gave every worker the right to join a union and

cattle, branded them, and drove them to San

compelled employers to bargain with unions in

Francisco.

good faith.

vestry A group of prominent men who

Walker, Madame C. J. Black entrepreneur

managed the lay affairs of the local Anglican

who built a lucrative business from the hair

church, often including the choice of the

and skin lotions she devised and sold to black

minister, especially in Virginia.

customers throughout the country.

vice-admiralty courts These royal courts

walking cities Compact residential areas near

handled the disposition of enemy ships

working districts with different income and

captured in time of war, adjudicated routine

ethnic groups living in close proximity.

Glossary

G-33

Waltham A town in Massachusetts that was

Western Federation of Miners (WFM) Associ-

the site of the first mill built by the Boston

ation of union mine workers established in

Manufacturing Company in 1813.

1893 to protect their rights.

War Hawks Members of the 12th Congress,

wheat blast A plant disease that affected wheat

most of them young nationalists from southern

and first appeared in New England in the

and western areas, who promoted war with

1660s. There were no known remedies for the

Britain.

disease, and it gradually spread until wheat

War Industries Board U.S. government agency

production in New England nearly ceased.

responsible for mobilizing American industry

Wheatley, Phillis Eight-year-old Phillis

for war production.

Wheatley arrived in Boston from Africa in

war on terrorism Global effort, adopted after

1761 and was sold as a slave to wealthy John

the attacks of September 11, 2001, by the

and Susannah Wheatley. Susannah taught her

United States and its allies to neutralize inter-

to read and write, and in 1767 she published

national groups deemed “terrorists,” primarily

her first poem in Boston. In 1773, she visited

radical Islamic groups such as Al Qaeda.

London to celebrate the publication there of a

volume of her poetry, an event that made her a

Washington, Booker T. Founder of Tuskegee

transatlantic sensation. On her return to

Institute and most famous for his controversial

Boston, the Wheatleys emancipated her.

speech at the 1895 Atlanta Exposition.

Washington, George A veteran of the French

Whigs The name of an obscure sect of Scottish

and Indian War, Washington was named

religious extremists who favored the

commander-in-chief of the Continental Army

assassination of Charles and James of England.

by the Second Continental Congress in 1775

The term was used to denote one of the two

and won notable victories at Boston, Trenton,

leading political parties of late 17th-century

Princeton, and Yorktown, where Lord

England.

Cornwallis’s army surrendered to him in 1781.

Whiskey Rebellion Revolt in Western

His fellow delegates chose him to preside

Pennsylvania against the federal excise tax on

over the deliberations of the Philadelphia

whiskey.

Convention in 1787, and after the federal

whiskey ring Network of distillers and revenue

Constitution was ratified, he was unanimously

agents that cheated the government out of

chosen the first president of the United States

millions of tax dollars.

for two terms.

White City Monument created for the

Washington Temperance Society Society

Columbia Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.

established in 1840 by reformed drinkers of the

laboring classes who operated separate from

Whitney, Eli The Connecticut-born tutor who

the church and converted drinkers through

invented the cotton gin.

compassion and persuasion.

Wilmot Proviso Famous proviso made by

Watergate Business and residential complex in

Congressman David Wilmot regarding an

Washington, D.C., that came to stand for the

amendment to an army appropriations bill that

political espionage and cover-ups directed by

framed the national debate over slavery for the

the Nixon administration. The complicated

next 15 years.

web of Watergate scandals brought about

“Wisconsin Idea” Refers to Wisconsin’s

Nixon’s resignation in 1974.

decision to bring together employers, trade

Wells, Ida B. Anti-lynching activist who wrote

unionists, and professionals and give them

and spoke in protest, gaining the attention of

power to control relations between industry

the North only after taking her campaign to

and labor; many states followed this model.

England.

wolfpacks German submarine groups that

Western development Disproportionate

attacked enemy merchant ships or convoys.

amount of New Deal funds sent to Rocky

women’s movement Took place between

Mountain and Pacific Coast areas to provide

1953 and 1963; women began speaking out

water and electricity for urban and agricultural

about their political rights, race and gender

development.

discrimination, employment opportunities and

G-34

Glossary

equitable working environments, and the lack

yellow journalism Newspaper stories

of public roles available to them.

embellished with sensational or titillating

Works Progress Administration Federal

details when the true reports did not seem

relief agency established in 1935 that

dramatic enough.

disbursed billions to pay for infrastructural

yeoman A farmer who owned his own farm.

improvements and funded a vast program of

“Young America” movement A group of

public art.

young members of the Democratic Party who

World Trade Organization Established in

were interested in territorial expansion in the

1995 to head international trade between

1840s.

nations.

Yorktown The last major engagement of the

Wounded Knee Site of a shootout between

Revolutionary War. Washington’s army, two

Indians and Army troops at the Pine Ridge

French armies, and a French fleet trapped Lord

Indian reservation in southwestern South

Cornwallis at Yorktown and forced his army

Dakota.

to surrender in October 1781.

XYZ Affair Incident that precipitated an

Zenger, John Peter Printer of the New York

undeclared war with France when three French

Weekly Journal who was acquitted in 1735 by

officials (identified as X, Y, and Z) demanded

a jury of the crime of seditious libel after his

that American emissaries pay a bribe before

paper sharply criticized Governor William

negotiating disputes between the two countries.

Cosby.

Yankee A Dutch word for New Englanders

Zimmerman telegram Telegram from

that originally meant something like “land

Germany’s foreign secretary instructing the

pirate.”

German minister in Mexico to ask that

yankeephobia Popular term describing

country’s government to attack the United

strong dislike of the United States, whose

States in return for German assistance in

citizens were referred to as “yankees,” in Latin

regaining Mexico’s “lost provinces” (Texas,

America.

New Mexico, and Arizona).

yellow dog contracts Written pledges by

Zion A term used by the Mormons to describe

employees promising not to join a union while

their “promised land” where they could

they were employed.

prosper and live without persecution.

Index

A

Acid-rock music, 996

Adams, John Quincy, 387–393

Acquired immune deficiency

abolition and, 399, 400

AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment

syndrome. See AIDS

Corrupt Bargain and, 385–386

Administration

Activism. See also Civil-rights

election of 1828 and, 389–391

Abbott, Edith, 708

movement; Grassroots activism;

election of 1824 and, 386 (map)

ABC television, 955, 996, 1072,

specific issues and movements

vs. Jackson, 384, 387–393

1075. See also Television

African American, 333–334,

nationalism of, 387

Abell, Mary, 609, 611, 622

827–832, 1048–1049

presidency of, 384

Abenaki Indians, 55, 121

American Indian, 972–973,

as secretary of state, 381, 385

Abercrombie, James, 161–163

1049–1050

on separation of powers,

Abilene, Kansas, 617

Asian Americans, 1045,

214–215

ABMs. See Antiballistic missiles

1052–1053

on slave vs. free state, 381

Abolition and abolitionism. See also

anti-government, 997, 1002,

Adams, Samuel, 197, 198, 219

specific individuals

1053–1057

Adams, Sherman, 942

beginnings of, 431–432

in Great Depression, 870–872

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819), 319

education for freedpeople and,

trans-Mississippi west, 624–637

Addams, Jane

585–586

American Rattle Snake, The,

female sexuality and, 710

Fugitive Slave Law and, 461–452

cartoon, 231

Hull house, 708

Niagara movement and, 725–728

Asian American, 1045,

immigrant culture and, 708–709

in North, 537, 540–541, 547

1052–1053

as NAACP founder, 717, 797

in Pennsylvania, 233

civil-rights, 970, 975, 976, 955,

peace movement and, 774

postal campaign by, 433–434

997, 1010–1011

Settlement house movement, 709

Quakers and, 233

environmental, 1098, 1101–1102

Addiction. See Alcohol and

Texas annexation and, 448

government, 843

alcoholism; Drugs

Tubman, Harriet, and, 464

labor, 661, 1011

Addison, Joseph, 135

Virginia consideration of, 233,

Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-

Adena-Hopewell culture, 2, 33 (map)

317, 322, 336

Transgendered (LGBT)

Adger, John, 365

women’s rights and, 437

movement and, 1047–1048

Administration of Justice Act, 193

women’s roles in, 322

mass demonstrations and, 1014,

Adolescents. See Youth

Abortion,

1044–1045

Adoption, by Iroquois, 31, 97

anti-abortion, 967, 1011, 1029,

Mexican American, 1051

Adultery, protests against, 331,

1030, 1056, 1099

of New Left, 1045

363, 364

rights to, 1029, 1044, 1066,

Puerto Rican, 1051–1052

Adventists, 351

1087, 1099

after Second World War, 1053

Millerite, 353

right wing and, 1035

in Spanish-speaking communities,

Advertising, 803–804

Abraham Lincoln (ship), 1104

1050–1052

of appliances, 804

Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 878

by women, 656, 707–711, 1044

of automobiles, 803,

Abrogation, of treaties with

Act of Union (1717), 111

of cigarettes, 804

France, 252

ACT-UP. See “Aids Coalition to

counterculture and, 996

Absolutism, in New York, 75–78

Unleash Power”

in 1920s, 803–804

Abyssinian Baptists, 368

Adams, Ansel, 902

of ragtime music, 831

Academies, for women, 234, 1047

Adams, Charles Francis, 525

in Second World War, 898

Acadia (Nova Scotia)

Adams, Henry, 414

of soap, 305

expulsion from, 157

Adams, John, 214–215

visual imagery in, 803–804

immigrants to Louisiana from,

Boston Massacre and, 181, 183

Advocate of Moral Reform, 436

157–158

courts and, 218, 246–247, 266

AEF. See American Expeditionary

Accidents. See also Safety

constitution and, 217

Force

industrial, 658, 951

as diplomat, 219, 231

AFDC. See Aid to Families with

in mining, 616

election of 1796 and, 257

Dependent Children

Accommodationism

France and, 257–259

Affirmative action

failure of, 725

on president’s title, 246

Bush, 1035

Washington, Booker T., and, 725

resistance by, 185

Johnson and, 1053

Accounting, 290, 650

separation of powers and,

Nixon and, 1011, 1053

Acheson, Dean, 920, 925, 1004

214–216

Reagan, 1053

Acid rain, 1010

Treaty of Paris and, 231

Supreme Court and, 1054

I-1

I-2

Index

Affluence, 947–956. See also

labor of, 692–694

Agriculture. See also Farms and

Prosperity; Wealth and wealthy

labor unions and, 1034

farming; specific locations

Beats and, 995

as loyalists, 220

in Americas, 3–4

discontents of, 953–956

lynching of, 725, 727, 728

big businesses in, 71, 283

Great Society and, 986–988

Malcolm X and, 999–1000

cash crop, 283–284, 285, 301

in post-1953 decade, 947–953

Malcolm X (movie) and,

crop lien system in, 632–633,

Affluent Society, The (Galbraith),

998–999

668

948, 959

in middle class, 634–635

decline in, 315

Affordable Health Care for America

migrations by, 902

depression in (1920s), 816–818

Act (2010), 1113

minstrel shows and, 359

Eisenhower and, 950–951

Afghanistan

Mississippi Plan and, 602–603

in Europe, 7, 52–53, 382

bin Laden and, 1103, 1113, 1116

in New Deal, 869

in Great Depression, 850–852

Carter and, 1027–1028

in New Orleans, 588

great extinction and, 3–5

Soviet withdrawal from, 1040

in New South, 631–632, 633–634

immigrant labor in, 686, 690

U.S. aid to, 1107, 1116

as officeholders, 596

market-based, 301

AFL. See American Federation of

orchestra of, 701, 708

Mexican Americans in, 833

Labor

in professional sports, 1073–1074

Neolithic, 5

Africa. See also African Americans;

rock ‘n’ roll and, 954–955

in New England, 299–300

Africans; North Africa; Slaves

segregation of, 636, 693, 725,

overproduction and, 666, 852

and slavery; specific regions

728, 829–830, 869, 900, 931,

pesticides and, 1009

caravan trade in, 9

932–933, 955, 969, 970, 971,

rise of, 3–5

famine in, 1043

972, 976, 977, 985, 1000

settlements and, 4 (map)

immigration from, 1064

shifts in population patterns of

slash and burn, 17

slavery and, 10–13, 11 (map)

