarah, 436
conference at, 774
923–925
Grisham, John, 1089–1090
Haight-Ashbury district (San
Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 835
Grocery chains, 802, 1098
Francisco), 995
Great Lakes region, 296
Gross domestic product (GDP), 1070
Haiti, 268. See also Saint Domingue
Indians in, 222–223
Gross national product (GNP),
immigrants from, 577
Middle Ground in, 115–116
927–928
intervention in, 761 (map)
settlement of, 302
after civil war, 643
slave revolt in, 336, 337, 431
“Great Moderation, The,” 1107
from to 1898–1917, 744
troops in, 764–765
Great Northern Railroad, 664
from to 1922–1929, 802
Hakluyt, Richard (elder and
Great Plains region
from 1940 to 1945, 893
younger), 54
Dust Bowl in, 851–852
growth of 927–928
Halas family (football), 1072
Great Pyramid of the Sun, 25
Ground Zero. See September 11th
Halberstam, David, 992–993
Index
I-33
Hale, Sarah Josepha, 347, 455
Hauling the Whole Week’s Picking
Hendrik (Mohawk chief), 151
Half-Breeds, 639
(Brown), 323
Henrico (settlement), 57, 102
Half-Way Covenant, 72
Havana, Cuba
Henrietta Maria (England), 61
Halifax, 151
British in, 121 (map)
Henry IV (France), 44
Hall, Bolling, 326
riots in, 748
Henry VII (England), 51
Hall, Theodore, 924
Hawaii
Henry VIII (England), 51, 74
Halleck, Henry W., 532, 543
Pearl Harbor attack in, 882–884
Henry, Fort, battle at, 530–532
Hamburg, bombing of, 890
statehood for, 752
Henry, Judith, 536 (map)
Hamburg Massacre, 604, 967, 983
U.S. involvement in, 746, 752
Henry, Patrick, 174, 191
Hamilton, Alexander, 250, 259
Hawkins, John, 52
Henry Street Settlement, 722
on Bank of the United States, 250
Hawks, in Vietnam War, 274, 275,
Hepburn Act (1887), 731
Burr duel with, 266
993
Herberg, Will, 952, 1080
economy under, 248–259
Hawley, Ellis, 814
Heresy, Antinomian, 70, 72
election of 1796 and, 257
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act (1930),
Heritage Foundation, The, 1029,
election of 1800 and, 261–263
841
1057
Federalist Papers and, 243
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 347, 348
Heroism, democratization of, 409,
High Federalists and, 263
Hay, John
887
vs. Jefferson, 251–252
Open Door policy and, 756
Hero Who Defended the Mothers
opposition to, 250–251
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 761
Will Protect the Daughters, The,
at Philadelphia Convention,
Hayek, Friedrich von, 957
242
240–241
Hayes, Rutherford B., 604–606
Herran, Tomas, 760
on religion, 348
Hay-Herran Treaty, 760
Hessians, in Revolution, 202, 206,
Hamilton, Alice, 708
Haymarket bombing, 661–662
207, 210
Hammond, James H., 341, 486, 489,
Hayne, Robert Y., 386
Heterodoxy, 697, 700
493, 496
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 760
HEW. See Health, Education, and
Hampton, Fred, 1007
Haywood, William (“Big Bill”), 616,
Welfare, Department of
Hampton Institute, 628
700
Hicks, Elias, 353
Hampton Roads, naval battle at,
Hayworth, Rita, 894, 937
Hicksite Quakers, 351
272, 528
Hazardous waste disposal, 1098
Hidalgos (nobles), 16
Hancock, John
H-bomb. See Hydrogen bomb
Hidatsa Indians, 269
Boston mansion of, 127
Headright system, 59
Hidden Persuaders, The (Packard),
seizure of sloop of, 180
Head Start Program (1965),
953
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 638, 639
487–488, 986
Hierarchy (social). See also Classes;
Handguns, restrictions on, 1087
Health
specific groups
Handicapped people. See Disabled
in Chesapeake, 62
of Federalists’, 263
people
environmental focus on, 1009,
gender, 357, 429, 436
Hanging Rock, battle at, 225,
1098
in the military, 1047
(227 map)
in New England, 65
of Mormans, 351
Hanna, Mark, 671
public, 132, 678, 862, 897
races in, 652, 682
Hanoi, 989 (map), 990
Health, Education, and Welfare,
Roman Catholic, 476, 1083
Harding, Warren G., 812–813
Department of (HEW), 956
social, 31, 190–191, 361, 429
Hard money, Jackson and, 239, 407,
Healthcare, 927, 1070, 1087
Higford, James, 112
408
ACT UP and, 1048
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth,
Harlem, New York, 832
Bush, 1044
335, 432
Harlem Renaissance, 832–833
Clinton and, 1087, 1113
High Church Laudians, 135
Harmar, Josiah, 254, 256 (map)
in GDP, 1070
Higher education, 959, 1011. See
Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Brown at,
Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 985
also Universities and colleges;
499–501
in 1920s, 911
specific schools
Harper’s New Monthly, 707
Truman and, 930
for African Americans, 585
Harrington, James, 74–75
Health insurance, 952, 1089, 1113
professional organizations and,
Harrington, Michael, 959
national, 929
657
Harrison, Carter, Jr., 714
private, 930
urban life and, 1065
Harrison, William Henry, 254
Hearst, George, 615
for women, 655, 657, 710
death of, 447
Hearst, William Randolph, 747,
“Higher Law” speech (Seward), 460,
election of 1840 and, 410 (map)
748, 762
504
in War, 277, 279
Hedge funds, 1071
High Federalists, 260
Harrodsburg, 222 (map), 235
Hefner, Hugh, 966
Highland Park Ford plant, 723, 724
Hartford, 68
Heirs. See Inheritance
High-tech industries, 958, 1060,
Hartford Convention, 281
Hellman, Lillian, 922
1069
Harvard College, 72, 89
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 485–496
Highway Act (1956), 949
Hassam, Childe, 654
Hemings, Sally, 317
Highways. See Roads and highways
Hat Act (1732), 111
Hemingway, Ernest, 922
Hill, Anita, 1047
Hatteras Inlet, 530
FBI and, 922
Hill, A. P., 545 (map)
I-34
Index
Hill, James J., 744
Homeowners’ Loan Corporation
threats to autonomy of, 126–127
Hill, Wills. See Hillsborough, Earl of
(1933), 850
women and, 127–128
Hill-Burton Act (1946), 930
Homestake Mine (Black Hills), 615
House of Burgesses (Virginia), 59
Hillman, Sidney, 808, 866
Homestead act(s), 611–612
House of Seven Gables, 347
Hillsborough, Earl of (Wills Hill),
use of term, 611
Henry’s resolves in, 174, 229
179, 180
Homesteading, in West, 611–612
House of Representatives. See also
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 1028
Homestead Strike (1892), 663
Congress (U.S.); Speaker of the
Hippies, 996
Homophile movement, 923
House
Hiring, discrimination in, 865, 895,
Homosexuality. See also Gays and
impeachment by, 255, 265–266
896, 971
lesbians
representation in, 174, 218, 240,
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 892
anticommunism and, 922, 923
241
Hispanics. See Latinos; Spanish
LGBT movement and, 1047–1048
House of Seven Gables (Hawthorne),
speaking people; specific groups
in postwar era, 923
347
Hispaniola, 15, 61, 34 (map)
Hone, Philip, 409
House Un-American Activities
Hiss, Alger, 922
Honor, in South, 480
Committee (HUAC), 921–922
Hiss-Chambers-Nixon affair, 922
Hood, John Bell, 566
Housing, 934–935, 970, 971
History and historians
Hogarth, William, 141
of American Indians, 728, 900,
on economic and environmental
Hooker, Joseph (“Fighting Joe”), 548
1001
reforms of Theodore Roosevelt,
Hooker, Thomas, 68
“bubble” in 2000s, 1109–1110
732–733
Hoover, Herbert, 842–844
discrimination and, 930, 935,
frontier thesis and, 744
associationalism of, 814–815
973, 979
on Great Society, 985, 987, 994
election of 1928 and, 830 (map),
federal funds for, 930, 974–975,
on onset of Cold War, 908–909
election of 1932 and, 844 (map)
976
revisionists, 908
in First World War, 778–779
lifestyle and, 948–949
Hitler, Adolf, 877–878. See also Nazi
presidency of, 842–843
for the poor, 830, 976
Germany appeasement of, 879
as secretary of commerce, 842
public, 928, 930, 934
League and, 878
Hoover, J. Edgar
redlining in, 974–975
in Rhineland, 878
agent provocateurs and,
residential segregation in, 693, 829
rise of, 878–879
1007–1008
restrictive covenants in, 931, 934
Spain and, 878
Black Panthers and, 1001,
Rumford Act and, 985
suicide of, 886
1007–1008
rural, 861
HIV-AIDS, 1047–1048
detention of subversives and, 925
for slaves, 798
Hmong people, 1053, 1062
illegal surveillance by, 955, 1001
soddies (sod houses) as, 622, 623
Hobbs, Abigail, 109
King and, 975
suburbs and, 933–935
Ho Chi Minh, 919, 946
on rock music, 955
urban renewal and, 930, 975,
Ho Chi Minh City, 1026
secret subversives file of, 922
1024
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 947 (map),
Hoover Dam. See Boulder Dam
of yeoman farmers, 330, 496
989, 991
Hoover-Stimson Doctrine (1931),
Housing Act (1949), 930, 975
Hoffman, Abbie, 1002, 1006
877
Housing and Urban Development,
Hohokam culture, 28 (map)
Hopi Indians, 114–115
Department of (HUD), 985,
Holcomb, George, 287
Hopkins, Harry, 850
1024
Holding Company Act (1935),
Hopkins, Mark, 612
Housing projects, 928, 930, 934, 957
861, 863
Horry, Elias, 338
Houston, Sam, 447
Holiday Inn, 1067
Horse(s), 3, 4, 16
Howard, Oliver O., 584
Holland. See Dutch; Netherlands
in Americas, 40
Howe, Richard (Viscount), 206
Holly, Buddy, 954
Horseless carriages, 645
Howe, William, 199, 206, 210, 211
Hollywood, 1076–1078. See also
Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 278
Howells, William Dean, 654, 727,
Movies and movie industry
(map), 279
752
“Hollywood Ten, The,” 921–922
Hospitals
Howl (Ginsberg), 995
Holocaust, 885–886, 906. See also
in Civil War, 554
HUAC. See House Un-American
Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Germany
federal financing of, 853, 861,
Activities Committee
Holy Club, at Oxford University,
928, 929
Hubbard, William, 99, 100
139
Hostage crisis, in Iran, 1027, 1030
HUD. See Housing and Urban
“Holy experiment,” of Penn, 81
Hot-line, between Soviet Union and
Development, Department of
Holy Land, 8–9. See also Palestine
U.S., 963
Hudson, Henry, 48
Crusades in, 8–9
House, Edward M., 773
Hudson River region
Homeland Security, Department of,
“House Divided” speech (Lincoln),
canal to Lake Erie and, 295–296
1103, 1106
497, 505, 537
colonists in, 288
Homelessness, 1063
Households
Huerta, Dolores, 1051
Home Loan Bank Board, 843
British colonial, 117–118
Huerta, Victoriano, 765
Home loans, 1072
deficit in, 1070
Hughes, Charles Evans, 722, 774,
Home Owners Loan Act (1933),
farm, 303–305
812, 815
849
middle-class, 948–049
Hughes, John, 476
Index
I-35
Hughes, Langston, 832
Hydrogen bomb, 915
foreign-born Americans and,
Hughson, John, 150
Hyperinflation, in Civil War, 549
1064 (map)
Huguenots, 44. See also Protestants
German, 348, 419, 420, 427,
and Protestantism
784, 823
in France, 44, 45, 137
I
Homestead Act and, 611–612
persecution of, 107
I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang
illegal, 687, 870, 974