(1940–1960), 971 (map)

in South, 315, 319, 340, 489,

African Americans. See also Civil-rights

as slaves, 10–13, 330–333

632–633

movement; Slaves and slavery

in social hierarchy, 190–191, 429

steamboat and, 294

activism by, 1048–1049

in Spanish-American War, 749

surplus and, 66, 118, 282, 285,

affirmative action and, 1054

in sports, 1073–1074

306, 818

alliance movement and, 1049

in state constitutional conventions,

tariffs on, 841

banjo and, 590

367, 372, 485, 590

workforce in, 340, 833

baseball and, 932–933

as street vendors, 367

Agriculture Department, 611

Black Codes and, 583

as teachers, 585, 586

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 752

Brown Cases and, 968–970

voting and, 603, 635–637

AIDS, HIV and, 1047–1048

as business owners, 368

Wilson and, 739

“Aids Coalition to Unleash Power”

in Chesapeake region, 333–334

in women’s club movement,

(ACTUP), 1048

Christianity among, 333–334

634–635

Aid to Families with Dependent

citizenship and, 371–372

women’s organizations of,

Children (AFDC), 1008, 1033

civil rights for, 903–932,

634–635

AIM. See American Indian

996–1001

Zoot Suit Riots and, 900

Movement

in Civil War, 464, 562

African Dorcas Society, 368

Air cargo, 1068

clubwomen and, 711

Africanization myth, of southern

Aircraft Production Board, 778

colonization, 430–431

governments, 596

Air Force, 912, 958, 990

Columbian Exposition and, 682

African Methodist Episcopal (AME)

in Second World War, 788, 881

communities of, 827–832

Church, 635

Air pollution, 1009, 1025. See also

as cowboys, 616

Afrocentric curriculum, 1049

Environment; Pollution

discrimination against, 431, 550,

Afro-Latinos, in baseball, 933

Air power

561, 604, 633, 693, 727, 728,

Age, of American population,

Earhart and, 809–810

869, 974, 976–979

1058–1061

Lindbergh and, 805–806

election of 1963 and, 979

Agent provocateurs Hoover and,

military expenditures and, 942

as Exodusters, 633

1007–1008

Second World War and, 890

FBI and, 975, 1007

Age of containment, 907–939

women pilots and, 810, 898

after First World War, 797–799

Age of Democratic Revolution,

Air traffic controllers, firing of,

in First World War, 780–781, 783

245, 336

1032

flight to Canada, 463

Agnew, Spiro, 1019

Alabama

gold rush and, 457

Agrarianism. See Agriculture; Farms

cotton in, 319

as “goodwill ambassadors,” 972

and farming

racial violence in, 976–977

Great Railroad Strike and, 644

Agrarian republic, of Jefferson, 263,

Alabama (commerce raider), 526

Harlem Renaissance and,

268, 284, 300, 400, 413

Alabama Claims, 594

832–833

Agribusiness, 733, 818, 823, 950

Alamance Creek, regulators at, 190

Homestead Act and, 611–612

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933),

Alamo, battle at, 447

in 1920s, 827–832

849, 850

Alamo, 447

Jim Crow laws and, 635–637

Agricultural Adjustment

Alamogordo, New Mexico, atomic

Ku Klux Klan and, 597, 600

Administration (AAA), 850–852

testing at, 891

Index

I-3

Alaska, 3, 212, 621–622, 672, 759

In Nicaragua, 1027

American Hospital Association

(map), 971 (map), 1061 (map)

at Potsdam Conference (1945),

(AHA), 929

Albania, 822, 1100

908

American Impressionism, 654

Albany

United Nations and, 904

American Independent Party, 1006,

Fort Orange, 50, 76

wartime conferences of, 903, 906

1007 (map)

in Revolution, 154–156

All Quiet on the Western Front

American Indian Movement (AIM),

Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 646

(Remarque), 878

1050

Albany Congress (1754), 154–156

al-Qaeda, 1102–1104

American Indians. See also Indian

Albemarle region, 74, 75, 129

Iraq and, 1103

policy; Mound builders; specific

Albright, Madeleine, 1086

Alternating current (AC), 645

groups

Albuquerque, 517

“Alternative Budget” (CBC), 1048

activism of, 1049–1050

Alcatraz Island, Indian occupation

Altgeld, John P., 664, 708

Albany Congress and, 154–156

of, 1050

Amalgamated Association of Iron,

Andes culture of, 154–156

Alcohol and alcoholism. See also

Steel, and Tin Workers, 663

in backcountry, 132

Prohibition

Amalgamated Clothing Workers,

Bacon’s Rebellion and, 102–104

ethnicity and, 427

808, 866

“Bill of Rights” for, 1050

on frontier, 626

Amaranth (cereal), 5

buffalo extermination and, 627

Indians and, 276, 700

Amazon.com, 1067–1068

of Caribbean region, 16–17

organized crime in 1920s and, 820

AME Church. See African Methodist

Christianity and, 627

politics of, 422–423

Episcopal (AME) Church

citizenship for, 627

prohibition, origins of, 424–445

Amendments. See also specific

Columbus and, 15

reformers and, 423–424,

amendments

cultural misunderstandings with

426–427, 427–428

Bill of Rights as, 248

Europeans, 28–29

Washingtonians and, 425–426

America First Committee, 881

Dawes Severalty Act and, 628–629

Alcott, Louisa May, 655

American Antislavery Society, 433,

enslavement of, 116, 121–122

Alexander VI (Pope), 15

437

European diseases and, 40, 117

Alexandria, 131, 156, 536 (map)

American Bar Association, 657

farming by, 18

Algeria, 885

American Basketball Association

ranching, 617

Algonquian Indians, 96

(ABA), 1072

in French and Indian War, 147

Dutch and, 92, 96

American Board of Customs

gambling casinos of, 1050

France and, 115–116 (map), 147

Commissioners, 178, 180

Ghost Dance and, 629

Algonquian speakers, 115–116

American Civil Liberties Union

in Hispanic Southwest, 443

Ali, Muhammad, 726

(ACLU), Scopes Trial and, 824

Homestead Act and, 611–612

Alien (enemy), 259

American Colonization Society, 430

imperial wars and, 146

Alien and Sedition Acts, 259–260

American Communist Party (CP),

lifestyle of, 5, 17–18

Alien Land Law (California, 1913),

859–860

Lord Dunmore’s War and, 199

690

election restrictions on, 941–942

mission Indians and, 121, 170, 221

Alito, Samuel, 1034, 1099

homosexuals and, 923

mourning wars and, 96–97

All-American Canal, 856, 857 (map)

labor unions and, 859

Paxton Boys and, 170

All Creation Going to the White

movie industry and, 921–922

peace policy for, 627–628

House (Cruikshank), 392

sedition trial and, 924

Pennsylvania and, 170–171

Allen, Richard, 368

Soviets and, 859–860

Pontiac’s War and, 169–171

Allen, Woody, 1076

American Communist Party, election

“praying towns” of, 97–98

Allende Gossens, Salvador, 1016

restrictions on, 941–942

Puritans and, 97–98

Alliance for Progress, 962

“American dream,” 494, 673, 842,

religions of, 28, 29–30

Alliances. See also specific alliances

852, 933

Relocation program and, 394

ANZUS, 919

American Economic Association, 657

republics, 147

Atlantic Charter and, 882, 903

American Empire, 114, 268, 752

reservations for (1875 and1900),

Aztec, 2

American Enterprise Institute, 1029

626 (map)

in First World War, 771

American Equal Rights Association

resistance by, 45

NATO, 915, 916 (map)

(AERA), 590, 899

Revolution and, 221–223

Allies (First World War), 768, 773,

American Expeditionary Force

Sand Creek massacre and, 627

776–777. See also First

(AEF), in First World War, 777

schools for, 628–629

World War

American Federation of Labor (AFL),

Sioux uprising and, 625–626

U.S. intervention and, 776–777

662–663

in South, 393–394

Allies (Second World War). See also

CIO and, 866

in Southeast, 151–153

Second World War

First World War and, 780

in Southwest, 28

advances and collapse of German

women in, 663

Spanish and, 16–17, 25

power, 889 (map)

American-Filipino War, 753–754

survival strategies of, 96–97

bombings by, 890

casualties in, 753

Tecumseh in, 275–277, 278–279

Latin America and, 906

American Football League (AFL),

Tenskwatawa, and, 276–277

North Africa campaign of,

1072

Termination program and,

884–885

American Historical Association, 657

972–973

I-4

Index

American Indians (continued)

Americas. See also Western

in gold rush, 457

in trans-Mississippi West, 624–330

Hemisphere; specific regions

Indians and, 170

Vikings and, 6

migration to, 2

Mexican American lands and, 443

as wards of nation, 628

morality of European conquest of,

Anglo-Dutch wars, 77–78, 94,

western problems with, 254

39–40

101–102, 105

western water projects and,

naming of, 16

Anglo-Saxons

westward expansion and, 234–235

in 1640s, 91–92

attitudes of superiority, 655

Wounded Knee massacre and, 629

societies of, 17–29

Protestant missionaries and, 744

Americanization

AmeriCorps, 1087

racism and, 368–370

ethnic groups and, 700, 784,

Amerind languages, 3

Angola, 11, 49, 1037

796, 826

Ames, Adelbert, 602

Animals

after First World War, 784,

Amherst, Jeffrey, 161–163, 165, 170

ancient, 3–4

787, 796

Amistad (movie), 400

after great extinction, 3–5

of immigrant workers at Ford, 724

Amlie, Tom, 859

horses and mules in Civil War,

American Legion, 796

Amnesty

522, 541

American Medical Association

for ex-Confederates, 581

production and sale of meats, 619,

(AMA), 929

for Vietnam-era draft resisters,

648, 693, 710, 711–712, 731, 733

American Museum of Natural

1017

Annapolis, convention in, 240

History, 678

Amnesty Proclamation (1865), land

Annapolis Royal, 150

American National Exhibition

for freedpeople and, 585

Anne (England), 150

(Moscow), 948

Amsterdam, 47, 50, 78, 92

Annexation

American nationality, 700–703

Amsterdam News (newspaper), 902

of Oregon, 448–449

Bourne and, 700–703–702

Amusement parks, 695

of Puerto Rico, 755

Kallen and, 701–702

Amusements, at Columbian

of Texas, 448–449

Zangwill and, 700–702

Exposition, 681

Anshutz, Thomas, 654

Americanos conquest of California

Anaconda Plan, 528

Anson, George, 150

by, 451

Anacostia Flats, Bonus Army at, 843

Antebellum era, 413–439. See also

American Party, 407–411. See also

Anarchists, 661–662, 683, 796

South; specific issues and regions

Know-Nothings; Nativism

Haymarket bombing and,

alcohol, politics of in, 422–428

election of 1840 and, 409–411

661–662

asylums in, 422

second, 407–411

Anasazi, 2, 28 (map), 28

banks, 416

American Philosophical Society, 135

Anderson, “Bloody Bill,” 515

canals, 417

“American Prisoners” (Trumbull),

Anderson, John, 1030

gender and sex in, 434–438

224

Anderson, Marian, 869

governments in, 414–416

American Protective League, 787, 796

Anderson, Robert, 511

markets in, 414–416

American Railway Union (ARU), 664

Anderson, Sherwood, 749, 838

prisons in, 420–422

American Recovery and Reinvestment

Andersonville (prison camp),

roads,417

Act (1977), 1065

569–570

schools in, 417–420

American Red Cross, 553

Andes region

slavery in, 429–434

American Review, The, 415

cultures of, 18–20

Anthony, Susan B.

American Revolution. See

mita (tribute labor) in, 37

woman suffrage and, 554, 591,

Revolutionary War

Andrews Sisters, 226

718

American River (California), 456

Andros, Edmund

women’s rights and, 591

American Smelting and Refining

in Dominion of New England, 107

Antiabortion groups, demonstrations

Company, 673

Dutch and, 77–78

by, 1056

American Society for the Promotion

Indians and, 97

Antiballistic missiles (ABMs),

of Temperance, 423

Metacom’s War and, 97, 100

limitations on, 1013

American System (Clay), 298,

overthrow of, 107

Anti-Catholicism, 476, 869

374–380

Anemia, sickle cell, 129

Anticommunism

roads and canals in, 378

Angel Island, Asian immigrants on,

Carter and, 1021, 1027

Whig Party and, 374–411

685, 868

Eisenhower and, 945

American system of manufactures, 298

Anglicans, 135–136. See also Church

in entertainment industry, 921–923

American Temperance Society,

of England; Episcopalians

homosexuality and, 922, 923

422–423

Book of Common Prayer and, 52,

labor movement and, 921

American theater, 358–359

70, 73, 140

McCarthy, Joseph, and, 925

American Tobacco Company, 648

colleges of, 142–143

of neoconservatives, 1103–1104

American Union Against Militarism,

as lawyers, 136

Nixon and, 1013

774

realignment of, 142, 153

in Paraguay, 945

“American way of life”, Roosevelt,

after Revolution, 143

Reagan and, 1036

Franklin D., and, 897, 948,

Ulster immigrants and, 131

Truman and, 914

952, 954

Anglicization, of colonies, 124–128,

Antidiscrimination efforts, 903, 931,

American Woman Suffrage

134–138

971, 1009, 1054. See also

Association, 591

Anglo-Americans

Discrimination

Index

I-5

Antidraft riots, 551–552

of Hitler, 879

Mexican Americans in, 903

Antietam, Battle of, 544–546

Vietnam War and, 993, 879

segregation in, 781

Anti-Federalists, 242–243. See also

Apple computers, 1065–1066

Armenia, 788

Democratic Republicans

Appleseed, Johnny. See Chapman,

immigrants from, 683, 822

Anti-government activism, 1053–1057

John

Soviet Bloc and, 1014 (map)

Antigua, 63

Appliances

Armies of the Night (Mailer), 1003

Anti-immigration sentiment, 1098

advertising of, 804

Armistice

Anti-Imperialist League, 752

consumer, 803–804

in First World War, 777

Antikidnapping laws, fugitive slaves

Appomattox, Lee’s surrender at,

in Mexican War, 451

and, 461

573–575

in Spanish-American War, 751

Anti-Leislerians, 108–109

Apportionment, in Congress, 219,

Armistice line, dividing Korea, 918

Anti-lynching campaign, 727

498

(map)

Antimonopoly parties, 666

Arabella (ship), 422

Armories, as urban fortresses, 659

Anti-Nebraska coalitions, 473, 474

Arab world, 1012, 1042, 1104.

Armour (meatpacking), 648

Anti-New Deal coalition, 893

See also Middle East; specific

Arms and armaments. See Arms race;

Antinomian heresy, 70, 72

countries

Weapons

Antirevivalist denominations, 142,

Nasser and, 945–946

Arms-control talks, with Soviets, 1013

143

Aragon, 14

Arms race, 909, 961

Anti-Saloon League, 710

Arapaho Indians, 626

Cold War and, 909, 1036

Anti-Semitism. See also Jews and

Arawaks. See Taino Indians

protests against, 967

Judaism

Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, covert

Reagan and, 1036

of Coughlin, 857–858

actions against, 944

SALT I and, 1013

immigration and, 881

Arbitration, in UMW strike, 731

Armstrong, Louis, 972

in New Deal, 857–858, 869

Arbuckle, Fatty, 697–699

Army Chief of Staff, Eisenhower as,

Antislavery clause, in Northwest

Architecture

938

Ordinance, 238

in Andes region, 18, 19

Army Corps of Engineers, 949

Antislavery movement. See also

Anasazi, 28 (map)

Army-McCarthy Hearings, 942

Abolition and abolitionism;

Beaux-Arts, 679

Army of Northern Virginia, 516 (map),

Slaves and slavery

Chicago School of, 680

534, 535 (map), 544, 554, 573

agitation of, 433–434

City Beautiful, 681

Army of Tennessee, 534, 548, 560, 572

anti-immigrant sentiments of,

European, 7

Army of the Cumberland, 548, 559

420, 501

Los Vegas, 1061

Army of the Potomac, 516 (map), 529,

before 1830, 430–431

Pueblo, 28

534–535, 546, 548, 563–565

British, 433–434

skyscrapers and, 703

Army of Virginia, 534

Know-Nothings and, 477–478

of White City, 680–681

Army of West Tennessee, 534

in Mexican War, 453–455

Area Redevelopment Bill (1961), 965

Arnold, Benedict

in North, 398, 448, 461, 481

Argentina, Second World War and,

in Revolution, 200, 206, 210

protests by, 501

906

treason by, 225

in 1700s, 190–192

Arguin, 12

Arnold, Henry Harley (“Hap”), 890

Whigs in, 434, 436, 472, 474

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 816, 1100

Arrowsmith (Lewis), 835

women’s rights and, 192, 437–438

Aristocracy. See also Elites

“Arsenal of democracy,” U.S. as, 882

Anti-trust laws, mergers and, 1069

in Carolina, 74

Art(s). See Intellectual thought;

Antitrust legislation, 649

Mayan, 23

specific forms and works

Anti-usury laws, 1071

Arizona, 32, 455, 457, 616, 720

American music

Antiwar movements, in Vietnam

Arkansas

economic elites in cities and, 675

War, 1001–1003

integration in, 972

in Harlem Renaissance, 832–833

Antiwar movies, 878

secession of, 514–515

masculinism in, 866

Antwerp, 43

Arkansas Territory, slavery in, 514

“New Woman” in, 656–657

“Anxious bench,” 346

Arkwright, Richard, 307

WPA and, 861

ANZUS, 919

Armada, Spanish, 53, 54

Arthur, Chester A., 639

Apache Indians, 34, 40, 114, 148

Armed forces. See also Continental

Arthur, Timothy Shay, 347

(map), 626 (map)

Army; Military; Militia; Red-

Articles of Confederation, 205. See

Apartheid, in South Africa, 919, 920,

coats; specific branches and wars

also Constitution (U.S.)

1016, 1048

African Americans in, 780, 781,

amending, 229, 238

Appalachia

797, 931

Congress under, 218–219, 228,

loans to, 965

blood segregated by, 900

240, 241

mountaineers in, 267, 328

in Civil War, 569

Article X (Covenant), of League of

APPCON. See Asian Pacific Planning

after Cold War, 1042–1043

Nations, 790

Council

Continental Army as, 199,

Artisans. See also Crafts

Appeals courts, 71, 81, 105, 109

209–210

in Boston, 145

Appeal to Reason (socialist

desegregation of, 900, 931

in cities, 291

publication), 711

in First World War, 780–781

resistance by, 186

Appeasement

Hamilton and, 260

as wage earners, 292

I-6

Index

“Aryan race,” in Nazi Germany, 598

Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe

highways and, 949

Asbury, Francis, 350–351

Railroad, 612

marketing of, 898, 955

Ashley-Cooper, Anthony. See

Athapaskan languages, 3

mass production of, 649, 745

Shaftesbury, Earl of

Athletics. See also Sports

in 1950s, 948

Asia. See also Vietnam War; specific

Title IX and, 1074

racing and, 1073

regions

Atkin, Edmund, 156

safety issues and, 1011

domino effect in, 946–947

Atlanta

sales of (1940–1970), 950

economic crisis in, 879

capture of, 571

scientific management in,

after First World War,

Union campaign for, 565–566

723–724

785, 787

Atlanta Constitution, 630

in suburbs, 1065

immigration from, 687, 763, 1061

Atlanta Exposition, Washington,

Aviation. See Air power

migration to Americas from,

Booker T., at, 636

Axis Powers, 879, 880 (map), 884,

1064 (map)

Atlantic Charter (1941), 882, 903

889 (map)

Portuguese Empire in, 13

Atlantic Monthly, The, 707

Azores, 11 (map), 12, 14

Asian Americans. See also specific

Atlantic Ocean region

Aztecs

groups

chronology of, 86

Cortés and, 16–17

activism of, 1052–1053

settlement in, 85–91

skull rack altar of, 30

movies by, 1077

Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 958–959

prejudice against, 1053

Atmosphere, pollution in, 1010

B

Asian American studies programs,

ATMs (automated teller machines),

1053

1071

Babbitt (Lewis), 835

Asian Law Caucus, 1052–1053

Atomic age, 892

Baby and Child Care (Spock), 965

“Asian or Pacific Islanders” (API), on

Atomic bomb

Baby Boom, 933–934, 1058–1061

census, 1053

Baruch Plan and, 909

aging, 1059

Asian Pacific Planning Council

Cold War and, 908–909, 910,

population growth during, 933,

(APPCON), 1052–1053

911, 913

934

Asiatic Barred Zone, 785

development of, 891–892

women and, 935

Assassinations 769

Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and, 892

Bachelor girls, 655

of Garfield, 639

Soviets and, 915, 923–924

Backcountry, 292–293

of Kennedy, John F., 979–980

testing of, 891, 915

Cherokee War in, 165

of Kennedy, Robert F., 1005

Atomic Energy Commission, 920

Indians in, 132

of King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1048

Atomic spies, 924

land inheritance and, 289

of Lincoln, 575

Attica State Prison, protests at, 1008

in Northwest, 292–293

of Madero, 765

Attorney General’s List, of

settlement of, 132, 293

of McKinley, 758

subversives, 922

use of term, 132

Assemblies. See also Legislature;