Hukbalahaps (Huks), in Philippines,
(movie), 845
Irish, 295, 691
919
Iberia, 14. See also Portugal; Spain
Italian, 690
Hull, Charles J., 708
ICBMs. See Intercontinental ballistic
Japanese, 683, 685–687
Hull, William, 277
missiles
Jewish, 683, 688, 689, 712
Hull House, 708
ICC. See Interstate Commerce
labor, 687–688
“Human Be-In,” 996
Commission
McCarran-Walter Act and,
Human Genome Project, 1066
Ice Age, 3
922–923
Human immunodeficiency virus
little ice age, 5, 6
Mexican, 683, 823, 834, 870
(HIV). See HIV-AIDS
Iceland
to mid-Atlantic region, 131–132
Humanitarian aid, to Somalia, 1043,
Vikings in, 6
national origins system of, 823,
1100
woman suffrage in, 718
986
Human rights
Identity politics, cultural movements
nativism and, 473–478
Carter and, 1027
and, 1049
“new” (20th century), 1061–1063
Milosevic trial and, 1100
Ideology. See also specific ideologies
political disagreement over, 476–477
UN and, 904
colonial government, 494
prohibition movement and, 710
Human sacrifice
Igler, David, 618
rate of return for, 338
Aztec, 26, 30
refugee policy and, 881
“I Have a Dream” speech (King), 977
Christian and Indian reactions to,
ILGWU. See International Ladies
religion and, 419–429
29–30
Garment Workers Union
restrictions in 1920s, 821–823
Mayan, 22
Illegal immigrants. See also
schools and, 419–429
Humor, 593, 867, 868, 1075
Undocumented immigrants
Scottish or Scots-Irish, 189
Humphrey, George, 942
from Asia, 687
Sicilian, 692
Humphrey, Hubert, election of 1968
from Mexico, 870, 974
Slavic, 684
and, 1005, 1005
Illinois, 302
sources of, 684
–303, 504
Hundred Days (1933), legislation in,
election of 1856 and, 504
Swedish, 623
848–849
farming in, 665
into Texas, 446–447
Hungary
Illiteracy
undocumented, 974, 1063, 1083,
in First World War, 769–770, 777,
of freedpeople, 596
1098
789 (map)
of southern blacks, 495, 586
urban living conditions for, 688,
revolution in, 944
IMF. See International Monetary
722
Hunger strikes, 720, 1051
Fund
to United States, 475
Hunley, H. L. (submarine), 526
Immigrants and immigration,
Immigration Act (1924), 821–823
Hunter, Robert, 145, 688
682
Immigration and Nationality Act
–688. See also Migration;
Hunting
specific countries and groups
(1965), 986. See also McCarran-
in ancient Americas, 4–5
Alien and Sedition Acts and,
Walter Act
of buffalo, 621, 627
259
Immigration Reform and Control Act
–260
Huntington, Collis P., 612
American nationality and,
(1986), 1063
Huron Indians, conversion to
700
Immigration Restriction Act
–703
Christianity, 45
Asian, 686, 687
of 1917, 785
Hurricane Katrina, 1106
Austrian, 785
of 1924, 821–823
Hurston, Zora Neale, 832
in backcountry, 132
Immunities, to diseases, 5, 7
Husbands. See Families
to Canada, 687
Impeachment
Hussein (Jordan), 946
cartoons against,
of Chase, 265–266
Hussein, Saddam
Catholic, 418, 420, 427
of Clinton, 1091–1092
al-Qaeda and, 1104
in Chesapeake, 62
Jay’s Treaty and, 255
Iraq after, 1105
Chinese, 611, 613
of Johnson, Andrew, 589–592
–614, 685–687
Iraq War and, 1036, 1042–1043,
Chinese Exclusion Act and, 614
of Nixon, 1019–1020
1104
to cities, 688
of Pickering, 265–266
Persian Gulf War and, 1042–1043
Cuban, 1052
Impending Crisis of the South, The
weapons programs of, 1102, 1103,
Dillingham Commission and, 700
(Helper), 495
1104
disfranchisement of, 717
Imperialism, 111–112, 745–746
Hutchinson, Anne, 70
drinking by, 427
crisis, 192–198
Hutchinson, Thomas
race, ethnicity and, 88
Imperial Valley, water for, 856,
–89
Boston Tea Party and, 193
European, 623, 683
857 (map)
–685
Stamp Act protests and, 175
Filipinos, 683
Imperial wars, 119, 120 (map),
Hutson, William F., 365
in First World War, 779
146–153. See also Empires;
–780,
Hydraulic mining, 615–616
784
specific empires
–787
I-36
Index
Implied powers, of federal
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA,
of ranching, 616, 618–619
government, 379
1934), 872
in South, 630–637
Importation, 38, 59, 138
Indian Territory, 254, 442, 470
war and, 778–778
Imports. See also Nonimportation;
cattle drives in, 617
of West, 610–624
Tariff(s)
in Civil War, 169
Infant baptism, 71–72
duties on, 640
five civilized tribes in, 393–394
Infant mortality, 68, 324, 831, 834
Impost, under Articles of
land opened to white settlement
Infantry rifle, 521–522
Confederation, 229
in, 628
Inflation, 402, 793, 892, 948, 1049,
Impressment, 151, 255
reconstruction of, 625
1088
Inauguration
southwest, 516–517
from American silver, 38, 671
of Bush, George W., 1097
Indian wars, in Jamestown area, 57
Carter and, 1028
of Clinton, 1086
Indigenous peoples. See American
in Civil War, 550, 223, 228,
of Jackson, 391
Indians; Native peoples
523–524, 550, 563
of Jefferson, 263
Indigo, 131, 138
economic growth and, 407
of Kennedy, John F., 962
Indochina, 989 (map), 1012, 1014,
in First World War, 780, 793
of Lincoln (first), 507
1016, 1026. See also Cambodia;
Ford and, 1023, 1024
Inca Empire, 21 (map), 20
Laos; Vietnam
in 1950s, 951
Incandescent bulb, 645
destabilization of, 946
in 1060s, 951, 1012
Inchon, 917, 918 (map)
France and, 882, 946
paper money and, 415, 523
Income. See also Wages
Immigrants from, 785
Reagan and, 1030, 1031, 1032,
of college graduates, 1032
Nixon and, 1016
1033
FAP and, 1008–1009
Truman and, 919
social Security and, 1034
farm, 817, 950
Indonesia, 7, 8 (map). See also Dutch
in the south, 549, 551
during Great Depression, 841
East Indies
treasury notes and, 523
income tax, 738
CIA and, 946
Influence of Sea Power upon History,
first tax (1861), 523
Clinton and, 1101
The (Mahan), 746
progressive, 738
Industrial accidents, 658, 951
Information. See also Digital
in late 20th century, 1089
Industrial democracy, 780, 783
technology
Indentured servants
Industrial economy, 632, 1021
business operations and, 1067–
migration to Americas, 63
Industrialist philanthropic
1070
in Virginia, 59–60
foundations, 1028–1029
programs in Cold War, 911–912
Independence. See also
Industrialization. See Industry and
revolution, 1066
Revolutionary War
industrialization
Information revolution, 1066
Barbados and, 94
Industrial Relations Commission,
Infotainment, debate over, 1079
for Cuba, 748, 754
721
Infrastructure
in Eastern Europe, 1039–1040
Industrial revolution, beginnings of,
of cities, 940, 1000, 1063–1064
for Philippines, 752, 754
306–313
deterioration of, 1049
Independent films, 1076, 1077
Industrial unions, 663, 668. See also
in Iraq, 1043
Independent Treasury Bill, 409
Labor unions
in New Deal, 853
Indexing, of Social Security, 1009,
Industrial workers, 807–808
of roads, 853
1034
Industrial Workers of the World
in Serbia, 1100
India
(IWW), 712
Inheritance, 289
Mogul empire in, 7–8 (map)
textile strikes and, 858
in colonies, 91
Portugal and, 11, 13
Industry and industrialization,
government debts and, 781
Indian, 29–30. See also American
610–624. See also Labor
of immigrants, 708
Indians; Indian policy
in cities, 310–311
of land, 289
Indiana
conditions, 659–660
tax, 734
electoral balance and, 638
electric-powered, 676, 677
transition to market society and,
statehood for, 293
farming, 622
342
Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 872
after First World War, 793–795
by women, 91
Indian Bill of Rights, 1050
in First World War, 778–780,
Inheritance tax, in First World War,
Indian boarding schools, 628–629
783–784
781
Indian Ocean, 13, 47
in Great Depression, 841, 852–853
Inherit the Wind (movie), 825
Indian policy. See also American
high-tech, 958, 1060, 1069
Initiative, 715
Indians
immigrant labor and, 613–614,
Injunctions, against workers, 662,
of concentration, 751 (map)
620–622
670, 808
one big reservation policy, 442
metropolitan, 311–313
Inner cities, African Americans in,
peace policy, 627–628
of mining, 615–616
1032, 1049
reservations for, 626 (map)
New South and, 630–637,
Inner Light, Quakers and, 72, 78, 7
southwestern whites and, 393–394
630–637
Inns of Court (England), 81
Termination and Relocation,
race and, 631–632
Inoculation, 132, 170. See also
972–973
railroad expansion and, 612–613,
Diseases; Medicine
Indian Removal Act (1830), 394
614–615, 631–632
against smallpox, 125
Index
I-37
Inquisition, 30
International interactions. See also
Interstate Commerce Commission
Insane asylums, 422
Foreign policy; Globalization;
(ICC), 666, 731
Inspection, of nuclear facilities, 1102,
Immigrants and immigration;
Interstate trade, in slaves,
1103
specific organizations; specific
320–322
Inspector general, Hamilton as, 260
wars and issues
Intervention, 374, 586, 600, 607,
Institutions. See also specific
Alabama Claims, 594
660. See specific regions and
institutions
American system of manufactures
countries in Cuba,
African American, 368, 1048
and British industry, 487–488
in Cherokee war, 165
ethnic, 689
associationalism in, 814–815
in Cuba, 747
Insurance, health, 929–930, 951,
attempts to acquire Cuba,
in Dominican Republic, 758
1089, 1113
962–963
in the economy, 405
Insurance companies, security-
cotton overproduction and, 632
in First World War, 776–777
focused plans of, 897
Crimean War and Panic of 1857,
in Grenada, 1037
Integration. See also Segregation
492
in Lebanon, 946, 1037
of baseball, 932–933
Crusades and, 8–9
in Nicaragua, 760
Brown Cases and, 969
devaluation of dollar, 1101
in Russia, 775
of military, 902
drug trafficking, 1042
of 1777, 208–213
Roosevelt, Eleanor, and, 869
economic integration, 1043
Interventionist organizations, in
Intellectual thought. See also Art(s);
Europeans and southern secession,
Second World War, 881
Literature
509
Intolerable Acts. See Coercive
on American nationality, 700–703
factors causing immigration to
(Intolerable) Acts
Enlightenment in colonies and,
U.S., 682–687
Inuits, 3, 6
135–136
filibustering expeditions to expand
Inventions and inventors, 494, 553,
Hull House and, 708
slavery, 468–469
650, 676. See also specific
Lost Generation and, 834–837
French Revolution and, 220,
inventions and inventors
printing and, 134–135, 344
252–253
Chinese, 39
realism and, 706–707
imperialism and, 111–112,
economic growth and, 644, 645
Social Darwinism and, 652
745–746
investment, 1108
Intelligence (military), 903
King Cotton diplomacy (Civil
Investment banking, 484, 849
Intelligence tests, in First World War,
War), 524–526
Involuntary service, 326, 453
781
League of Nations and, 789–790
IQ tests, in First World War, 781
Intendants in New France, 45
Open Door policy and, 756–757
IRA. See Indian Reorganization Act