Attrition, 223

Backyard revolution, 1044

Legislatures; specific colonies

in Civil War, 563, 566

Bacon, Nathaniel, 102–104

and states

in Revolutionary War, 223–224

Bacon’s Rebellion, 102–104

colonial, 144

in Vietnam, 990

Baer, George F., 730–731

in Georgia, 144

Attucks, Crispus, 183

Baghdad, Iraq, 1105

of Knights of Labor, 660–661

Auburn system, of prisons,

Bailout

in Maryland, 62

421–422

of New York City, 1024

in New York, 76–78

Austerlitz, Battle of, 270

of S & Ls, 1033, 1071

in Pennsylvania, 82–83

Authority, reconstitution debates of

of 2008, 1113

Assembly line, at Ford, 723

1776, 213–219

Baja California, 486

Assimilation

Austin, Stephen F., 446–447

Baker, Ella, 970

ethnic groups and, 130, 690

Australia

Baker, Josephine, 832

immigrants and, 701

ANZUS and, 919

Bakke case, 1054

of Indians, 628, 870–872

in Second World War, 884, 888

Bakker, Jim and Tammy Faye, 1083

Assisted suicide, 1099

Australian ballot (secret ballot), 716

Balanced budget. See also Budget

Association, the, Continental

Austria

Bush administration, 1109

Congress and, 196–197

German annexation of, 879

Eisenhower and, 949, 958

Associationalism, of Hoover,

in Seven Years’ War, 159

as goal, 405

814–815, 842

Austria-Hungary, 770 (map). See

Jackson and, 405–407

Astor, John Jacob, 290, 382

also First World War

Kennedy, John F., and, 965

Astrolabe, 10

Autobiography (Franklin), 118

Keynes and, 965

Astronomy, 268, 388

Autobiography (Malcolm X), 1000

Balance of trade, 94

of Anasazi, 28

Automated teller machines. See

Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 16

Aswan Dam, 945

ATMs

Balkan region

Asylums, reform of, 422

Automobiles and automobile

in First World War, 769

Atahualpa (Incas), 31–34

industry,

Turks in, 7

AT&T, 648, 803

emissions and, 1010, 1102, 1107

Ball, Charles, 320, 335

Atchison, David R., 471–472

globalization and, 1068

Ball, George, 989

Index

I-7

Ballinger, Richard A., Pinchot

Indians, 34

Henry Ward, 466

controversy and, 734

Infant, 71–72

Lyman, 466

Ball parks, 695

New Light, 143

Beef

Baltic region

Baptists

as cash crop, 300

immigrants, 684

Calvinists, 43

cattle, in United States

after Second World War, 904

Freewill, 349, 351

(1867–1897), 617, 619

Soviets and, 879

Great Awakening and, 138

embalmed, 749

Baltimore

New Light, 142–143

global, 1098

growth of, 60–62

slavery and, 233

Beer-Wine Revenue Act (1933), 849

in Civil War, 515

Bara, Theda, 697

Begin, Menachem, 1027

Baltimore (Lords). See Calvert family

Barbados, 63

Behrman, Martin, 691

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 660

Carolina settlers from, 74–75

Beijing, 756

Bancroft, George, 416

Dutch and, 63, 91–92, 94

Japan and, 879

Bandeirantes, 37

Navigation Act and, 94

Belgium, 792, 879

Bangladesh, 7

slavery in, 63

First World War in, 771

Banjo, 590, 848

Barber of Seville, The (Beaumarchais),

Second World War in, 885

Banking. See also specific banks

211

Bell, Alexander Graham, 645

Antebellum era, 416–417

Barnard, Henry, 418, 419

Bell, John, 504, 505

changes in, 856–858

Barnum, P. T., 288, 355

Bell, John Hood, 566

deregulation of, 1033–1034

Barré, Isaac, 160

Bellamy, Edward, 654

failures of, 848–849

Barrios, 903

Bemis Heights, battle at, 210

Emergency Banking Act, 848–849

Barrow, Bennet H., 323

Benefits, for workers, 951, 1009,

Federal Reserve system and,

Barton, Bruce, 804, 807

1034, 1069

738–739

Barton, Clara, 553

Benezet, Anthony, 190

Giannini and, 690

Baruch, Bernard, 909

Benin, 12

in Great Depression, 847–849

Baruch Plan, 909

Benito Cereno (Melville), 430

National Banking Act and, 524

Baseball

Benjamin, Judah P., 510

Roosevelt, F. D., and, 848–849

color line in, 932–933

Bennington, Vermont, battle at, 210

S & L debacle and, 1033

desegregation of, 932–933

Berbers, 14

state systems of,

steroid use in, 1074

Berger, Victor, 712

Banking Act, 861

women’s league in, 895

Beringia, 3 migration from, 4 (map)

Banknotes

Basie, Count, 831

Berkeley, John (Baron), 76

of Bank of the United States, 524

Bataan, 887–888

Berkeley, William, 101

state, 524

Batavia (Jakarta), 48

Bacon’s Rebellion and, 103–104

Bank of America, 690, 864, 1070

Bates, Edward, 547

Berkeley Revolt. See University of

Bank of England, 113, 223, 407–408

Batista, Fulgencio, 945

California

Bank of North America, 229

Baton Rouge, 532, 970

Berkman, Alexander, 672

Bank of the United States

Battle of Britain, 880 (map), 881

Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 217

American System and, 377

Battles. See specific battles and wars

Berle, Adolph, 847

constitutionality of, 251–252

Bay Colony. See Massachusetts Bay

Berlin

Hamilton on, 250–251

Colony

occupation zones in, 889 (map)

Jackson and, 402–403

Bay of Pigs Invasion, 963–964

U.S.-Soviet crisis over, 913

Jefferson on, 251

Bayonet rule, in South, 600, 601,

Berlin, Irving, 868

Panic of 1819 and, 382

602, 606

Berlin Airlift, 913

Second, 376–378, 402

Beacon Hill, 126, 127, 135

Berlin Blockade, 912–913

war, 376, 402–404

Beadle, William, 223

Berlin Decree (France), 270, 273

Bank of the United States of

“Bear-flag revolt,” 451

Berlin Wall, 963, 1040

Pennsylvania, 408

Bear Stearns, 1110

Bermuda, 56, 103 (map), 431

Bankruptcies, 416–417

Beatles, 1078, 1079

Bernanke, Ben, 1110, 1113

in 1870s, 644

Beat movement (1950s), 995, 996

Bernard, Francis, 175, 180

of New York City, 1024

Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin

Bernays, Edward, 804

during panic of 1893, 664

Caron de, 211

Berry, Chuck, 954, 955

personal, 1070

Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 450

“Bertha the Sewing Machine Girl; or,

Reagan and, 1033

in Civil War, 511, 513, 529,

Death at the Wheel” (Libbey),

during 2000–2006, 1109

532, 565

695

Banks, Nathaniel P., 478

Beauséjour, Fort, 152, 157 (map),

Beverages, trade and, 700, 710

Bank Veto Message, of Jackson,

157, 159 (map)

Beveridge, Albert J., 733

402–403

Beaux-Arts architecture, 679

Bible, 420

Bank War, 402–403

Beckley, John, 257

Protestant fundamentalists on,

Baptism

Bedford, Gunning, 241

477, 823–824

Calvinists, 43

Beecher family. See also Stowe,

in schools, 477

Freewill, 349, 351

Harriet Beecher

Scopes Trial and, 824–825

Great Awakening and, 138

Catharine, 466

slaves and, 191

I-8

Index

Bible Belt, 361–362

Black Death, 7

Bolling v. Sharpe, 969

Bicameral legislature

Black English, 130

Bolsheviks and Bolshevism, 776,

Adams, John, and, 214

Blackface, minstrels and, 359

794–795

in Carolina, 74

Black Hawk Down (movie), 1100

Bolton, John, 1106

in Maryland, 61

Black Hills, Sioux and gold discovery

Bombs and bombings. See also

in Massachusetts, 71

in, 625

Atomic bomb; Nuclear weapons

in Pennsylvania, 240

“Black Is Beautiful,” 1001

in Birmingham, 976

Bicycles, 654, 657

Black Kettle (Cheyenne chief), 627

on colleges campuses

Biddle, Nicholas, 402, 403, 405

Blacklisting, in movie industry,

(1969–1974), 1007

Big business. See also Business

921–922, 936

in Haymarket Square, 662

changes in, 896

Black Muslims, 999–1000, 1080

of Iraq, 1102, 1105

Democratic Party and, 864

Black nationalist movement

in Korean War, 917

Duke and, 648

(Garvey), 798–799

of Marine barracks (Lebanon),

mining and, 615–616

Black Panthers, 1007

1037

railroads as, 646–647

Black Power movement, 996–1001

in Serbia, 1100

ranching as, 161

Malcolm X and, 998–1000

in Second World War, 883, 889,

rise of, 646–647

Black Republicans, 482–483

890–892

Big Four, after First World War, 788

Black Robe (movie), 48–49

of Vietnam, 988, 989 (map),

“Big Four” of the Central Pacific,

Blacks. See also African Americans;

990–993, 1014

612

Slaves and slavery

Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon

Big government, Clinton on, 1044

antislavery movement of, 431

I Bonaparte (France)

Big Lebowski, The (movie),

exclusion from schools, 931, 969,

Bonds, Liberty, 782

1092–1093

972, 974, 976

Bondsmen. See Slaves and slavery

Biglow, Hosea (fictional

in office, during reconstruction,

Bonneville Dam, 856

philosopher), 453

594–595

Bonnie and Clyde (movie), 936

Big stick policy, of Roosevelt, T.,

Black Star Line, 798

Bonsack, James Albert, 650

763, 764

Blackwell, Elizabeth, 553, 657

Bonus Army, 843

Big Three, after First World War,

Blackwell, John, 83

Book(s), 311, 312, 320, 343. See also

788

Blaine, James G., 639–640

Novels Nazi burning of; specific

Bikini Atoll, atomic testing at, 910

Blair, Francis Preston (father),

names of

Bilingual education, 420, 1009

398, 402

Book burning, by Davenport, 141

Bilingualism, Indians and, 1050

Blair, Frank (son), 592

Book of Common Prayer, 52, 70,

Bill of Rights, 248

Blair, Montgomery, 543, 547

73, 140

Second, 897

Bland-Allison Act (1878), 667

Book of Mormon, The, 356

in Massachusetts, 233

Blanket amnesty, for ex-

Boom-and-bust cycles, 642, 927

at national level, 248

Confederates, 581

“Boomers”, in Indian Territory, 628

in Virginia, 216

“Blaxploitation movies,” 1049

Boone, Daniel, 234, 292–293

Billy Graham Evangelistic

Blease, Coleman, 859

Boonesborough, 222 (map), 235

Association crusade, 953, 1083

“Bleeding Kansas,” 477–481

Booth, John Wilkes, 181–182, 196,

Bin Laden, Osama, 1002–1003

Bleeding Sumner, 480

223, 526, 575

Biodiversity, in West, 1066, 1102

Bletchley Park, code-breaking at, 884

Booth, Sherman, 463

Biotechnology, 1066

Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”), 879

Borah, William, Versailles Treaty

Bipartisanship, new conservatism

Block, Herbert. See Herblock

ratification and, 790

and, 957

(Herbert Block)

Borden, Lizzie, 1077

Birmingham, Alabama

Blockade(s)

Border(s). See also Boundaries

iron industry in, 693

of Berlin, 912–913

between Canada and U.S., 282

racial conflict in, 976–977

in Civil War, 524–528

immigration and, 1098

Birney, James G., 410 (map), 448

in First World War, 770 (map),

of Texas, 454

Birth control

772–773

Texas-New Mexico dispute

Comstock Law and, 657

in Mexican War, 451, 452 (map)

over, 461

pill for, 966, 1045

Blockade runners, 525

Borderlands communities, railroads

Sanger and, 697

Block grants, 1009

and, 615–615

Birth of a Nation, The (movie),

Blood sports, 357–358

Border Patrol, 823, 833

598–599

Blues music, 831, 834, 954

Border ruffians, in Kansas Territory,

Birthrate. See also Baby Boom

Boarding schools, for Indian

479

in colonies, 88

children, 628–629

Border states

rural, 304

Board of Indian Commissioners, 627

Civil War and, 514–515, 542

of Virginia slaves, 317

Board of Trade, 111, 156

emancipation and, 542

Bison. See Buffalo

Body count (Vietnam War), 991,

Bork, Robert, 1034–1035

Bivens, Mary, 364

1014

Born-again Christians, 1023

Blackboard Jungle, The (movie), 955

Bohemians, as immigrants, 683

Bosnia, 769, 1041, 1043, 1100

Black capitalism, Nixon and, 1009

Bolingbroke (viscount). See St. John,

Bosnian Muslims, 1043, 1100

Black Codes, 583

Henry

Bosses (political), 691

Index

I-9

Boston. See also Massachusetts

Brant, Mary (Mohawks), 221

Bryan, Hugh, 140

Revolutionary War, 200 (map)