Inter Caeteras (papal bull), 15
Oregon boundary dispute, 443
Iran
Interchangeable parts, mass
(map)
American hostages in, 1027
production and, 487
Persian Gulf War, 1042–1043
CIA-facilitated coup in, 944
Intercollegiate athletics, 1011, 1074
recognition of Confederacy and,
Cold War strategy toward, 920,
Intercontinental ballistic missiles
555
1027, 1030, 1036
(ICBMs), 1013
Trent Affair and, 526
Safavid Empire in, 7, 8 (map)
Interest-group pluralism, 952, 1056
International Ladies Garment
Shah in, 1027
Interest rates, 929, 1031,
Workers Union (ILGWU), 663
Iran-contra affair, 1037–1040
1087–1088, 1110
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
Iranian revolution (January, 1979),
credit cards and, 1071
904, 1101
1027–1028
Great Depression and, 840
International organizations. See
Iraq
limits on, 1033
specific organizations
in Persian Gulf War, 1042–1043
Interior Department, 732, 812
International relations, 758, 774,
weapons inspection in, 1103
Interior lines, in Civil War battles,
815, 903
Iraq War, 1103–1105
555 (map), 557 (map)
nationalism and, 872
England and, 1104
Intermediate-range missiles, 1040
International system, Roosevelt, T.,
Ireland, 53–55
Internal combustion engine, 645
and, 743
Irish Americans, 402, 640, 659, 684,
Internal improvements
Internet, 1065, 1067–1068, 1078
688. See also Ireland
American System and, 298
Clinton investigation and, 1092,
alcohol and, 427
in South, 340
1111
in antidraft riots, 551–552
state control of, 340, 405, 413,
culture and, 1075, 1079
Clan Na Gael and, 689
417
e-commerce on, 1067
in Democratic Party, 691
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 1029
music file sharing via, 1078
First World War and, 774
harassment by, 1017
social networking and,
as railroad labor, 613
Internal taxes, 176
1114–1115
Ironclad ships, 526–528
International Bank for Reconstruc-
Internment, of Japanese Americans,
Iron Curtain. See also Cold War;
tion and Development, 904
901
Soviet Union
International Brotherhood of
Interstate commerce, federal
Churchill on, 909
Teamsters, women in, 896
jurisdiction over, 379
Iroquois Five Nations, 45, 115
International Harvester, 644, 648,
Interstate Commerce Act (1887),
New York and, 76
744
638, 666
as Six Nations, 154
I-38
Index
Iroquois Indians, 45, 48–49, 76, 92,
Itinerant laborers, in West, 620–622
Dutch and, 48
115, 116 (map), 156
Itinerant preachers, 334, 350
expansionism of, 762
in Canada, 235
Ivy League schools, football at, 654
after First World War, 790
Dutch and, 49–50
Iwo Jima, in Second World War,
gentlemen’s agreement with, 763
land of, 235
889, 891 (map)
immigrants from, 683, 658–687,
language of, 97
IWW. See Industrial Workers of the
763, 823
as Mingoes, 147
World
Korea and, 763
on reservations, 254
Manchuria and, 762–763, 764,
struggle for survival, 96–97, 162,
J
877
221
Open Door policy and, 756
Iroquois League, 97, 151
Jackson, Andrew, 279, 280, 307,
Pearl Harbor attack by, 882–884
Revolution and, 221
387–393, 405, 407, 447, 511,
Russia and, 762–763, 764
Irreconcilables, 790
524
sphere of influence of, 764
“Irrepressible Conflict” speech
Adams, John Quincy, and, 384
surrender of, 890–892
(Seward), 504
American Colonization Society
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905),
Irrigation, 35, 949
and, 430
763
in Andes region, 19
balanced budget and, 405
as U.S. ally, 815
in California, 856
Bank of the United States and, 405
Japanese American Citizens League
of Hohokam Indians, 26
Bank War and, 416
(JACL), 930
in West, 28
“corrupt bargain” and, 385–386,
Japanese Americans, 686, 763
IRS. See Internal Revenue Service
387
cash indemnity, 901
Irving, Julius (“Dr. J”), 1073
election of 1824 and, 384, 386
immigration, 685–687
Irving, Washington, 136, 304, 358
(map)
internment of, 901
Isabella of Castile, Ferdinand of
election of 1828 and, 390 (map)
Java, Dutch in, 48
Aragon and, 14
election of 1832 and, 404 (map)
Jaworski, Leon, 1019
Islam, 1080–1081. See also Muslims
election of 1840 and, 409–410
Jay, John, 239, 255. See also Jay’s
Black Muslims and, 1080
as king, 387, 406
Treaty
Europe and, 7–8
nullification and, 395–397
as diplomat, 219
expansion of, 8 (map)
Texas annexation and, 447
Federalist Papers and, 261
Islamic Center of America
Jackson, George, 1007
Treaty of Paris and, 231
(Dearborn, Michigan), 1082
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 627
Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 239
Islamic Center of Southern
Jackson, Jesse, 1048
“Jay-hawkers,” in Civil War, 525
California, 1081
political actions by, 1083
Jay’s Treaty, 255, 257
Islamic fundamentalism, 1027, 1036,
Jackson, Michael, 1078
Jazz
1102
Jackson, Rachel Donelson, 389
fighting Cold War with, 943
Isolationists and isolationism
Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”),
fighting discrimination with, 972
in Second World War, 881
529
in 1920s, 828–829
before World War I, 790
Jacksonian Democracy
Jazz Age, 800
Israel, 29, 945, 1028, 1037, 1105.
crises in, 386–387
racism and religious bigotry
See also Jews and Judaism;
Market Revolution and, 400–407
during, 823, 825
Palestine
South and, 393–400
Jazz Singer, The (movie), 828–829
Camp David Accords (1978) and,
Jackson State College, killings at,
Jeep, 894
1026–1028
1014–1015
Jefferson, Thomas, 200, 245, 247,
Lebanon and, 1037
Jails. See Prison(s)
262, 282, 344, 371, 380. See
Religious Right and, 1029–1030
Jakarta, 48
also Democratic Republicans
Yom Kipper War and, 1012
James, Fort, 76, 77, 108
Declaration of Independence and,
Issei, 901
as Fort William, 77
203
Isthmus of Panama, Balboa and, 16
James I (England), colonial charters
deists, 348
Italian Americans, 797, 826
from, 55, 60, 106
election of 1800 and, 261–262
Italy, 43, 683, 756, 757, 769. See
James II (duke of York, England)
election of 1796 and, 257
also First World War;
Catholicism of, 106, 107
election of 1800 and, 261
Mussolini, Benito
Glorious Revolution and, 107–114
France and, 261, 286, 336
Communist Party in, 859, 874
James VI (Scotland). See James I
as governor, 229
Dominican Republic and, 758
(England)
vs. Hamilton, 248, 250–252
fascism in, 859, 874
James, Frank and Jesse, 515
inauguration of, 263
after First World War, 788–790,
James, William, 752
Kentucky Resolves of, 259, 260,
792
Jamestown, 56–57, 59. See also
395
Five-Power Treaty, 815
Virginia
Louisiana Purchase and, 269
immigrants from, 684, 822
Bacon in, 102–103
(map), 293, 319
in Second World War, 884–885,
Japan, 756
presidency of, 262–264
885, 887
atomic bombing of, 892
president’s image and, 247
as U.S. ally, 920, 1104
as Axis Power, 884
on president’s title, 247
Wilson and, 792
China and, 757, 888
slavery and, 317, 331–332, 442
Index
I-39
on slave vs. free states, 381–382
New Frontier and, 960, 962,
comic books and, 954
Statute for Religious Freedom, 232
983–984
mothers and, 900
transportation improvements and,
Tet Offensive and, 1003–1004
377
Vietnam War and, 981, 987–993
K
women workers and, 286, 316
Johnson, Richard M., 274, 279,
Jefferson Airplane, 996
434–435
Kabul, Afghanistan, 1103
Jeffersonian Republicans. See
Johnson, Samuel, 136
Kagan, Elena, 1113
Democratic Republicans
Johnson, Tom, 714
Kaiser, Henry J., 863
Jenkins, Jerry, 1084
Johnson, William, 156–157
Kaiser Corporation, 894
Jeremiads, 72
Johnson County War (Wyoming),
Kallen, Horace, cultural pluralism of,
Jerseys, 107. See also East New
617
701–702
Jersey; New Jersey; West New
Johnson-Reed Immigration
Kansas
Jersey
Restriction Act (1924), 821–823
black emigration to, 633
Jesuits, 2, 46 (map)
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 531 (map),
republican party in, 470–474
Indians and, 45–46
532
Kansas City, 515, 660, 691
Jesus People, 1080
Johnston, Joseph E., 529, 532, 533,
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 472–473
Jews and Judaism. See also Anti-
560, 573
Kansas Pacific Railroad, 617
Semitism
Johnston, Olin T., 859
Kansas Territory, 478–480
as European American ethnics,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 884
border ruffians in, 479, 485
823, 827, 858
Iraq war, 1104
Free-Soilers vs. pro-slavery settlers
after First World War, 787
in Second World War, 888
in, 473
German death camps and, 881
Vietnam and, 990
Indians in, 491 (map)
Holocaust and, 885
Joint-stock company, London
Lecompton constitution and,
Jazz Singer and, 828–829
Company as, 57–58
485–486
Klan and, 825
Jones, Absalom, 117
Pottawatomie Creek murders in,
Roosevelt, F. D., administration
Jones, Charles Colcock, 365
481
and, 864
Jones, Paula Corbin, 1090
sack of Lawrence in, 480
Soviet immigrants and, 1062
Jones, William, 382
Karzai, Hamid, 1113
in Spain, 14
Jonesboro, battle of, 571
Katrina (Hurricane), 1106
Zionism and, 906
Jordan, Eisenhower and, 946
Kazan, Elia, 922
Jiang Jieshi, 888, 915
Jordan, Michael, 1073
Kearney, Dennis, 613
Jim Crow laws, 635–637
Jorgensen, George W., Jr. (Christine
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 450–451
Jim Crow (character), in minstrel
Jorgensen), 923
Keaton, Buster, 697, 698–699
show, 359, 636
Joseph (Chief, Nez Percé), 626 (map),
Keel boats, 294
Jingoism, 746
627
Keith, George, 83
Jobs. See also Employment
Journalism, 706, 836. See also
Keller, Helen, 713
unemployment in 1930, by gender,
Media; Newspapers; Yellow
Kelley, Abbey, 437
865
journalism
Kelley, Florence, 708
Jobs, Steve, 1066
Internet, 1115
Kellogg, Frank, 816
John Deere steel-plow works, 487
new, 1003
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 816, 877
Johnny Appleseed. See Chapman,
women in, 809
Kemp, Jack, 1073, 1089
John
“yellow,” 747
Kendall, Amos, 398, 399, 402
Johnson, Andrew, 580–586
Journeymen, 291
Kennan, George, 910
Amnesty Proclamation of, 581
J. P. Morgan Chase, 1110
Kennedy, Anthony, 1099
election of 1866 and, 588
Judeo-Christian tradition, 952
Kennedy, Edward (Ted), 1028,
Fourteenth Amendment and, 587
Judgment at Nuremberg, (movie),
1088
impeachment of, 589–592
996
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 578
Reconstruction and, 580–586
Judicial review, 266
Kennedy, John F.
Johnson, Charles P., 831
Judiciary Act
anticommunism of, 963
Johnson, Fort, 512
of 1789, 248
assassination of, 979–980
Johnson, Hiram W., 735
of 1801, 264–265
civil rights and, 961, 975–977
Johnson, Jack, 710, 726
Judson, E. Z. C. (Ned Buntline), 359
commission on women’s status
Johnson, James Weldon, 827
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 712
and, 968
Johnson, Lyndon B.