Brazil, 37

Bryan, Louise, 794–795

British landing in, 180

funding of, 1016

Bryan, William Jennings

growth of, 67

Portugal and, 37

as anti-imperialist, 752

Kennedy family in, 691

slaves in, 37, 49

“Cross of Gold” speech of, 671

lawyers in, 136

Bread riots, in Civil War, 551

election of 1896, 670–672

Quincy Market in, 311

Breckinridge, John C., 504, 505–506

First World War and, 773, 774

resistance in, 179

Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 708

Scopes Trial and, 824–825

in Revolution, 193–196

Breed’s Hill, battle at, 198

Bryant, William Cullen, 136,

siege of, 198–200

Brennan, William, 1010

480, 508

Stamp Act protests in, 174–175

Bretton Woods Conference (1944),

Bryce, James, 762

strike in, 793, 814

904, 1012

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 1026

Boston Associates, 308–310

Briand, Aristide, 816

Bubbles (economic), in 1900s and

Boston Brahmins, 310

Bribery, 133, 590, 612, 646, 691,

2008s, 1107–1111

Boston Chronicle, 181

706, 813

burst of 2006–2008, 1110–1111

Boston Female Antislavery Society,

Bridges, steel suspension, 675

housing, 1109

434

Britain, Battle of, 880 (map), 881

Bubonic plague. See Black Death

Boston Gazette, 179

British East India Companies, 48,

Buccaneer(s), 74, 63, 87

Boston Massacre, 182–184

192

Buchanan, James

Boston News-Letter, 134

British Empire, 111–112, 156–158,

Dred Scott case and, 484–485

Boston Port Act (1774), 193

161–165, 206–207, 279–280.

election of 1848 and, 455

Boston Public Library, 679

See also Colonies and

election of 1856 and, 482, 484

Boston School Committee, 370

colonization; England (Britain);

Fort Sumter issue and, 511

Boston Tea Party, 193

Imperial wars

Lecompton constitution and,

Boulder Dam, 855

defeat in American colonies,

485–486

Boundaries. See also Border(s)

156–158, 161–165

on secession, 511

Oregon-British dispute (1846),

federalism in, 111–112

Buchanan, Patrick, 1028

441, 469

versus France, 153, 159 (map)

Buckley, William F., Jr., 957–958

Texas, 459

population growth in, 17

Buddhism, 1080

U.S.-Canadian, 387–388

years of victory, 161–165

in South Vietnam, 964

“Bounty jumpers,” in Civil War, 551

offensive of 1776, 206–207

Budget. See also Balanced budget

Bouquet, Henry, 170

offensive of 1814, 279–280

deficits under Reagan,

Bourke-White, Margaret, 898, 929

British North America Act, 594

1031–1032

Bourne, Randolph, on cultural

Brock, Isaac, 277

in First World War, 781–782

exchange, 701–702

Bronze, 18

Great Society programs and, 987,

Bowdoin, James, 239

Brookline, Massachusetts, 677

998, 1000

Bowery B’hoys, 358, 359

Brooklyn Dodgers, integration of, 932

Buell, Don Carlos, 532, 548

Bowie, Jim, 447

Brooklyn Heights, battle at, 206,

Buena Vista, battle of, 451

Boxers (China), rebellion by,

209 (map)

Buffalo

756–757

Brooks, Preston, 325, 480

destruction of, 617, 621

Boxing, 358

Brooks Brothers, 312

Plains Indians and, 617, 624,

Boycotts. See also Nonimportation

Brotherhood of Locomotive

625, 627

bus, 970

Firemen, 664

Buffalo, New York, canal to,

against Cuba, 945

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car

294–296

of Moscow Olympics, 1027

Porters, 831

Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show,

of Pullman cars, 664

Brown II, 969

629–630

Boylston, Zabdiel, 132

Brown, Albert Gallatin, 326, 375

Buffet, Warren, 1110

BP (British Petroleum), Gulf of

Brown, Charles Brockden, 136

Bulgaria, 905

Mexico rig explosion and, 1114

Brown, Edmund (Pat), 956

Bulgarian immigrants, 683, 822

Bracero program, 895

Brown, Herman and George, 863

Bulge, Battle of the, 885

Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 136

Brown, James, 1001

Bulldozing (Democratic intimidation

Braddock, Edward, 154, 156–159

Brown, John at Harpers Ferry,

techniques), 604, 638

Bradford, William, 65, 134

499–501

Bullet mold, 100

Bradley, Mamie Till, 672, 970

Pottawatomie Creek murders and,

Bull Moose campaign, 734–735

Brady Bill, 1087

481

Bull Run (Manassas), 528–530

Bragg, Braxton, 450

Brown, Moses, 307

First Battle of, 528–530, 537 (map)

in Civil War, 534, 535, 547–548,

Brown, William Henry, 323

Second Battle of, 534–537

558

Brown brothers (Providence), 290

Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 761

Brandeis, Louis, 722, 740

Brown Cases, 968–970

Bundy, McGeorge, 989

Brands, national, 651

Brown University, 143

Bunker Hill, battle at, 198, 199

Brannan, Charles, 930

Brown v. Board of Education of

Bunning, Jim, 1073

Brannan Plan, 930

Topeka, 968

Buntline, Ned. See Judson, E. Z. C.

Brant, Joseph (Mohawks), 221, 235

Bry, Theodore de, 43

Burchard, Samuel, 640

I-10

Index

Bureaucracy

overseas, 744–745, 815–816

Tariff of 1828 and, 396

civil service reform and, 593–594

politics of, 811–816

Van Buren and, 389, 398

in Cold War, 907, 911, 929, 930

progressivism and, 707, 732–733

California

for western water projects, 950

rise of big, 646–647

acquisition of, 481–482

Bureau of Immigration and

vertical integration and, 647–648

anti-Asian sentiment in, 763

Naturalization, 687, 717

women in, 1045, 1046

antiwar sentiment, 452–453

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 628,

Business cycle

“bear-flag revolt” in, 451

870, 973

corporations and, 647, 672

Chinese immigrants in, 613–614

Bureau of Reclamation, 856, 949

immigration and, 685

election of 1848 and, 455–458

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and

Business Roundtable, 1029

gay marriage in, 1099

Abandoned Lands. See

Busing, for school integration,

high-tech industries in, 1060

Freedmen’s Bureau

1009, 1010

immigration in, 1062, 1063

Burger, Warren, 1010, 1034

Bute, Earl of (John Stuart), 169

irrigation projects in, 856

Burger Court, 1010–1011, 1019

Butler, Andrew, 480

Japanese Americans in, 901

Burgesses, 59–60, 62, 102, 129,

Butler, Benjamin, 542, 565

Mexican-American lands in, 620

145, 174

Butte, Montana, mining in, 616

Mexicans in, 620, 683

Burgoyne, John, 201, 210–212

Byllinge, Edward, 81

Mexican War in, 449–452

Burial ground, 327

Byrd, William I, 65

New Mexico and, 443–444

Burke, Edmund, 176, 197

Byrd, William II, 130–131

open housing in, 971, 985, 998

Burke, Thomas, 219

Byrds, The, 996

population growth in, 1059,

Burleson, Albert, 739, 787

1061 (map)

Burnham, Daniel, 681

C

radical third party in, 859–860

Burns, Anthony, 463, 465

Reagan as governor of, 1030

Burns, Kit, 357

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 33,

slavery and, 460, 461

Burnside, Ambrose E., 530, 545

34 (map)

Spanish in, 212

(map), 547, 548, 558

Cabinet (presidential)

statehood for, 456–458

Burr, Aaron, 261

of Buchanan, 485

trade and, 444

Burton, Mary, 150

of Bush, 1095

water projects in, 857 (map)

Bush, George H. W., 1035

of Clinton, 1083

California Gold Rush, 456–458

as CIA director, 1029

of Grant, 593–594

California House, attack on, 369

Cold War end and, 1036,

of Jackson, 392, 398

California Trail,444–445

1042–1043

of Johnson, 985

Californios, 833

economy and, 1035–1036

of Lincoln, 513, 543, 547

Calley, William, 1014

election of 1980 and, 1030–1031

of Monroe, 386

Calvert family (Lords Baltimore), 61,

election of 1992 and, 1042–1043

of Obama, 1112

83, 111

foreign policy of, 1032–1033

of Reagan, 1011

Catholic government and, 108

Iran-contra and, 1040

of Roosevelt, F. D., 869, 880

Cecilius, 60

Persian Gulf War and, 1042–1043

of Taft, 733

Frederick, 60

presidency of, 1040

of Truman, 913

George, 60

Bush, George W., 1073

of Washington, 248

Calvin, John, 43

conservatism of, 1095–1097

of Wilson, 738, 739

Calvinism, 43, 47, 351

economy and, 110

women in, 864

of Church of England, 345

election of 2000 and, 1093–1095

Cable television. See also Television

Dutch and, 43, 47

foreign policy of, 1107

MTV and, 1078

Puritans and, 345

immigration policy and, 1098

public affairs broadcasting on,

Cambodia, 1013–1014, 1026, 1037

presidency of, 1085

1045, 1080

immigrants from, 1062

Bush Doctrine, 1103

Cabot, John (Giovanni Cabato),

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 126, 134

Bush v. Gore, 1095

751, 790

Cambridge Platform, 70, 72

Bushwhackers, in Civil War, 515

Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 13

Camden, battle at, 226–227

Business. See also Big business

Cahokia, 2, 28

Cameron, Lucy, 710

African American, 634, 694, 725

Cajuns, 158

“Campaign of Truth” (Truman), 920

changes in, 1067–1070, 1069,

Calendar, Olmec, 21

Campaigns (military). See specific

1078

Calhoun, Floride Bonneau, 398

wars and battles

consolidation of, 646–649

Calhoun, John C., 395–397, 398,

Campaigns (political). See Political

finance and, 893–894

455

campaigns

in First World War, 779, 785,

Compromise of 1850, 458–466

Campbell, Alexander, 356

787, 799

Compromise of Tariff of 1850,

Campbell, John, 134, 160

foreign markets for, 288, 744

458–469

Camp David Peace Talks (1978),

FTC and, 739

Eatons and, 397–398

1026–1027

leaders in, 806–807

on southern patriarchy, 363

Camp meetings

legal protection of, 380, 663

southern-rights position of,

in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 361

in 1920s, 806–807

455–456, 471

revivalism and, 140, 349

Nixon and, 1012

Tariff of 1816 and, 377

Campus Crusade for Christ, 958

Index

I-11

Canada. See also French Canada;

Cardozo, Francis L., 596

Carteret, John. See Granville, Earl of

New France; specific regions

Caribbean Basin Initiative, 1036

Cartier, Jacques, 44

American invasion of, 277–278

Caribbean region

Cartoons, 621. See also Political

black flight to, 463

as American sea, 745, 746, 756

cartoons in Second World War,

border, 207, 282

blacks from, 798

Cartwright, Peter, 302, 363

British in, 162 (map)

colonial wars in, 149 (map)

Casablanca meeting (1943), 884

English conquest of, 162

dollar diplomacy in, 764

Casey, William, CIA under, 1036

Iroquois in, 221

French in, 47, 230, 253

“Cash-and-carry” provision, in

loyalists in, 220

slaves in, 49, 85, 324, 431

Neutrality Act (1935), 878

in NAFTA, 1043, 1101

Spain and, 16–17

Cash crops. See also specific crops

in NATO, 915, 916 (map)