Junto, Franklin and, 135
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 963
antiwar movement and,
Jury system, in New England, 71
domestic policy of, 964–965
1001–1002
Justice Department, 600, 603, 604,
election of 1960 and, 960–962
civil rights and, 972
729, 784–785, 894, 911, 924,
family history of, 960
election of 1960 and, 962
931
foreign policy of, 961, 962
election of 1964 and, 984–985
civil rights division in, 931, 986
New Frontier of, 960–962, 982
Great Society of, 985–986
conservatives in, 1034
space program and, 962
“Johnson treatment”, 984
Justice system, in New England,
Vietnam and, 964
after Kennedy assassination,
924
Kennedy, Joseph P., 692
979–980
Juvenile delinquency, 966
Kennedy, Patrick Joseph, 691
I-40
Index
Kennedy, Robert F., 1004–1005
King George’s War, 150–151
Ku Klux Klan, 820–821
assassination of, 1005
King James Bible, in schools, 418,
in film, 820
funeral of, 1005
420, 477
Garvey and, 799
Kennedy or Nixon: … (Schlesinger),
King Philip’s War. See Metacom’s
in 1920s, 820–821
960
War
Ku Klux Klan Act (1872), 600
Kennesaw Mountain, battle at, 566
Kings and kingdoms. See specific
Kurds, 1043
Kent State University, killings at,
rulers
in Iraq, 1104
1014
King’s College. See Columbia
Kuwait, Saddam Hussein’s
Kentucky, 40, 222 (map), 234–235,
University
occupation of, 1042
236 (map), 237 (map), 279
King’s Mountain, battle at, 226, 227
Ky, Nguyen Cao, 992
Civil War in, 511, 515, 531 (map)
(map)
Kyoto Protocol, 1107
532, 547
King William’s War, 120, 122
in Congress, 376
Kinsey, Alfred, 923
L
reconstruction in, 603
Kinsey Report, The (Kinsey), 923
slave in, 238, 320, 369, 506, 514
Kinship
Labor, 286, 302, 307. See also Child
voting rights in, 235, 371
of nonslaveholders and
labor; Free-labor ideology;
yeomen in, 302, 328
slaveholders, 495–497
Labor unions; Management;
Kentucky Resolves, 250–260, 395
slave, 333
Slaves and slavery; Strikes;
“Kentucky stations,” 235
Kirk, Edward, 346
Workers
Kenya, embassy bombing in, 1102
Kirkland, Samuel, 221
African American, 368–370,
Kerensky, Alexander, 775, 776
Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 1028, 1037
692–694
Kern-McGillicuddy Act, 740
Kissinger, Henry, 1013, 1014
in agriculture, 653
Kerouac, Jack, 995
Cambodia and, 1026
capital and, 793–795
Kerr, Orpheus C., 593
foreign policy and, 1013,
in Chesapeake region, 322
Kerry, John, election of and, 1096
1016–1017
child, 740, 814
Kesey, Ken, 996
Israel and, 1028
Chinese immigrants as, 613–614
Kettle Hill, battle at, 749–750
New Right on, 1028, 1029
As a commodity, 658
Key, David, 607
Soviet Union and, 1029
contracts for, 584–585
Key, Elizabeth, 64
Kitchen Cabinet, of Jackson, 398
for cotton industry, 322–324, 490
Key, Francis Scott, 279
Kivas Anasazi, 27
discontent of, 640, 658, 660
Keynes, John Maynard, 860, 927
Knights of Labor, 660–661
female wage earners and, 419
Keynesianism, 893. See also
Knights of the White Camelia, 597
in First World War, 779–780
Underconsumption theory
Know-Nothings, 477–478. See also
free, 37, 38 (map), 41, 67, 490,
New Deal and, 928, 947, 957, 958
American Party
494, 576
Nixon and, 1012
Knox, Frank, 880
of freedpeople, 584–585
Khmer Rouge, 1014, 1026
Knox, Henry, 248
gang, 130
Khrushchev, Nikita, 943, 963
Knox, Lucy, 234
Greenback-Labor candidate, 660
Kieft, Willem, 50
Knox, Philander C., 764
immigrant, 687–688
Killbuck (Delaware Indians), 221
Knyphausen, Wilhelm (Baron von),
indentured servants, 63
Kim Il-sung, 917
225
Indians as, 16, 34, 35, 37, 114
Kinetoscope (movie camera), 645
Kodak camera, 645. See also
industrial, 779–780, 807
King, Billy Jean, 1074
Eastman
itinerant, 620–622
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Kodak 654, 744, 951
local parties and, 659, 660, 679
antiwar stance of, 1002
Kongo, 12
Mexican Americans as, 833–834
assassination of, 11005, 048
Kopple, Barbara, 1077
Middle Ages, 37
Birmingham and, 976–977
Korea. See also Korean War
middle class and, 689
civil disobedience and, 970
division of, 891 (map)
in 1920s, 808, 814
FBI monitoring of, 975
Japan and, 762
in North, 490–492, 495
funeral of, 1005
Russia and, 762–763
for Panama Canal, 762
“I Have a Dream” speech by, 977
Soviets and, 917
in politics and culture, 866–868
social change and, 970
Korean Americans, 1045
prison, 421, 428
Kennedy, John F., and, 1005
Korean War, 914–920
protests in, 495, 642, 644
Montgomery bus boycott
casualties in, 917
restrictions, 580
and, 970
containment policy and, 919–920
scientific management and,
SCLC and, 970, 996, 1000, 101,
Eisenhower and, 919
722–724
1048
NSC-68 (National Security Coun-
slave, 9, 12, 47, 63
in Watts, 998
cil Document 68) and, 915–919
in South, 67–68, 130, 189, 314,
King, Rodney, 998
truce in, 918
325, 498, 584
King, Rufus, 380
Korematsu v. U.S., 901
in Spanish America, 33–39
“King Caucus,” 387, 391
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 210
as tribute, 38
King Cotton, vs. commerce, 489–499
Kosovo, 1100
unemployment in (1930), 865
King Cotton diplomacy, 524–526
Kristol, Irving, 1028
for wages, 37, 292, 310, 368, 495,
Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, 14
Kublai Khan, Polo and, 7
584, 653
Index
I-41
at Wal-Mart, 1067, 1069, 1070
Hughes and, 815
L’Anse aux Meadows, 6
white collar, 474, 477, 494, 653,
Lake Champlain, 147, 152, 199
Lansing, Robert, 773
809, 865
Lake Erie, 279
Laos, 946
Wilson and, 739–740
canal to, 295, 297
La Salle, sieur de (Cavelier, René-
of women, 286, 312, 316, 782
Lake Texcoco, 25, 31, 32 (map)
Robert), 117
Labor-capital conflict, in 1900s,
Lake Titicaca, 19, 20
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 29
793–795
Lame-duck Congress, 261
Las Gorras Blancas (White caps), 615
Labor-management relations
Lamplighter, The (Cummin), 347
Las Vegas, 1061
accords, 951
Lancaster Turnpike, 294
Lathrop, Julia, 708
anticommunism and, 921
Land. See also Public lands
Latin America, 920, 945, 974, 990,
revolution in, 650
under Articles of Confederation,
1016. See also specific countries
Labor-Management Relations Act
219
Alliance for Progress and, 962
(1947). See Taft-Hartley Act
for blacks in New South, 583,
Good Neighbor Policy toward,
(1947)
584, 585
872–873, 903, 906
Labor movement, 658, 659, 679, 780,
cessions, 276
immigration from, 683, 1062,
808, 866. See also Labor unions
conservation of, 732, 851
1064 (map)
anticommunism and, 921, 1040
for cotton vs. land for food crops,
independence of Spanish colonies
goals of, 865
323, 326
in, 388
immigrants and, 821
estates and, 188 (map)
intervention in, 778
in Great Depression, 858, 866–868
for farming, 611
military aid to, 919
in New York City, 722
free, 611
refugees from, 1083
protests, 858
for freedpeople, 585
Roosevelt corollary and, 758
women’s issues and, 1045
in Georgia, 585
U.S. and, 760 (map), 962, 963
Labor’s Non-Partisan League
grants for, 119, 553, 593
Latinos, 932, 934, 971, 974, 1053,
(LNPL), 866
Homestead Act and, 611–612
1086, 1094. See also Spanish-
Labor strikes. See Strikes
inheritance of, 157, 289, 325
speaking people; specific groups
Labor unions, 551, 616, 660–661,
Mexican Americans’ loss of, 620
in baseball, 933
896. See also Craft unions;
migration and, 4 (map)
in sports, 1074
Labor movement; Trade unions;
preservation of, 868
use of term, 903
specific unions
as Promised Land, 798, 867
Latitude, 10
American Federation of Labor,
Quakers and, 81
Latitudinarian Anglicans, 135, 136,
662–663
Restoration and, 73
142
CIO and, 869
riots over, 187
Latrobe, John, 371
craft, 659, 663
sales of, 83, 189, 235
Latvia, 788, 822
First World War and, 779–780
South, 584
Laval University, 89
in Great Depression, 858, 865,
tenancy of, 289
“Lavender Scare,” 923
866–868, 875
western claims, 219, 236 (map),
La Venta (Inca), 21
highway system and, 950
611, 628
Law(s), 91, 173. See also specific
Knights of Labor, 660–661
wise use movement and, 1055
laws
legal system and, 1033–1034
Land-grant colleges, 553
Alien Land, 690
management accords with, 951
Land grants, 151
Asian caucus, 1052
membership in, 780
for transcontinental railroad,
in colonies, 91
in mining, 615
493, 593
commerce and, 379–380
in 1930s, 951
Land Ordinance (1785), 235
Comstock, 657
after Panic of 1859, 492–493
Landscape, rural, 299, 305, 861
Fifteen-Gallon, 425
Regulations and, 1032–1034
Languages
Fugitive Slave, 461–462
Labor violence, 660. See also Strikes
African, 13, 130
Twenty Negro, 550
Haymarket bombing and,
alien, 683
women and, 657
Ladies’ Home Journal, 615, 707
American Indian, 3, 5, 45, 114,
“Law and economics” (legal field),
Ladies’ Professional Golf Association
870, 628
864, 1055–1056
(LPGA), 1073
Amerind, 3, 4 (map)
Lawrence, Kansas, (map)
Lafayette, Marquis de, 210, 229–230
on ballots, 986
antislavery legislature in, 480
La Follette, Philip, 859
Black English, 130
sack of, 479, 480
La Follette, Robert (“Fighting Bob”),
in colonies, 91
Lawrence Livermore National
720–721
diversity of, 742
Laboratory, 1044
First World War and, 774, 790
English, 1
Lawrence v. Texas, 1098
on southern disfranchisement, 717
First World War and, 782
Laws of motion, 135
Versailles Treaty ratification and,
Foreign, 959
Lawyers, in colonies, 136
790
Gullah, 130
Lay, Benjamin, 190
Wisconsin progressivism and,
Na-Déné, 4 (map)
Lead emissions, 1010
720–721
Navajo, 3, 28, 889
League of Nations, 774, 788,
LaHaye, Tim, 1084
Spanish words in English, 443
789–790, 792, 793, 878
Laissez-faire approach economic, 814
Lansdale, Edward G., 919, 946
Covenant (Article X) of, 790
I-42
Index
League of Nations (continued)
in Maryland, 515
secular, 476
Japanese violation of, 877
in Massachusetts, 67
use of term, 847
U.S. ratification and, 790–791
New York, 295
Liberal Protestants, 824
Wilson on, 789–790, 791
Ohio, 593
Liberal Republicans, 600–601
League of United Latin American
Southern, 588
Liberator (Garrison), 437
Citizens (LULAC), 903, 974
Virginia, 65, 240, 255
Liberia
League of United Southerners, 503
Lehman Brothers, 864, 1071, 1110
black emigration to, 465, 633
League of Women Voters (LWV),
Leisler, Jacob, 108–109
colonization of, 430, 759 (map)
811
Leisler’s rebellion, 108–109, 145
Libertarians, 901, 911, 920, 957,
Lease, Mary, 670
Leisure, 325, 652
1034, 1112
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 347
commercialized, 818
Liberty(ies), 160. See also Rights;
Lebanon, 789
in 1920s, 801, 804
specific rights and liberties
Eisenhower and, 946
LeMay, Curtis, 890
in England, 113
immigrants from, 683
Le Moyne d’Iberville, Pierre, 117
as product of frontier, 641
intervention in, 946
Lending. See Loans
social networking and,
Reagan and, 1037
Lending industry
1114–1115
Lecompton, Kansas, 485–486
discrimination by, 934
spread in colonies, 186–192
Lecompton constitution, 485–486
redlining by, 974–975
Liberty (sloop), 180
Lee, Charles, 207
Lend-Lease Act (1941), 882
Liberty Bonds, in First World War,
Lee, Richard Henry, 202–203
Lend-Lease assistance, to Soviet
782
Lee, Robert E., 514
Union, 882
Liberty Party, 448, 455–456
in Civil War, 514, 533
L’Enfant Jésus, Marie Joseph de.
Liberty Tree, 174
at Harpers Ferry,
See Wheelwright, Esther
Libraries
in Mexican War, 450
Lenin, Vladimir, 776
Carnegie-funded, 648
secession and, 514
Lenni Lenape Indians. See Delaware
public, 679
Lee, Spike, 998
Indians
Library Company of Philadelphia,
Leeward Islands, 63, 92, 105
Leopard (ship), 272
135
Left (political). See Communism;
Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgendered
Libya, 1037
New Left; Radicals and
(LGBT) movement,
Life expectancy, 87 424–425
radicalism; Socialism
activism for gay marriage and,
of African Americans, 830
Left Behind Series (LaHaye and
1047–1048
in Boston, 290
Jenkins), 1084
discrimination of, 923
in colonies, 62, 68
Legal Redress Committee (NAACP),
New Right and, 1028
of Indians, 973
727
Lesbians. See Gays and lesbians;
in New England, 132
Legal system, 71, 91, 1000. See also
Homosexuality
slaves and, 325
Court(s); Law(s); Supreme Court
“Letter Days,” 142
Life Is Worth Living (television
(U.S.)
Letters from a Farmer in
program), 953
adversarial, 1091
Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 179
Lifestyle, 800, 987, 994
Reagan and, 1034
Levees,
affluence and, 947–949
Legal tender. See also Currency;
in Mississippi, 606
in Americas, 987
Money
President Jackson’s, 392
in Chesapeake, 62–63
greenbacks as, 523–524
Leverett, John, Jr., 136
counterculture and, 995–996
Legal Tender Act (1862), 523
Levitt, William, 934–935
in Great Depression, 842,
Legislation. See also Law(s); specific
Levittown, New York, 933,
844–845, 851, 870
acts
934–935
LGBT, 1047–1048
environmental, 1033, 1055
Lewinsky, Monica, 1091, 1092
of Mexican Americans, 870
health-and-safety, 1011
Lewis, George Washington, 330
militarization of, 897
in Hundred Days (1933), 848–849
Lewis, John L., 866
on plantations, 324–325
political stalemate and, 637–640
Lewis, Meriwether, 268–270
Puritan, 68
in Second New Deal, 860–861
Lewis, Sinclair, 835
in seaport cities, 289–292
Legislature, 62, 74, 83, 214, 215,
Lewis, W. B., 398
in suburbs, 965
228, 497. See also Assemblies;
Lewis and Clark expedition,
television and, 966
Bicameral legislature; Unicam-
268–270
of urban working class, 688
eral legislature; specific bodies
Lexington, Battle of, 200 (map)
white farmers, 870
California, 613, 763
LGBT. See Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-
women and, 810
Carolina, 507
Transgendered movement
Liliuokalani (Hawaii), 746
Colombian, 760
Libbey, Laura Jane, 696
Lima, Peru, 33, 37, 785
Georgia, 265
Libel, 135
Limbaugh, Rush Hudson, III, 1055
Illinois, 303, 472, 479
Liberalism, 840, 1035. See also
Limited liability, of private state-
Indiana, 548
New Left
chartered banks, 416
in Kansas, 479
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 846
Limited war
Kentucky, 259
of Roosevelt, F. D., 741, 840,
Korean War as, 917–918
Louisiana, 602
846–847
Vietnam War as, 991
Index
I-43
Lincoln, Abraham, 511
Little Crow (chief), 625
Los Angeles, 833
assassination of, 575
Little ice age, 5, 6
Mexican Americans in, 833–834
on black soldiers, 561
“Little Richard” Penniman, 954
water for, 856, 857 (map)
Civil War and, 570–575
Little Rock, Arkansas, Central High
Watts riot (1965) in, 997
Douglas debates, 497–498
integration in, 972
Zoot Suit Riots in, 900–901
election of 1860 and, 504–505
Livingston Manor, 187, 188 (map),
Losing Ground (Murray), 987
emancipation and, 542–544
239
Lost Cause, in New South, 633
Emancipation Proclamation and,
Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 708
Lost Generation, 834–837
546–547, 562
Lloyd George, David, in Big Four,
Loudoun, Earl of (John Campbell),
Fort Sumter and, 511–513
788
160–161
free-labor ideology and, 494
Loans
Louis XIV (France), New France
Freeport Doctrine, 498–499
after First World War, 772
under, 45–47
on Know-Nothings, 477–478
to homeowners, 1071
Louis XV (France), 170
peace overtures and, 566–568
risky, 1071
Louis XVI (France), 202, 211, 252
prisoner-exchange controversy
by S & Ls, 1071
Louisbourg, 147, 150–151
and, 568–570
Loan sharks, 1070
Louisiana, France and, 117, 148
religion and, 477
Lobbying, by New Right, 1029
(map)
second inaugural address of, 573
Local government, colonial, 89–91
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 264, 267
on slavery, 472–473
Localists, vs. cosmopolitans,
(map), 268, 269 (map)
Wartime Reconstruction and,
239–240
Jefferson and, 267–268, 293, 319
577–580
Lochner v. New York, 663
Missouri statehood and, 360
as Whig, 472
Locke, Alain, 701, 832
population increase after, 441
Lincoln, Benjamin, 225, 239
Locke, John, 74, 111, 135
slavery issue and, 442, 443 (map)
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 497–501
Lockouts, 663
Louisville and Nashville Railroad,
Lindbergh, Charles A., 805–806
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Versailles
531 (map)
in America First Committee, 881
Treaty ratification and, 790–791
L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 431
LinkedIn, 114–115
Log Cabin Campaign, 409
Low Church (Latitudinarian)
Lippard, George, 360
Logistical apparatus, in Civil War,
Anglicans, 88, 135
Lippmann, Walter, 741, 836
522–523
Lowcountry, in South Carolina and
Liquor. See Alcohol and alcoholism
Logstown, 147, 153 (map)
Georgia, 317
Lisbon, population of, 9
London, England, 52, 55, 91,
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 307
Literacy, 344, 488, 596, 635, 717
105–106
Lowell, James Russell, 453
in colonies, 89, 129
Nazi bombing of, 881
Lowell, Massachusetts, 420
of freedpeople, 586
population of, 52, 96
Lower East Side (New York), 688
in South, 495
London Company, 55–56, 59
Lower house, 71
of women, 343
as joint-stock company, 57–58
colonial assembly as, 144, 155,
Literature. See also Fiction; Novels;
Virginia Colony and, 58 (map), 65
215, 216, 240
specific types
London Gazette, 135
Lower South. See South
of Beat writers, 995
London Stock Exchange, 113
Lower Towns (Cherokee), 165
conformity critiqued in, 953–954
Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 953
Lowland Scots (Malcontents), 138
feminist, 466
Long, Huey, 856
Lowndes, William, 274
genteel standards in, 653–654
Long, John, 64
Loyalists, 219–221
in Harlem Renaissance, 832
Longest Day, The (movie), 886
the Howes and, 208
on household management, 466
Longhorn cattle, 617
in Revolution, 219–221
of new conservatism, 956–958
Longhouse, 17
Loyalty Program, of Truman, 911
of nostalgia for slavery, 654
Longitude, calculation of, 10
Loyalty-security checks, on
popular, 695–697
Long knives (Virginians), 151, 223
workforce, 921
pro-slavery, 465–466
Longshoremen, after First World
LPs, 1078
realism in, 706–707
War, 693, 795, 858
LSD, 996
romanticizing slavery, 634
Long-staple cotton, 318
Lucas, Robert, 1107
Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 347,
Longstreet, James, 556, 558
Luftwaffe, 881
465–466
Long-Term Capital Management,
LULAC. See League of United Latin
utopian, 654
1108
American Citizens
Lithography, technological
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 654
“LULLABY” argument, for slavery
improvements for, 651
López, Narciso, 467
in Kansas, 472
Lithuania, 788
Lord Dunmore’s War (1774), 199.
Lumber industry, 487, 615, 621
Lithuanian immigrants, 683
See also Dunmore, Earl of
Lumumba, Patrice, 946
Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Lord Protector, Cromwell as, 73
Lundeen, Ernest, 859
Little Bighorn
Lords Committee of Trade and
Lusitania (ship), sinking of, 772
Battlefield, 1050
Plantations. See Lords of Trade
Luther, Martin, 41
Battle of, 625
Lords of Trade, 105–106
Lutheranism, 42
“Little Boy” (bomb), 892
Los Alamos, New Mexico, atomic
Luxembourg, Second World War
Little Caesar (movie), 845
bomb and, 891
in, 879
I-44
Index
Lymon, Frankie, 954
Main Street (Lewis), 835
technological innovation and,
Lynchburg, battle at, 565
Maize (Indian corn), 5, 17, 20
644–645
Lynchings
Major League Baseball (MLB),
Manumission of slaves, 233. See also
of African Americans, 725, 727,
932–933. See also Baseball
Emancipation
728
integration of,
Mao Zedong, 915, 917
after First World War, 785, 798
Malaria, 62, 129, 749
Marbury v. Madison, 266
after Harpers Ferry raid, 500
Africans and, 56
March, Peyton, 780–781
Wilson and, 739
Panama Canal and, 760
March Against Fear, 1000
Lynd, Robert and Helen, 803, 837
Malcolm, John, 198
March Madness, 1073
Lyon, Matthew, 259
Malcolm X, 999–1000
March on Washington, for Jobs and
Lyon, Nathaniel, 515
Malcolm X, (movie), 998–999
Freedom (1963), 976–977
Malcontents. See Lowland Scots
Marcos, Ferdinand, 1027
M
(Malcontents)
Margin buying, 840, 849
MALDEF. See Mexican American
Marietta, 238, 292. See also
MacArthur, Arthur, 753–754
Legal Defense and Education
Cincinnati
MacArthur, Douglas, 917–918
Fund
Marijuana, 996, 1017
Bonus Army and, 843
Male revolt, 966
Marines (U.S.). See Intervention
in Korea, 917–918
Mali, 11
Marion, Francis, 226, 228
removal of, 918
Mammoths, 4
Maritime Commission, in Second
Macedonian immigrants, 683
Management
World War, 893
Machine politics. See Political
labor accords with, 951
Maritime provinces, loyalist refugees
machines
revolution in, 650
in, 220
Machine tools, 487
Manassas, Battle of. See Bull Run
Market(s). See also Free market(s);
MacLeish, Archibald, 881
(Manassas)
Overseas markets
Macon, Nathaniel, 370, 372
Manassas Gap Railroad, 536 (map)
Antebellum era, 414–416
Macon’s Bill No. 2, 273
Manchukuo, 877
anti-government activists and,
Macy, Anne Sullivan, 713
Manchuria 762–763
1055–1056
Macy’s, R. H., 651
Japan and, 764, 877
global, 1068
Maddox (ship), 988
Russia and, 764
niche, 1077
Madeira Islands, 12, 14
Mandan Indians, 269
Market agriculture, 301
Madero, Francisco, 765
Mandela, Nelson, 998
Market Revolution. See also Indus-
Madison, James
Mandingo empire (Mali), 9
trial Revolution; Transportation
Bill of Rights and, 248
Manhattan Project, 891–892
Jacksonian Democracy and,
decrees of, 273–274
Manhattan Transfer (Dos Passos),
400–407
election of and, 273–274
836
in South, 338–341
War Hawks and, 274–275
Manifest Destiny, 441–469
Market society, 284, 414
Mafia, 692
Douglas, Stephen A., and, 460,
American System and, 298, 374,
Magazines
469
379
of counterculture, 996
slavery and, 442
criticisms of, 353–354, 415, 417
feminist, 1046
Young America movement and,
transportation revolution and, 293
gender roles in, 967
441
Market towns, 296
muckrakers and, 706
Manila, in Spanish-American War,
Marne River, battle at, 777
revolution in, 343–344
748, 751
Marquette, Jacques, 117
visual imagery in, 651, 1078
Manioc (crop), 5
Marr, G. W. L., 372
Magellan, Ferdinand, 16
Manion, Clarence, 958
Marriage, 44, 119
Magsaysay, Ramón, 919, 944
Manion Forum of Opinion, The
attitudes toward, 804–805
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 746
(radio program), 958
in Chesapeake, 55, 62
Mahican Indians, 49, 69 (map)
Mann, Horace, 418–419, 431
gay, 1098, 1099
Mann Act (1910), 700, 709, 726
interracial, 583, 654
abolitionist material in, 433–434
Man Nobody Knows, The (Barton),
Morman, 446
southern, 398–400
807
in 1920s, 804–805
Mailer, Norman, 1003
Manorial system, in Maryland, 62
Marriage of Figaro, The
Mail-order catalogues, 651, 668, 818
Mansa (King) Musa, 9
(Beaumarchais), 211
Maine, 6, 301
Mansfield, Baron (William Murray),
Married Women’s Property Act
as free state, 443 (map)
191
(New York), 438
imperial wars and, 122
Mansfield, Mike, 989–990
Marshall, George C.