U.S. military in, 259

beef and dairy as, 300, 329

population of, 46

Wilson’s foreign policy in,

cotton as, 233, 329, 318, 633

religion in, 45

764–765

in Northwest, 301

Treaty of Washington and, 594

Carib Indians, 15

and slavery, in South, 63, 319,

in War of 1758–1760, 162 (map),

Carillon, Fort. See Ticonderoga, Fort

491 (map)

163–163

Carleton, Guy, 206

wheat as, 131

Canals, 760–762. See also Panama

Carlisle, Earl of (Frederick Howard),

Cashier, Albert. See Hodgers, Jennie

Canal Andean,

211

Cash indemnity, to Japanese

in 1825–1860, 297 (map)

Carlisle School, 629

Americans, 901

irrigation, 19, 28, 949

Carmichael, Stokely, 1000–1001

Casimir, Fort, 51

trans-Isthmian, 764

Carnegie, Andrew, 648

Cass, Lewis, 455

Canal Zone. See Panama Canal Zone

as anti-imperialist, 648, 752

Caste structure, of Chesapeake

Canary Islands, 14

“Gospel of Wealth” of, 648

colonies, 64–65

Cancer

philanthropy of, 648

Castile, 14

environmental agents and, 1009

steel industry and, 648

Castle William, 180, 183

nuclear testing and, 943

Carnegie foundations, 672

Castro, Fidel,

treatment, 1066

Carnegie Hall, 672

Bay of Pigs and, 963

Cane Ridge, Kentucky, camp meeting

Carnegie Institute (Carnegie-Mellon

Cuban Americans and, 1052

in, 361

Univertity), 672

Cuban Revolution by, 963

Cannibalism, Christian reactions

Carnegie Steel Company, 644, 647,

Casualties. See specific battles and

to, 30

663

wars

Cannibals All (Fitzhugh), 490

Homestead strike and, 663

Catalogues, mail-order, 651, 668

Cape Breton Island, 147, 151, 162

Carolina. See also North Carolina;

Catawba Indians, 97, 221, 235

Cape Fear region, 129, 573

South Carolina

Catholicism. See also Parochial

Cape Horn, 52, 150

charter for, 74

schools

Cape of Good Hope, 13

government of, 74

abortion and, 1029

Capes, Battle of the, 230

regulator movements in, 75,

Atlantic slave trade and, 12, 476

Cape Verde islands, 12

189–190

in England, 51–52

Capital (financial)

slaves in, 75

environmental movements and,

in 1850s, 487, 489

in 1850s, 509 (map)

1082

labor and, 793–795

Caroline Islands, 892 (map)

ethnicity and, 419–420

for New South industrialization,

Carpenter, Francis, 547

of immigrants, 476, 683

630–637

Carpetbaggers, 589, 596–597

in Ireland, 93

for railroads, 613

Carranza, Venustiano, 765–766

of James II, 107

southern investment of, 314

Carroll, Charles, 331

Jesuits and, 33, 45

Capital city

Cars. See Automobiles and

of Kennedy, John F., 960

function of, 258

automobile industry

Klan and, 821

Washington, D.C., as, 1005

Carson, Rachel, 1009

in Maryland, 62

Capitalism. See also Market economy

Cartels (business), 647

McCarthy, Joseph, and, 925

black, 1009

Carter, James Earl (“Jimmy”),

presidency and, 827

IWW and, 712

1023–1024

Quebec Act and, 193–193

in North, 505

Camp David Peace Talks (1978),

schools and, 420, 477, 826

peoples, 803

1026–1027

secular liberalism and, 476

Roosevelt, F. D., and, 847

election of 1976, 1023

Catholic Worker magazine, 959

spirit of, 284

Camp David Accords and, 1028–1028

Cato’s Letters (Trenchard and

welfare, 807, 1025

economy and, 1027

Gordon), 113–114, 135

Capone, Al, 692

election of 1980 and, 1028

Catt, Carrie Chapman, 720, 774

Capra, Frank, 867, 897

foreign policy of, 1026–1027

Cattle, 617–618

CAPs. See Community Action

human rights and, 1927

Cattle drives, 617–618

Programs

presidency of, 1027

Caucus. See Congressional caucus

Caracas. See Venezuela

Carter, Robert, emancipation of

Cavaliers, 73, 94

Caravan trade, 9

slaves by, 317

Cavalry, in Civil War, 520, 521, 522,

Caravel, 10

Carteret, George, 76, 80

533–534

I-12

Index

Cavelier, René-Robert. See La Salle,

Chain businesses, 1068

“Cheap oil” policy, 1012, 1032

sieur de 117

“Challenge of Peace, The” (Conference

Checkley, John, 135

CBC. See Congressional Black

of Catholic Bishops), 1083

Chemical warfare, in Vietnam, 990

Caucus

Challenger shuttle, 1060

Cheney, Richard (“Dick”),

CBS television. See also Television

Chamber of Deputies

1093–1095

CCC. See Civilian Conservation Corps

(Massachusetts), 72

Cheng Ho (China), 7

CDO. See Collateralized debt

Champlain, Samuel de, 44–45, 922

Cherokee Indians

obligation

Chancellorsville, Battle of, 554–555

removal of, 394

CDs, 1078

Chaney, James, 983

in Revolutionary War,

Cedar Creek, battle of, 571

“Changing system” (accounting), in

Spanish intervention, 165

Celebrities, in 1920s, 805–806

South and West, 286

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 394

Céloron de Blainville, Pierre-Joseph,

Channel surfing, 1076

Cherokee War (1759), 165

152

Chaplin, Charles, 699, 805

Chesapeake (ship), 272

Censorship, 956

Chapman, John, as Johnny

Chesapeake affair, 272

in comic books, 954, 956

Appleseed, 303

Chesapeake region, 315–316. See

Jacksonian Democracy and, 399

Chapultepec, battle of, 452

also Maryland; Virginia

Johnson and, 992

Charbonneau, Toussaint, 269

caste structure in, 64–65

in Second World War, 898

Charity, 137, 418. See also

charters in, 58–59

Census

Philanthropy

colonies in, 55–65

of 1870, 658

Panic of 1857 and, 492

economy in, 58–59

Hispanic label in, 1051

Charles I (England), 61, 67, 73, 74

emancipation in, 316–317

of 1790, 235

civil war and, 73

family life in, 62–63

subcategories on, 1053

Puritans and, 66

farming in, 315–316

Central America. See also specific

Charles II (England), 73, 96,

government in, 59, 60

countries and regions 17

104, 106

Indian war in, 57, 59

filibustering in, 468–469

charters issued by, 81, 92, 96, 106

Jamestown, 56–57

leftist insurgencies in, 1027

James II and, 73

labor, race and gender in, 316

navy and, 746

Charles III (Spain), 211, 213

servants, 59–60

Nicaragua and, 468, 816

Charleston, 224–225, 289, 334, 337

slavery in, 63–65

Panama Canal in, 758, 760–762

Civil War and, 504, 561

tobacco, 59–60

slaves and, 508

Democratic convention in, 504

Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 560–561

United Fruit in, 764

Fort Sumter and, 501, 511–513

Cheves, Langdon, 325, 382

U.S. military in, 816

in Revolution, 201, 224–225

Cheyenne Indians, 625–627

Central High School, Little Rock,

slaves in, 128, 130, 190

Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jieshi

integration of, 972

Charlestown, 67, 194, 198

Chicago

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),

Charter(s)

African Americans in, 827, 831,

1036. See also Covert operations

for Bank of the United States, 251

971 (map)

Bay of Pigs Invasion and, 963–964

for banks, 375, 376, 378, 379, 416

Columbian Exposition in,

Bush, George H. W., and, 1035,

for Carolina, 73

680–681

1042

for Connecticut, 96

convention in, 1005–1006

covert operations, 1036

as contracts, 217, 379

Democratic presidential voting by

Hukbalahap (Huk) movement, 919

for Georgia, 125, 137

ethnic groups in, 827

Noriega and, 1042

for Maryland, 60

Harrison, Carter, in, 714

Third World communism and,

for Massachusetts, 67, 106, 193

Haymarket bombing in, 661–662

945–947

for Massachusetts Bay, 67

Hull House in, 708

Centralization, of schools, 419

for New Haven, 96

meatpacking industry in, 693

Centralized banking system, 524. See

for New York, 77 (map)

Mexican American mural art in,

also Banking

for Pennsylvania, 83

1052

National Banking Act and, 524

for Restoration Colonies, 73, 74,

Operation PUSH in, 1048

Central Pacific Railroad, 613

75, 77 (map)

organized crime in, 692

Central Park (New York City), 678,

for Rhode Island, 96

population growth in, 819 (map)

679, 862

to Virginia Company, 75, 58 (map)

Pullman strike in, 664–665

Central Powers, 770 (map), 772,

Charter of Liberties, in New York,

riots in, 769, 1006

773, 775, 776. See also Triple

78

railroads, 665

Alliance

Chase, Salmon P., 456, 547

Republican convention in, 734

Central Valley Project, 856

Chase, Samuel, 265–266

saloons in, 708

Century (magazine), 654

Chase, William Merrit, 654

typhoid epidemic in, 680

Century of Dishonor, A (Jackson),

Chase Manhattan, 1071

water and sewage systems in, 677

627

Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt, William

Chicago Daily Tribune election and,

Cereal crops, 16, 38. See also Grain

Chattanooga Battle of, 558–560

913

CETA. See Comprehensive

Chauncy, Charles, 142

Chicago Fire (1871), 680

Employment and Training Act

Chavez, Cesar, 1051

Chicago School, 680

Chaco Canyon, 17, 16 (map), 28

Chavin culture, 19–20

Chicanismo, 1051–1052

Index

I-13

Chicano/a, 859, 870, 1051. See also

Chinatown, San Francisco, 613–614

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency

Mexican Americans

Chinese Americans

Cigarettes, 649–650. See also

Chichén Itzá, 23, 24 (map)

immigration, 685–687

Tobacco and tobacco industry

Chickamauga, Battle of, 558 560

tongs and, 692

Duke and,

Chickamauga Indians, 221, 558–560

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 614

Cincinnati, 238, 292, 296, 297, 311,

Chickasaw Indians, 117, 147, 148

Chinese laborers

369, 382, 696

(map), 393, 517, 625

Homestead Act and, 611–612

CIO. See Committee for Industrial

Chief Joseph (Nez Percé), 626 (map),

prejudice and discrimination

Organization; Congress of

627

against, 614

Industrial Organizations

Chief Justice. See Supreme Court

railroads and, 613–614

Circuit courts of appeal, 248

(U.S.); specific individuals

Chinese Revolution (1911), 764

Circuit-riding preachers, 350

Chihuahua, Mexican War and, 450,

Chisholm Trail, 617

Circular Letter, in colonies, 179, 180

452 (map)

Chivington, John, 626 (map), 627

Circumference of earth, 15

Child, Lydia Maria, 347, 431,

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 1102

Cisneros, Henry, 1051

436, 653

Choctaw Indians, 117, 147, 148

Cities, 676–682. See also Metropolitan

Childbearing, 62, 346

(map), 176, 279

areas; Town(s); Urban areas;