Massachusetts and, 209 (map),
Manual labor, class and, 129, 494
atomic bomb and, 892
222 (map), 236 (map), 237
Manufacturing
McCarthy, Joseph, and, 925
(map), 278 (map)
American System and, 298,
Marshall, John, 266–267
Sagadahoc colony in, 55
487–488
as Chief Justice, 266–267
Maine (battleship), 748
in First World War, 778–779
judicial review and, 266
Mainland colonies. See Colonies and
in Great Depression, 840, 841,
on role of Court, 266–267
colonization; specific locations
850, 852–853, 864, 865f
XYZ affair and, 258
Index
I-45
Marshall, Thurgood, 968
interchangeable parts and, 487
print, 134–135, 343–344
Marshall Field & Co., 651
Master(s). See also Planters and
Vietnam War and, 992–993
Marshall Plan, 888, 906, 910
plantations
Watergate and, 1018–1019
Martial law, Civil War and, 549
on cotton plantations, 322–323
Mediation, international, 147, 537,
Martin, Bradley (Mrs.), 672
lifestyle of, 324–325
788
Martinique, 47, 169
“Master race”, of whites, 496, 902
Medicaid, 985, 987, 1009, 1089,
Marx Brothers, 845
Mather, Increase, 99, 100, 109, 141
1113
Marxism. See American Communist
Matrilineal descent, among Native
Medicare
Party; Communism
Americans, 31
Clinton and, 1096
Mary I (England), 52
Mattachine Society, 923, 1047
Reagan and, 1096
Mary II (England), 107
Matthews, Joseph Warren, 621
Medicare Prescription Drug
Maryland, 60–62
Maverick, Maury, 859
Improvement and
Catholicism in, 60–62
Mayaguez (ship), 1026
Modernization Act, 1096
charter of, 60
Mayan culture, 22–24
Medication, regulation of, 731
Civil War in, 545
Franciscans and, 35–37
Medicine, 129, 137, 334, 1045.
government of, 60–61
Mayflower (ship), 65, 845
See also Diseases
last Lord Baltimore in, 60
Mayflower Compact, 65
as profession, 655
legislature in, 61–62
Mayhew, Thomas, Sr. and Jr., 97
women and, 553
life expectancy in, 62
Mayors, black, 1049
in 15th century, 11 (map)
manumission in, 62, 233
McAdoo, William G., 739, 778,
Mega-churches, 1083
Maryland Gazette, 174
782, 826
Mein, John, 181, 182
Mary Silliman’s War (movie),
McCain, John, 1111, 1114
Mellon, Andrew, 812, 816
212–213
McCarran-Walter Act (1952),
Melodrama, in popular fiction, 886
Masculinity, in Second World War,
922–923
Melting pot, 701
434, 746, 899
McCarthy, Eugene, 1004
Melting-Pot, The (Zangwill), 701
Mason, Charlotte, 832
McCarthy, Joseph, and
Melville, Herman, 347
Mason, George, 215, 241
McCarthyism, 925, 1004
racism and, 430
Mason, James, 462, 526
McCarthy and His Enemies
Memphis
Mason-Dixon line, 83, 367
(Buckley), 957
anti-lynching campaign in, 634
Massachusetts, 67, 68, 70–72, 77
McChrystal, Stanley, 1113
King’s assassination in, 1005
(map). See also Boston; General
McClellan, George B.
race riot in, 1005
Court (Massachusetts);
in Civil War, 529, 533
Men
Maine, 200, 201, 281, 301, 748
in Mexican War, 450
in gold rush, 457
charter of, 381
McClure, Sam, 747
unemployment of, 865
election of 1860, 509 (map)
McClure’s Magazine, 707
Mencken, H. L., 824–825
election of 1972, 1017
McCormick farm machinery plant,
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 44
fiat money and, 133
661
Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison and,
prohibition in, 427, 476
McCormick reaper works, 487
645
secession, 509 (map)
McCulloch v. Maryland, 379
Mercantilism, 92–93
Shays’s Rebellion in, 239
McDonald’s, 1067
Mercenaries, in Revolution, 202
strikes, 858
McDowell, Irvin, 529
Mercer, Hugh, 160
temperance in, 425
McGovern, George, 1017, 1018
Merchant fleet, growth of, 290, 773
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 67–68
(map), 1028
Merchants. See also Business;
Massachusetts Government Act
McGready, James, 361, 363
Commerce
(1774), 193–194, 195, 217
McGwire, Mark, 1074
crop lien system and, 633, 668
Massachusetts Provincial Congress,
McHenry, Fort, 279
in seaport cities, 290–292
194–195
McIntosh, Ebenezer, 175
Meredith, James, 1000
Massacres. See also specific
McKay, Claude, 832
Mergers, 648–649
massacres Indians and,
McKinley, William
Merrimac (Merrimack) (frigate), 528
Massasoit (Wampanoag), 65, 98
election of 1896, 670–672
Mesa Verde, Anasazi in, 28
Mass culture, debate over, 955–956
open door policy and, 756
Mesoamerica. See also specific
Mass culture critique, 955–956
Roosevelt, T., and, 729
cultures
Mass democracy, 372, 413
McKinley Tariff (1890), 640
ancient cultures of, 21–24, 24
Mass demonstrations, 1044–1045
McLane, Louis, 386, 403
(map)
Mass entertainment, 955
McLean, Wilmer, 574
conquistadores in, 31, 33–34
Masses, The (journal), 700
McNamara, Robert, 962, 992
cycles of complex cultures in,
Mass immigration, 683, 688
McNary-Haugen Bill, 818
17–18
Massive retaliation doctrine,
Meade, George Gordon, 450, 556,
human sacrifice in, 29–30
942–943
557 (map)
Mesopotamia, 140, 788
Mass marketing, in 1950s, 955
Meat Inspection Act (1906), 731
Metacom’s War, 98–101
Mass media. See Media
Media. See also specific media
Metals and metallurgy
Mass production
counterculture and, 996
European, 7
distribution and, 649–650
culture and, 1079–1080
Indians and, 18
I-46
Index
Metalworking industry, 780
Middle East. See Arab world;
Militia act, 544
Methodism
specific countries
Miller, William, 353, 356
Great Awakening and, 138, 140
Middle Ground, French, 115–116
Miller & Lux (ranching company),
growth of, 350 (map)
Middle managers, in corporations,
618, 619, 621–622, 624
Metropolitan areas, 311–313. See
650
Millerite Adventists, 353
also Cities; Urban areas
Middle Passage, 224, 320
Milliken’s Bend, battle of, 559 (map),
industrialization in, 311–313
Middle Towns (Cherokee), 165
561
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New
Middling classes, 291, 487. See also
Millionaires, in 1800s, 652, 669
York City), 678
Middle class
Mills, C. Wright, on power elite, 954
Mexican American Legal Defense
mass produced goods and, 487
Milosevic, Slobodan, 1100
and Education Fund
Midnight judges, 265
Mims, George, 279
(MALDEF), 1051
Midvale Steel Company, 722, 783
Mines and mining. See also Coal and
Mexican Americans, 833–834
Midway Island, Battle of, 754 (map),
coal industry; Gold
activism by, 1050–1052
888
in California gold rush, 457
California gold rush and, 457, 620
Midway Plaisance, of Columbian
camps, 624
as cowboys, 619
Exposition, 681–682
Chinese immigrants in, 615
cultural renaissance of, 833–834
Midwest. See also specific locations
Hispanics in, 615
in First World War, 775, 780
civil rights protests in, 976
immigrant labor for, 615
loss of property and political
racial composition in, 969
Mexican Americans in, 615
influence in West, 620
Midwife’s Tale, A (movie), 308
strikes in, 616
population of (1930), 834 (map)
Migrants, enslaved, 320
strip-mining, 616
in West, 619–620
Migrant workers, 55, 345, 693
in West, 615–616
women workers and, 835
Migration
Ming dynasty, 6
Mexican cession, 443 (map), 452
Mormon, 445–446
Mingo Indians, 153
(map), 459, 461
to Oregon and California,
Minié balls, 522
Mexican War, 449–455
444–445
Minneapolis, labor protests in, 858
campaigns of 1846–1847, 452
Milan Decree, 270, 273–274
Minnesota, 472, 557 (map)
(map)
Militancy
Minnesota Farmer-Labor (MFL)
antiwar sentiment and, 452–453
black, 221
Party, 859
military campaigns (1846),
labor, 896, 921
Minorca, 159
450–451
women, 697, 700
Minorities. See Ethnic groups and
military campaigns (1847),
Militarization, of American
ethnicity; Race and racism;
451–452
life, 920
specific groups
Texas annexation and, 447–448
Military. See also Armed forces;
Minoso, Orestes (“Minnie”), 932
Wilmot proviso, 453–455
Soldiers; specific wars
Minstrels and minstrelsy, 359
Mexico
blacks in, 560–562
Minuit, Pierre, 50–51
Cortés in, 16–17, 31–33
coercion by, 180–181
Minutemen, 195–196, 197
Texas and, 117
during Cold War, 544
Minute Men, antiblack mobs as,
Wilson, Woodrow, 765–767
First World War and, 771, 778,
369, 782
Zimmermann telegram and, 775
780–781
Miranda v. Arizona, 1010
Mexico City, 451
loyalist, 219–221
Miranda Warning, 1010
siege of, 452
My Lai massacre and, 1014
“Misery index,” 1030
Miami, Cuban Americans in, 1062
Pullman strike and, 664–665
Mises, Ludwig von, 957
Miami Indians, 254, 302
sexual harassment in, 1047
Misogyny, masculinity and, 899
Miantonomo (Narragansett
U.S. intervention and, 776–777
“Missile gap,” 961, 962
sachem), 92
Military academy, at West Point, 264
Missiles, 963. See also specific types
Michigan, 277, 302, 353
Military bases. See also Naval bases
in Cuba, 963
Microchips, 1065
in Cold War, 919, 920
Mission Indians, 121–122, 170,
Microsoft, 1065–1066
Military districts, in South, 588, 589,
221–222
Mid-Atlantic region
595 (map)
Missions and missionaries
government in, 131–132
Military draft. See Draft (military)
Indians and, 33–34
Middle class
Military-industrial complex,
Protestant, 744
African American, 634–635
Eisenhower’s warning against,
Puritans and, 97–98
conformity and, 953–954
947
Spanish, 443
evangelicalism and, 345–346
“Military Keynesianism,” 928, 947
Mississippi, 17
families in, 353–356
Military occupation. See Occupation
Till, Emmett, murder in, 969–970
in New England, 347
(military)
Mississippian cultures, 33 (map)
realism and, 706–707
Military spending, 915, 1036. See
Mississippi Freedom Democratic
in South, 325–326
also Defense spending
Party (MFDP), 983
suburbanization movement and,
Military Training Camps
Mississippi Plan, 602–603
933–935, 974–975
Association, 881
Mississippi River region. See
Middle colonies. See Mid-Atlantic
Militia. See also Continental Army
Louisiana Purchase
region
in Whiskey Rebellion, 253–254
Miss Lonelyhearts (West), 844
Index
I-47
Missouri
Montana, Battle of Little Bighorn
advertising appeals to, 804
slavery and, 380–318
in, 625
juvenile delinquency and, 900
statehood for, 380
Montcalm, Louis-Joseph (marquis
middle-class, 346
Missouri Compromise (1819–20),
de), 158
working, 708
381–382
Monterrey, Mexico, battle at,
Motion pictures. See Movies and
Missouri Pacific Railroad, 661
450–451
movie industry
Mita (tribute labor), 37
“Monterrey Pop” music festival, 996
Mott, Lucretia, 432, 438
Mitchell, John (attorney general),
Montgomery, Alabama, Confederate
Moultrie, Fort, 511–512
1019, 1020
convention in, 510–511
Mound builders, 25–28
Mitchell, John (UMW), 730
Montgomery, Richard,160, 199, 200
cultures of, 26, 33 (map)
Mitchell, Joni, 996
Montgomery bus boycott, 970
Great Serpent Mound and, 25
“Mixed and balanced” constitution,
Monticello, slaves of, 331
Moundville, Alabama, 26,
in England, 112–114
Montserrat, 63, 64 (map)
33 (map)
Mixed farming, by yeomen, 328
Monumental architecture, in Andes
Mountaineers, 328
MLB. See Major League Baseball
region, 19
Mount Rushmore, 729
Mob activities, in Boston, 145
Moore, Brian, 49
Mourning wars, 96–97
Mobility. See Social mobility
Moore’s Creek Bridge, loyalist
Movable type, 8
Mobilization, 856–860
uprising at, 201
Movement of movements, in 1960s,
for First World War, 777–787
Moors, in Spain, 14
993–994
Moby Dick (Melville), 347
Morale, during Civil War, 519–520
Movement of peoples. See
Mochica culture, 19
Morality
Immigrants and immigration;
Moctezuma (Montezuma II), 31
of European conquest of Americas,
Migration; Westward movement
Model A Ford, 803
39–40
Movies and movie industry. See also
Model Cities Program, 986
mercantilism as, 92–93
specific movies
Model T Ford, 723–724
Moral reform, 436
American Left, 794–795
Modern Republicanism, of Ford,
Moral societies, 423
anticommunism and, 921–923
1022
Moravian Brethren, 137–138
celebrities and, 805
Mogadishu, 1100
Moravian mission Indians, 170,
Cold War and, 935–937,
Mogul empire, 7, 8 (map)
221–222
1036–1037
Mohawk Indians, 100, 120, 221
Morgan, Daniel, 226
Hollywood Ten and, 921–922
Mohawk River region, 69 (map), 96,
Morgan, John, 137
musicals in, 936
120, 208, 210
Morgan, John Hunt, 534
nickelodeons and, 675, 696
Mohegan Indians, Metacom and,
Morgan, J. P., 646. See also J. P.
during Second World War,
92, 100
Morgan Chase
886–887
Molasses Act (1733), 172
industrial investment by, 646
of Second World War, 897–898
Molasses trade, 160, 176
Morgan, J. P., Jr., foreign investment
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 1008,
Molesworth, Ponsonby, 182
and, 816
1088
Moley, Raymond, 847
Mormons
“Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin”
Molino del Rey, battle of, 452
migration of, 440
(Copley), 80
Molly Maguires, 659
Smith and, 349, 356–357
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (movie),
Moluccas, 13
Mormon Trek, 444 (map)
867
Monarchs and monarchies. See
Morocco, 10
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
specific rulers
Moroni (Angel), 356
(movie), 867
Mondale, Walter, 1023, 1034–1035
Morrill Land-Grant College Act
MS. magazine, 1046
Monday Night Football, 1072
(1862), 553
MSNBC, 1080
Monetary system, dual currency
Morris, Dick, 1088
MTV, 1078
(greenbacks and gold), 667
Morris, Robert, 229
Muckrakers, 706–707
Money. See Currency
Morrison, Toni, 1049
Mugwumps, 639–640
Money bills. See Taxation; specific
Morrissey, John, 357
Muhammad, Elijah, 998, 1080
acts
Morristown, New Jersey, 224–225
Muir, John, 731
Money Power, 401, 402, 405,
Mortality rates, urban, 678
Mulattos, 64, 435, 598
407, 668
Mortgages
Multiculturalism, 702, 1049, 1079,
Monitor (ironclad), 526–528
in Great Depression, 843, 849, 850
1083
Monmouth, battle at, 209
sub-prime, 1109–1100
Multinational corporations, 744
(map), 211
Morton, Marcus, 418
Muncie, Indiana, study of, 803
Monongahela, 151, 157, 159 (map)
Moscow, McDonald’s in, 1067
Munich Conference (1938), 879
Monopolies, 353, 649, 704, 957
Mose. See Gracia Real de Santa
Municipal government
Monroe, James, 336, 378,
Teresa de Mose
reform of, 714–715
381, 387
Moses, Robert, 975
Munn v. Illinois, 666
on Era of Good Feelings, 383, 395
Mose the Bowery B’hoy, 358, 359
Munster, battle at, 53
on Missouri statehood, 380
Mossadegh, Mohammed, CIA-
Mural art, Mexican American,
Monroe Doctrine, 388
facilitated overthrow of, 944
1052
Roosevelt corollary to, 758
Mothers, 242, 965
Murdoch, Rupert, 1076
I-48
Index
Murfreesboro, Battle of. See Stones
Names
National defense
River, Battle of, 531 (map), 548,
of slaves, 333
Cold War and, 920, 1036–1037
560 (map)
in South, 325
National Defense Education Act
Murphy, Frank, 866
Nanjing, 879
(1958), 959
Murray, Charles, 987
Nantucket, 97, 133
National Economic Agency (NEC),
Murray, John. See Dunmore, Earl of
Napalm, 990
1108
Murray, William. See Mansfield,
Naples and Sicily, Kingdom of, 14
National Farmers’ Alliance and
Baron
Napoleon I Bonaparte (France), 261,
Industrial Union, 668
Murrow, Edward R., 881
268, 270
National Football League (NFL),
Musa (Mali), 9
Napoleon III (France), 525
1072
Muscle Shoals, Alabama, 854
Napoleonic Wars (1804–1815),
National forests, conservation of,
Museums, 678, 679, 681,
American republic and, 270–282
1101
702, 1050
Napster, 1078–1079
National Forest Service, 732
Music
Narcotics. See Drugs
Ballinger-Pinchot controversy and,
of counterculture, 996
Narragansett Indians, 70
734
in Harlem Renaissance, 832
Metacom’s War and, 92, 98
National government. See
jazz, 828–829, 943, 972
Narrowcasting, 1075
Government (U.S.)
of minstrel culture, 359
NASA. See National Aeronautics
National Guard
pop, 1078–1079
and Space Administration
Attica Uprising and, 1008
rock ‘n’ roll, 954–955
Nashville, Battle of, 572
at Central High School, 972
in Second World War,
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 945
freedom riders and, 976
Music Entertainment Channel.
Nasserism, 945
Watts riot and, 997
See MTV
Nast, Thomas, cartoons of, 600
National health insurance, 929
Music halls, 695
Natchez, 33 (map)
National Hockey League (NHL),
Music industry, 996, 1078, 1084
Natchez Indians, 147
1073
Music USA: The Jazz Hour (radio
Natchez Trace, 294
National Industrial Recovery Act
program), 943
National Aeronautics and Space
(NIRA, 1933), 849, 450, 853
Muskets, 50, 92, 98, 100, 147
Administration (NASA), 959,
National Industrial Recovery
Muskie, Edmund, election of and,
1060
Administration (NRA), 853
1017
National Americanization
Nationalism. See also Imperialism
Muskogean peoples, 3
Committee, 787
Adams, John Quincy, and,
Muslims, 1081. See also Islam
National American Woman Suffrage
387–388
Black, 999, 1000, 1080
Association (NAWSA), 718,
black, 797–799
Bosnian, 1043, 1100
774, 811
domestic, 388–389
Shi’a, 1043
National anthem, 279
of War Hawks, 274–275
slaves and, 9, 13
National Association for Stock Car
Nationalism (of Bellamy), 654
Mussolini, Benito, 859, 874, 878
Racing (NASCAR), 1073
Nationalist China, 904
Mutiny, in Continental Army,
National Association for the
Nationalist Party (South Africa), 919
228–229
Advancement of Colored People
Nationalists, after Revolution, 239,
Myers, Harriet, 1099
(NAACP). See NAACP
240, 249
My Lai Incident, 1014
National Association of Colored
Nationalization, after First World
MySpace, 1115
Women, 634
War, 797–799
Mystic Fort, Pequot massacre at,
National Association of
National Labor Relations Act
69 (map)
Manufacturers (NAM), 927
(NLRA), 861
Myths, of West, 629–630
National bank, 402, 408–409
National Labor Relations Board
National Banking Act (1863), 524
(NLRB), 861, 951
N
National banknotes, 524
National Labor Union, 659
National Basketball Association
National Liberation Front (NLF),
NAACP (National Association for
(NBA), 1072
988
the Advancement of Colored
National Black Political Convention
National Museums of the American
People),
(1972), 1048
Indian, 1050
after First World War, 725
National brands, 651
National Negro League, 830
–728,
797
National Conservative Political Ac-
National Network of Hispanic
Second World War and, 900
tion Committee (NCPAC), 1029
Women, 1051
Na-Déné language, 3
National Consumer Cooperative
National Organization for Women
Nader, Ralph, 0111, 1094 (map)
Bank, 1044
(NOW), 1045
NAFTA. See North American Free
National Cordage Company, 664
National origins system
Trade Agreement
National debt
of immigration, 823
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 892
Dominican, 758
quotas and, 822
Nagy, Imre, 944
in England, 169
National parks, 731–732, 1010
Nahuatl (Aztec) peoples. See Aztecs
Hamilton and, 248–249
National Park Service, 731–732, 1050
Nairne, Thomas, 122
Jefferson and, 248–249
National Rainbow Coalition, 1048
Index
I-49
National Recovery Administration
Nativism, 474–478. See also Know-
“Necessary and proper” clause, 241,
(NRA), 853
Nothings
251, 378
National Republicans, 376–378
immigration and, 473–478
Negroes. See African Americans;
National Review (magazine), 957
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty
Blacks; Slaves and slavery
National Road, 294
Organization
Negro Leagues, in baseball,
National security, 908–911, 920–926
Naturalization. See also Citizens and
932–933
anticommunism and, 921–923
citizenship
Negro rule, 429, 596, 638
Bush Doctrine and, 1003
period for, 259
Negro World, 798, 828
after Cold War, 1042–1043
Natural resources, preservation of,
Neighborhoods
in Cold War, 908–909
732
rural, 286–288
Eisenhower and, 941–942
Nauvoo, Illinois, Mormons in, 445
of yeoman farmers, 329–330
programs, 911
Navajo Indians, 28, 34, 114, 626
Nelson (Lord), 270
spying and, 911, 919, 924
(map), 872
Neo-Confederate violence, 582, 592
strategy of 2002, 1103
language of, 3
Neoconservatives, 1103–1104
state, 907–914
Navajo Signal Corps, 888–889
Neoconservatives (neocons), in New
Truman Doctrine and, 909–911
Naval bases, 13, 508, 881
Right, 1028
National Security Act (1947),
at Guantanamo Bay, 755
Neolin (Delaware Indians), 170
911–913
in Manila, 75, 131
Neolithic evolution, 5
National Security Agency (NSA), 926
Naval stores, 75, 131
Netherlands. See also Dutch; Dutch
National Security Council (NSC),
Navigation, 240, 505, 792
Republic
912
European, 1
as pluralistic society, 50
CIA mandate and, 944
Japan and, 882
settlement by, 50
NSC-68 and, 915–919
on Mississippi River, 319
Netherlands East Indies. See Dutch
National Security Strategy (2002),
Portuguese, 10
East Indies
1103
on Potomac River,
Network TV, 1075. See also specific
National Socialist (Nazi) Party,
Navigation Acts, 111
networks
877–878. See also Nazi
of 1660, 94–96
Neutralism, in Cold War, 945, 946
Germany
enforcement of, 96, 105,
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936), 878
National Trails Act (1968), 1009
106, 107
Neutrality law, British, 526
National Union of Social Justice
First (1651), 94
Neutrality policy
(NUSJ), 858
Lords of Trade and, 105–106
in First World War, 772–776
National Union Party, 588
Navy. See also Navy (U.S.); Royal
in Napoleonic Wars, 270–271
National Urban League, 728
Navy (Britain)
before Second World War, 878
National War Labor Board (NWLB),
Confederate, 526
Nevada, 455, 457, 615
780
Dutch, 101
Neville, John, 254
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Navy (U.S.)