Child care, 900, 965–966

Choice, Not an Echo, A (Schlafly),

specific cities and towns

Child labor

967

African Americans in, 682 692–694

abolition of, 660

Cholera, in California gold rush, 457

air pollution in, 1009

federal outlawing of, 740, 854

Christian entertainment, 1084

artisans in, 680

Kelley, Florence, and, 708

Christian History, The, 142

Aztec, 25

restrictions on, 708, 721

Christianity. See also Conversion;

commercial culture in, 695–697

in sweatshops, 687

Evangelicals and evangelicalism;

corruption in, 678, 680, 690–692

Children, 325. See also Schools

Missions and missionaries;

cultural institutions in, 702

African American, 976

Religion; specific groups

elites in, 678, 679, 699, 702

Asian, 763

African American, 333–334

farm culture vs., 818

health insurance for, 1089

Crusades and, 8–9

growth of, 676–682

immigrant, 419, 826

Europe vs. Islam and, 7–8

immigrants in, 682–688

Indian, 628, 629

fundamentalism in, 824

industrialization and, 310–311

Japanese, 685

Indians and, 29

landscaping of, 678, 679

Jewisih, 881

popular culture and, 360

Market Revolution in, 338–341

mothers and, 346

Puritan theology and, 66–67

Mayan, 22

in poverty, 520, 1008

“savages” and, 93

metropolitan, 311–313,

schools and, 370

vs. science, 677, 824–825

1063–1065

Spock and, 965–966

slavery and, 129, 233, 333

municipal reform and, 714–715

as workers, 687

Christina, Fort, 51

in North, 490, 492

Children’s Bureau, 864

Christmas bombing, of Vietnam

racism in, 369, 434, 682

“Children’s crusade,” of McCarthy,

(1972), 1014

residential areas and, 675, 677, 693

Eugene, 1004

Chu, Steven, 1112

seaports and, 289–292

Chile, 431

Church(es). See also Church and

segregation of blacks in, 693

covert actions in, 1016

state; Religion; specific religions

socialist mayors and other officers

Second World War and, 906

and churches

in, 711

China

black, 334, 369433, 596

urban cores in, 974–975

civil war in, 888

established, 348–349

walking, 677

communism in, 915

immigrant, 826, 1051

water and sewage systems in, 677

expansion and, 6–7

Church, Frank, 1016

wheat trade and, 294, 320, 669

immigrants from, 457

Church and state, separation of, 70,

working class in, 695–697

inventions from, 39

364, 1029, 1984

Citigroup, 1070

Japan and,879, 888

Churchill, Winston, 882, 884–885,

Citizens and citizenship, 370–372

Korean War and, 917–918

892

Asian immigrants and, 686

markets in, 756

Atlantic Charter and, 882

blacks and, 369, 370–372

Nixon and, 1013

at Casablanca, 884–885

Chinese laborers and, 686

Open Door policy toward,

“Iron Curtain” and, 904

education for, 826

756–757

postwar spheres of influence and,

Filipino Americans and, 752

restoring order in (1900), 757

904

Fourteenth Amendment and, 587

in Second World War, 888

Church of England, 43, 51–52, 65.

freedpeople and, 497, 561

sexual slavery of women from, 624

See also Anglicans;

immigrants and, 717, 826, 1053

U.S. policy, 888

Episcopalians

Indians and, 628

U.S. trade with, 1027, 1101

as Protestant Episcopal Church, 232

in Puerto Rico, 755

Vietnam and, 991

Separatists and, 52

requirements for, 717

“China lobby,” 915

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

slaves of five civilized tribes and, 394

Chinampas, Aztec, 25

Saints. See Mormons

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and,

China Syndrome, The (movie), 1025

Churubusco, battle of, 452

454–455

I-14

Index

City Beautiful movement, 681

Freedom Summer and,

weapons and tactics in, 521–522

City commission plan, 714

983–994

West Virginia, 515–516

City manager plan, 714

gender equality and, 699, 1045

women and, 553

Civic organizations, of black middle

local to global politics, 970–972

Civil Works Administration (CWA),

class, 634

Malcolm X and, 998–1000

849, 850

Civil disobedience

media and, 996

Clamshell Alliance, 1044

King and, 970

Montgomery bus boycott and, 970

Clan Na Gael, 689

against Lawrence Livermore

in 1960s, 996–1001

Clark, Champ, 736

National Laboratory, 1044

Till murder and, 969–970

Clark, George Rogers, 268–270

Civilian(s), in Second World War,

Truman and, 903–932

Clark, Tom, 922

881, 990

Civil-rights workers, deaths of, 983

Clark, William, 268

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC),

Civil service

Clarke, Edward H., 657

849, 850

Jackson and, 391–392

Class conflict

job creation programs,

reform of, 593–594, 639–640

advocates of, 550

abolishment of, 893

in Wisconsin, 721

Civil War and, 550–552

Civilized Tribes, 393–394

women in, 553

Panic of 1857 and, 492

Civil libertarians

Civil service commission, of Grant,

Classes, 653–654. See also Caste

on Japanese-American internment,

593–594

structure; Elites; Gentry; Planters

901

Civil war(s)

and plantations; specific classes

Reagan and, 1034

in England, 73, 915

demarcation of, 989 (map)

Truman and, 911, 920, 924

in Greece, 909

distinctions in late 19th century,

Civil liberties. See also Civil rights;

among Indians, 32–33

361, 366

Liberty(ies); Civil rights. See

Metacom’s War as, 98–101

manual and nonmanual labor

also Civil-rights movement;

in Spain, 878

and, 312

Liberty(ies); Rights

Civil War (U.S.), 502–538. See also

Classic cultures, in Mesoamerica,

controversies over (1960s and

Confederacy; North (Civil War);

21–24

1970s), 1010–1011

Reconstruction

Clay, Cassius Marcellus, Jr. See Ali,

for American Indians, 1050

border states in, 514–515, 542

Muhammad

failure of accommodationism and,

campaigns and battles (1861–

Clay, Henry, 298

725

1862, 516 (map), 528–534, 535

alcohol and, 424

Fourteenth Amendment and, 587

(map), 536 (map)

American Colonization Society

Goldwater and, 979

casualties in, 575

and, 430

NAACP and, 717, 725–728

choosing sides in, 513–517

American System of, 298

politics of, 238, 248, 924

class conflict and, 550

Corrupt Bargain and, 385–386

religion and, 824

comparative strength of Union and

election of 1811–1812 and, 274

Roberts Court on, 1099

524, 529

election of 1824 and, 386 (map)

Roosevelt, Eleanor, and, 869, 902

Confederate armies, 534–537

election of 1828 and, 390 (map)

for Spanish-speaking people,

compromise proposals before, 486,

election of 1832 and, 404 (map)

973–974

508–510

election of 1840 and, 409

Truman and, 920

diplomacy in, 524–526

Jackson appointee and, 385

Civil Rights Act

draft and, 550–551

Clayton Antitrust Act, 739

of 1875, 578

economy in, 549–550

Clean Air Act (1970), 1010

of 1957, 971–972

emancipation and, 542–544,

“Clear and present danger”, national

of 1964, 983, 985, 1047

546–547

security and, 924

of 1968, 1001, 1050

films on, 518, 519, 598–599

Cleaver, Eldridge, 1001

Civil rights bills

financing of, 523–524

Clemenceau, Georges, in Big Four,

in congressional Reconstruction,

Fort Sumter attack and, 511–513

788

587

Indians in, 516–517

Clergy, 47, 72, 126, 132, 142, 183

of Kennedy, John F., 976

Lee’s surrender at Appomattox in,

colonial support for, 89

Civil Rights Cases (1883), 604

573–575

Quaker, 79

Civil rights commission (1948), 931

logistics of, 522–523

the Revolution and, 232

Civil-rights movement(s), 930–932

mobilization for, 520–521

Clermont (steamboat), 295

African Americans and, 996–1001

naval operations in, 524–528, 530

Cleveland (city), Johnson, Tom, in,

of Spanish-speaking people,

peace overtures, 566–568

714

973–974

principal military campaigns of,

Cleveland, Grover

Civil-rights movement (African

516 (map)

as anti-imperialist, 752

American), 725–728. See also

prisoner-exchange controversy,

election of 1884 and, 638

Civil rights; specific leaders

568–570

election of 1892 and, 638

beginning of, 725

secession and, 509 (map), 514

Hawaii and, 746

Brown Cases and, 968–970

slavery and, 514

Pullman strike and, 664–665

demonstrations in, 994

strategy and morale in, 519–520

tariff issue and, 640

electoral politics and, 638–639

Trent affair, 526

Treaty of Paris debate, 752

expansion of, 968–977

war of attrition in, 563

Cleveland Indians, 932

Index

I-15

Cliff-dwelling people, in

Berlin Blockade and, 912–913

independence of Spanish, 37, 49

Southwest, 28

business expansion during, 928

newspapers in, 126

Clifford, Clark, 1004

deploying military power, 1037

orthodox, 72, 92

Climate

deportation of immigrants in, 922

political culture in, 143–146

cooling of, 5, 7

economic growth and, 927–928

population of British, 126

of Great Plains, 622

Eisenhower and, 937–939

religion and education in, 89

of Kansas, 472

election of 1952 and, 937–939

Restoration, 73–78

warming of, 3–4, 17

election of 1992 and, 1043––1044

Roanoke, 53, 54 (map), 55

Clinton, DeWitt, 295

end of, 1036–1044, 1040–1041

unifying trends in, 91

Clinton, George, 253

funding of anticommunist regimes

U.S. Latin American, 760 (map)

Clinton, Henry, in Revolution, 208

in, 1040

voters in, 71

Clinton, Hillary Rodham

Korean War and, 916 (map)

Colorado, 509 (map), 517

healthcare and, 1087

military expenditures in, 928, 1036

woman suffrage in, 718

as Secretary of State, 1112

movies in, 935–937, 1038–1039

Colored Farmers’ Alliance, 668

Clinton, William Jefferson (“Bill”),

national security after, 907–914,

Color line, in baseball, 932–933

1086–1100

926–927

Colt, Samuel, 487, 488

economic policy and, 1108

Nixon and, 922, 937, 939

Columbian exchange, 40

election of 1992 and, 1042–1043

NSC-68 and, 915–919

Columbian Exposition (Chicago,

election of 1996 and, 1089

onset of, 908–909

1893), 680–681

foreign policy of, 1100–1101

post-Cold War, 1042–1043

Columbia River, 268–269

globalization and, 1101

Reagan and, 922

Columbia University, 136, 787, 836,

Gore and, 1087, 1093

segregation in, 913, 931–932

938

impeachment of, 1091

spying in, 911, 919, 924

Columbus, Christopher, 14–16

international environmental issues

Truman Doctrine and, 909–911

first voyage of, 14–16 (map)

and, 1101–1102

U.S. racial discrimination and, 931

Indians and, 15

Republican confirmation of

Cole (ship), 1102

Comedy, in films, 698

appointees, 1099

Colfax Massacre, 597

Comics, juvenile delinquency and, 954

stem cell research and, 1099

Collateralized debt obligation

Commerce, 22, 27. See also Business;

trade agreements and, 1101

(CDO), 1071

Corporations; Trade

“Closed shops,” 921

Collective bargaining, 661, 866, 895,

vs. King Cotton, 76

Clothing and clothing industry

1051

law and, 379–380

factory-made, 301, 312, 330

IWW and, 712

mercantilism and, 92–93

of flappers, 804

College of New Jersey. See Princeton

on Potomac River, 377

Jews in, 687

University

after the Revolutionary War, 238

“New Woman” and, 312

College of Philadelphia. See

in seaport cities, 289–292

Clovis tip, 4

University of Pennsylvania

urban world of, 239

Clubwomen, 711

College of Rhode Island. See Brown

Commerce and Navigation, Treaty of

CNN, 1076, 1079–1080

University

(U.S.-Japan), 882

Coal and coal industry, 487, 644,

Collier, John, 871

Commerce raiders, 526, 594

649, 838, 1025

Colombia, Panama Canal and,

Commercial banks, S & L debacle

canals and, 296

760–762

and, 1033

industrial accidents in, 658, 866

Colonial economy, of South, 179,

Commercial conventions, in South,

in 19th century, 328

488

489

strike in, 730

Colonies and colonization. See also

Commercial culture, 695–697

Coalition force, in Gulf War, 1042

American Indians; Taxation;