Nevis, 63, 64 (map)
(1968), 1009
in Civil War, 530
New Age spiritual movements, 1080
National Woman’s Party (NWP),
expenditures and battleship size in
New Amsterdam, 50, 51, 76, 77
720, 811
(1890–1914), 747
(map). See also New York (city)
National Woman Suffrage
Great White Fleet and, 763
Newcastle, duke of (Thomas Pelham-
Association, 554, 591
in Mexican War, 450, 451
Holles), 169
National Women’s Party (NWP),
sexual harassment in, 1047
New conservatism, 956–958
697, 705
in Spanish-American War, 746,
New Deal, 847–856. See also Great
National Youth Administration
747
Depression; Roosevelt, F. D.
(NYA), 861
NAWSA. See National American
African Americans in, 869
job creation programs,
Woman Suffrage Association
American Indians in, 870–872
abolishment of, 893
Nazi Germany, 875, 877, 879, 879.
banking in, 848–849
Nation building, 964, 978, 1100,
See also Death camps; Germany;
court-packing fiasco and, 874
1107, 1116
Hitler, Adolf; Second World
First, 847–856
Nation of Islam (NOI). See Black
War
foreign relations in, 841, 872
Muslims
blitzkrieg by, 879
Keynesianism and, 860
Native American Graves Protection
Holocaust of, 885, 886, 906
labor protests in, 858
and Repatriation Act (1990),
“Nazi gold,” 886
Mexican Americans in, 870, 871
1050
Nazism, 901–902
minorities in, 867–868
Native American Party, 420
NBA. See National Basketball
recession of 1937–1938 and,
Native American Rights Fund
Association
874–875
(NARF), 1050
NBC television, 955, 1075. See also
Second, 860–858
Native Americans. See American
Television
Second World War and, 856, 875
Indians
NCPAC. See National Conservative
TVA in, 853–855
Native peoples. See American
Political Action Committee
western development and,
Indians; Inuits; specific groups
Near East. See Middle East; specific
855–856
Native Son (Wright), 922
countries
New Democrats, 1087–1089
I-50
Index
New Economic Policy, of Nixon,
New Nationalism,
New York (state)
1012
New Freedom and, 739–740
electoral balance and, 638
New England, 65–72
Roosevelt, T., and, 730, 734, 739
governor in, 144
colonies in, 70–71
New Negro
prisons in, 420–422
Dominion of, 106–107
after First World War, 797
progressive reforms in, 722
government in, 70–71
Harlem Renaissance and, 832
New York Central Railroad, 296
Hartford Convention and, 281
New Negro, The (Locke), 832
New York Herald, 415
households in, 68, 118
New Netherland,
New York Journal, 747, 748
Indians in, 65–66
English in, 51
New-York Magdalen Society,
Indian war in, 98–101
Indians and, 50
435–436
infant baptism in, 71–72
as pluralistic society, 50
New York Press Club, 656
life expectancy in, 68
New Orange, New York City as, 77
New York Restraining Act (1767),
Metacom’s War in, 99 (map)
“New politics,” 1003
178
middle class in, 347
Newport, 70, 133, 172, 652
New York Stock Exchange,
Northwest Ordinance and, 238
French capture of, 225–226, 229
646–647, 803, 840, 848–849
paper money in, 132–134
Newport Mercury, 174
New York Weekly Journal, 135
pottery pipe from, 66
New Right. See also
New York World, 566, 747
Puritans in, 65–68
Neoconservatives (neocons)
New Zealand, ANZUS and, 919
religious dissent in, 68–70
affirmative action and, 1054–1057
Nez Percé Indians, 626 (map), 627
New England Antislavery Society,
anti-government activism of,
NFL. See National Football League
495, 561
1053–1057
NHL. See National Hockey League
New England Confederation, 92
Bush, George H. W., and, 1035
Niagara, Fort, 162 (map)
New England Courant, 135
business leaders in, 1028–1029
Niagara campaign, in French and
New England Restraining Act, 197
election of 1980 and, 1030–1031
Indian War, 158
New France, 44, 46 (map), See also
on environmental regulation, 1055
Niagara Falls, 277, 279
Canada; France; French and
on gender equality, 1029
Niagara movement, NAACP and,
Indian War; specific cities;
in 1970s, 1054–1055
725–728
specific locations
Reagan and, 1030
Niagara River, 277
explorers, 44
women in, 1021, 1035, 1045
Nicaragua
fur trading, 44–45
New Side Presbyterians, 142
filibustering in, 468–469
Indians and, 45
New South. See also South
Iran-contra affair and, 1027,
Jesuits missions, 46 (map)
agriculture in, 632–633
1036–1037, 1039
Louis XIV and, 45–47
industrialization in, 630–637
Sandinistas in, 1037, 1042
missions in, 44
Jim Crow laws in, 635–637
Nicholas II (Russia), 775
New Freedom (Wilson), 739–740
race relations in, 633–634
Nicholson, Francis, 108
New Nationalism and, 739–740
Newspapers. See also Press; specific
Nickelodeons, 675, 696
New Frontier (Kennedy), 960–960
newspapers
Nicolls, Richard, 76
Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 960, 962
celebrities in, 805
Nightingale, Florence, 554
New Granada. See Colombia
penny press and, 360–361
Nimitz, Chester W., 888, 891 (map)
New Guinea, 35, 149
New Sweden, 51, 81. See also
Niña (ship), 15
New Haven Colony, 68–69, 70, 96
Delaware
Nineteenth Amendment, 718, 810
New immigration, 1061–1063. See
New Testament. See Bible
Ninety-five Theses, of Luther, 41
also East New Jersey;
Newton, Huey, 1991
Ninety-Six (British outpost), 226,
Immigrants and immigration
Newton, Isaac, 135
227 (map), 228
New Jersey; West New Jersey
“New Woman,” 656–657
9th and 10th Negro Cavalries, 749
corporations in, 1065, 1068
New World, 16, 41, 89. See also
Ninth Amendment, 718, 810
government of, 1062–1063
Americas; specific locations
NIRA. See National Industrial
New Jersey Plan, 225, 240
New York (city)
Recovery Act
“New journalism,” 1003
abolitionist mail from, 434
Nisei, 901
New Left
death rates in (1925), 831
Nitze, Paul, 915
on college campuses, 994–995
draft riot in, 550–551
Nixon, Richard Milhous,
political and cultural movements
Greenwich Village in, 697–698
anti-Nixon manifesto, 960
of, 994
slave revolt in, 149, 150
during Cold War, 922, 937, 939
New Light Baptists, 143
travel time from, 299 (map)
election of 1952 and, 939
New Lights (Congregationalists), 142
unemployment in Great
election of 1960 and, 960–962
New Look, in U.S. military,
Depression, 865
resignation of, 1019–1020
942–944
urban decay in, 1024
Watergate scandal and,
New Mexico
WPA projects in, 862
1018–1019
California and, 443–444
New York (colony). See also New
Nixon Doctrine, 1013–1014,
border dispute with Texas,
Netherland
1016–1017
Mexican War in, 450, 451
charter for, 77 (map)
NLF. See National Liberation Front
territorial organization of,
English absolutism in, 75–78
NLRA. See National Labor Relations
443–444
governors in, 76–77, 144
Act (NLRA)
Index
I-51
NLRB. See National Labor Relations
North Carolina. See Carolina;
Obama, Barack, 1085, 1112–1114
Board
South
election of 2008, 1111
Noah, Mordecai, 368
North Carolina A&T University,
family of, 1112
Nobel Prize, 1057, 1107, 1112
sit-ins and, 975
social networking and, 1114–1115
for literature, 836
North Dakota, 817, 878
Obsidian, 18, 26
Peace Prize to Roosevelt, T., 763
Northeast, civil rights protests in,
Ocala, Florida, Farmers’ Alliance at,
Nobles, legislature of (Carolina), 74
976
668
No Child Left Behind program,
Market Revolution, 400–407
Occaneechee Indians, 102, 103 (map)
1095–1096
Northern Plains tribes, activism of,
Occult knowledge, of slaves, 334
“No-fly” zones, in Iraq, 1043
1050
Occum, Samson, 143
Nonaggression pact, Soviet-Nazi,
Northern Securities Company, 729
Occupational Safety Act (1973), 1011
879
Northern War (1776–1777),
Occupations (jobs). See Crafts; Jobs;
Nonimportation, 175
206–208
Professions
agreements about, 175
North Korea. See Korea;
Oceana (Harrington), 74
Boston and, 175
Korean War
Oceania, immigration from, 1061,
Non-Intercourse Act (1810), 273
North Vietnam, 946, 988–991. See
1064 (map)
Nonpartisan League of North
also Vietnam; Vietnam War
Oceans. See specific ocean regions
Dakota, 817
Northwest, 301–303
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 967
Nonproliferation, of nuclear
farmers, 302–303
Odets, Clifford, 866
weapons, 1102
Southern settlers, 302
OEO. See Office of Economic
Nonrecognition, toward
Northwest Ordinance (1787),
Opportunity
Manchukuo, 877
235–238
Office of Economic Opportunity
Non-Separatists, 52. See also
Northwest Territory, 235–236
(OEO), 983
Puritans
Notes (bank). See Banknotes
Office of Inter-American Affairs
Nonslaveholders, 495–497
Novels. See Literature; specific
(OIAA), 906
Confederate draft and, 550–551
works;
Office of Price Administration, 892
in South, 495–497
penny press and, 360–361
Office of Scientific Research and
Norfolk, 131
women as readers of, 695–696
Development, 893
Noriega, Manuel, 1042
November 11, First World War 777,
Office of War Information (OWI),
“Normalcy,” Harding on, 800
787
898
Normal schools, 419
Novus ordo seclorum, 244
Office work, women in, 655
Normandy landing, in Second World
NOW. See National Organization for
Oglethorpe, James, 137, 149–150,
War, 885, 886–887, 889 (map)
Women
150 (map)
Norris, George, 357–358
NRA. See National Recovery
Ohio Company, 151–152, 236, 238
Norris, Tommy, 774
Administration
Oil and oil industry, 648, 1114. See
Norsemen, 2, 6, 13
NSC. See National Security Council
also Energy;
North (Civil War). See also Civil War
NSC-68, 915–919
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
(U.S.)
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
Countries
draft in, 550–551
(1995), 1102
Persian Gulf War and, 1042–1043
financing of war by, 523–524
Nuclear power, 920, 1025, 1102
Reagan and, 1042
inflation in, 550
energy from, 1025
Rockefeller in, 647–648
North (region)
pollution by, 1009
Oil embargo, 982
free-labor ideology and, 494
Nuclear weapons. See also Atomic
O’Kelly, James, 362
fugitive slaves and, 461–462
bomb
Okies, 851–852
Panic of 1857, sectionalism, and,
Cold War arms race and, 909
Okinawa, 889, 891 (map)
493
in Cuba, 963
Oklahoma. See also Indian Territory
plain people of, 348–357
Korean War and, 917
Cherokee removal to, 394
North, Oliver, 1039, 1040
massive retaliation and, 942–943
Oklahoma! (musical play), 867
North Africa, in Second World War,
testing of, 891
Old Dominion. See Virginia
884–885
Nullification
Old Guard. See Republican Party
North America. See also Colonies
Calhoun and, 395–397
Old immigrants, 683
and colonization; specific
of Stamp Act, 174–175
Old Lights (Congregationalists), 142
countries and regions
Nuremberg trials, 886, 996
Old Republicans, 274, 275
Vikings in, 6
Nursing, women in, 554, 655
Old Side Presbyterians, 142
war for, 153–165
NWLB. See National War Labor
Old South, 128–131, 314–341. See
North American Free Trade
Board
also South
Agreement (NAFTA), 1043,
Nye, Gerald P., 878
Old Southwest, Indians of, 276, 393