Commission on Civil Rights, 931

Cobb, Howell, 459

specific regions and colonies

Commission on Human Rights (UN),

Coca-Cola, 874, 894

Anglicization of, 124–128,

904

Code-breaking, in Second World

134–138

Committee against Anti-Asian

War, 884

Continental Congress and, 167,

Violence, 1053

Cody, Buffalo Bill, 629–630

194–195, 196–197, 199–201

Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774),

costs of governing, 733

(SANE), 967

193–194

demographic differences in, 87–88

Committee for Industrial Organiza-

Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, mining strike

Dutch, 47

tion (CIO), 866. See also Con-

at, 616

economies of, 488–489

gress of Industrial Organizations

Coffeehouses, 105

during English civil wars, 69 (map)

Committee of Public Safety, 196

“Coffin handbill,” 389

feudal revival in, 186–189

Committee on Public Information

Coffy (movie), 1049

after First World War, 788

(CPI), 782

Cohen, Ben, 864

Glorious Revolution in, 107–114

in First World War, 782

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 45–46

government in, 83, 91, 122, 196,

Committee on Racial Equality

Cold Harbor, Battle of, 564

213

(CORE), 975–976. See also

Cold War. See also Communism;

governors in, 144

Congress on Racial Equality

Containment; National Security;

households in, 117–118, 303–305

Committee on the Present Danger,

Soviet Union

housing in, 79

The (CPD), 1029

I-16

Index

Committees of correspondence, 185

from foreign business, 665, 734,

Conformity, 953–954

Committee to Defend America by

742

Congo, Lumumba in, 946

Aiding the Allies, 881

railroads and, 666

Congregationalists and

Commodities Futures Modernization

Comprehensive Employment and

Congregationalism,

Act (2000), 1108

Training Act (CETA, ), 1025

Great Awakening and, 136

Commodity Credit Corporation

Compromise of 1787, 238

as lawyers, 136

(1930s), 669

Compromise of 1850, 458–466

as New and Old Lights, 142

Commons, John R., 721

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,

in New England, 143

Common schools, 418. See also

461–462

revivalism and, 140

Public schools

Compromise of 1877, 606

Congress (U.S.). See also Confederate

Common Sense (Paine), 202

Compromise proposals, before Civil

Congress; Continental Congress;

Commonwealth, in England, 73, 74

War, 486, 508–510

Elections

Commonwealth Builders

Compromise Tariff (1833), 396,

Blueprint for modern America,

(Washington), 859

397, 405

553–554

Communal drinking, 423

Computers. See also Digital

ex-Confederates in, 583

Communications

technology; High-tech

First, 248

in Civil War, 522

industries; Internet

gag rule in, 398–400

digital technology for, 1065–1066

business operations and, 1067

Iran-contra affair and, 1037–1049

government control of, 955, 1055,

personal computer and, 1067–1068

Johnson, Andrew, and, 578, 581,

1079

Comstock Law (1872), 657

586–589

revolution in, 1065–1066

Comstock Lode, 615, 616

lame-duck, 261

in Second World War,

Concentration camps

Lecompton constitution and,

technologies for, 1065–1066

of Cubans, 747, 748

485–486

Communism, 859–860. See also

of Filipinos, 753

locally-based activism and, 1044,

Anticommunism; Cold War;

Nazi, 881

1051

Containment; Soviet Union

Spanish, 748

national debt and, 249

Castro and, 1033

Conciliatory Proposition (Lord

Nixon impeachment and, 1020

containment policy, 921–923, 937

North), 197, 200, 241

political stalemate and, 637–640

domino theory and, 946, 990

Concord, battle at, 200 (map)

racial issues and, 902–903

Eisenhower Doctrine and,

Coney Island, 695

Southern Manifesto in, 969

945–946

Coney Island (film), 698–699

Taft, William Howard, and, 734

Great Fear and, 923–925

Confederacy (Civil War). See also

Truman and, 909, 925

Korean War and, 917–918

Civil War (U.S.)

War Hawks in, 274–275

McCarthyism and, 925

advantages/disadvantages of,

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC),

movie industry and, 921–922

545 (map)

1048

Nazis and, 881, 901–902, 945

anti-Davis faction in, 563

Congressional caucus, Republican,

in Nicaragua, 1027, 1036–1037

blacks as soldiers in, 569

383–384

overseas movements and, 919

blockade of, 573

Congressional Reconstruction,

in Third World, 945–947

casualties of, 575

586–589

in Vietnam, 990

counteroffensives of, 534–537

Congressional Union, 720

Communist Control Act (1954), 941

decline of, 554–560

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Communist Party (CP). See American

draft in, 550–551

(CIO), 866

Communist Party; Communism

establishment of, 510–511

Congress on Racial Equality

Communities

financing of war by, 523

(CORE), 902–903

African American, 692–694

inflation in, 228

Connecticut

borderlands, 615–615

King Cotton diplomacy of, 489–499

charter for, 96

ethnic, 688–692, 825–834

peace overtures and, 566–568

government of, 96

Spanish-speaking, 973–974

population of, 218

in New England Confederation, 92

Communities Organized for Public

slavery as war issue and, 238

Connecticut Compromise, 241

Service (COPS), 1051

treaties of alliance with five

Conover, Willis, 943

Community Action Programs

civilized tribes, 625

Conqueror, The (movie), 943

(CAPs), 986

Confederate Congress, 515, 563

Conquest, patterns of, 39–40

Community Reinvestment Act

draft age, 550

Conquistadores, 31, 33–34

(1977), 1065

financing for Civil War and, 523

Conscience of a Conservative, The

Community Service Organization

recruitment of black soldiers, 570

(Goldwater), 956

(CSO), 930

Confederate States of America.

Conscience Whigs, 456

“Commutation fee,” in Civil War, 551

See Confederacy (Civil War),

Consciousness-raising sessions, for

Compensated emancipation, 542

534–537

women, 1045

Competence, 285, 289

Confederation. See Articles of

Conscription. See Draft (military)

material standards and, 678

Confederation

Conservation, 893, 1101

Competition

Conference of Catholic Bishops,

of energy, 1025

athletic, 654

1028, 1083

of land, 851, 852

corporate restraints on, 739

Confiscation acts, 542

movement, 641, 732

Index

I-17

Conservation Reserve Program, 1101

Italians in, 690

Quakers, 72

Conservatives and conservatism. See

lending for, 1063

revivals and, 139

also Bush, George W.,; New

Mexicans in, 833

Cooke, Jay, 601, 646–647

Right; Religious Right

private firms, 930, 949

Coolidge, Calvin, 814

economy and, 853, 927, 964–965

In railroads, 593, 613

on business, 814

ERA and, 1011

safety of workers in, 678

election of 1924 and, 814

feminism and, 1011

technological advances in, 677

maldistribution of wealth and,

gay marriage and, 1047

Consumer credit, 803

814, 841–842

Goldwater and, 979

Consumer culture, 651–652

Cool Million, A (West), 844

immigrants and, 872

in 1800s, 651–652

Cooperative commonwealth, 660

new conservatism, 956–958

in 1920s, 802–803

Cooperative movement, 996

new sexuality and, 699, 700

urban vs. rural, 974–975

Cooperatives

Reagan and, 1034–1035

Consumer goods, 651

farm, 666

religious, 364–365, 827,

Consumer movement, 1011

worker, 661

1047–1048

Consumption

Cooper v. Aaron, 972

support for Franco, 878

conspicuous, 651

Coordinator of Inter-American

on Supreme Court, 1034

culture of, 657, 842, 1030

affairs, 903

in Washington, 1095–1097

Container shipping, 1068

Coors, Joseph, 1028

Consolidation

Containment, 921–923

Copley, John Singleton, 80

in banking industry, 648, 1033

Communism, 921–923, 937

Copper, mining of, 616

of corporations, 647–649

Third World and, 945–947

Copperheads, 543, 548–549

Conspicuous consumption, 652

Continental Army, 199, 201, 206,

COPS. See Communities Organized

Constantinople, 7, 8 (map), 11

209–210. See also Revolution-

for Public Service

(map), 770 (map), 789 (map)

ary War; specific battles

Coral Sea, Battle of the, 888

Constitution(s), 112–114, 144–145.

mutiny in, 228–229

Corcoran, Thomas (“Tommy the

See also Fundamental

strength of, 199, 206, 209–210

Cork”), 864

Constitutions of Carolina

threat of coup by, 239

CORE. See Congress on Racial

of “country” forces, 144–145

Continental Congress

Equality

of “court” forces, 146–147

Articles of Confederation and,

Corinth, Civil War in, 531 (map),

disfranchising southern blacks,

205, 218–219, 228, 229, 240,

532

931

241–242

Corn, 300, 817, 1066. See also Maize

in Kansas Territory, 479

First, 194, 196–197

(Indian corn)

Lecompton, 485–486

Second, 199–201

in Virginia, 59, 294

Massachusetts, 217–218

Continental dollar, collapse of, 223

Corning Glass Company, 948

in Pennsylvania, 216–217

Contraband of war (contrabands),

Cornplanter (Shawnees), 221

of Virginia, 215–216

slaves as, 541, 542

Cornwallis, Charles (Earl), 221

Constitution (U.S.). See also specific

Contraception. See Birth control

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 2

amendments

Contracts

Corporate charters, for banks, 379,

Bill of Rights and, 248

bracero program and, 895

415, 417

fugitive slave clause of, 461

with craft unions, 663

Corporate culture, 951, 953

government structure under, 926

defense, 920

Corporate forms of government,

ratification of, 242–243

free-labor, 494

colonial, 91

Constitutional Convention. See

government, 186, 593, 894, 937

Corporate order, social costs of, 654

Philadelphia Convention

Justice Department and, 894

Corporations. See also Business;

Constitutional conventions, in South,

yellow dog, 808

Trusts; specific organizations

588, 590

Contract with America, 1087

consolidation of, 647–649

Constitutional governance,

Contras (Nicaragua), 1036–1037

“countervailing power” and, 952

Watergate and, 1018–1019

Iran-contra controversy and,

cultural impact of, 650–654,

Constitutionalism

1037–1040

653–654

English, 85

Contreras, battle of, 452

in First World War, 778–779

Massachusetts, 217–218

Conventions, 215. See also Political

government regulation and, 733,

Pennsylvania, 216–217

conventions

1057

Revolution and, 112–113

in Annapolis, 240

government support for, 646

Virginia, 215–216

in Boston, 180

group insurance plans for, 897

Constitutionalists, in Pennsylvania,

provincial congresses as, 194–195,

Homestead Act and, 611–612

216

215

management revolution and, 650

Constitutional Union Party, 504,

in Virginia, 215

mass production and, 649–650

505, 509 (map)

Conversion. See also Missions and

merger movement and, 648–649

Construction industry

missionaries

mining, 615

contracts in, 982

Calvinist, 349

multinational, 744, 814

discrimination in, 972

crisis, 129

municipal transportation and, 714

economics of, 645

of Indians, 98

post-civil war economy, 643–650

graft in, 691

Puritans and, 66, 68–70

power of, 641

I-18

Index

Corporations (continued)

in colonies, 144–145

Crazy Horse (Sioux leader), 625

Roosevelt, T., and, 732–733

constitution of, 144–145

Creation myths, of Inca, 30

technological innovation and,

in England, 104

Credit

644–645, 1065–1066

Country stores, 301, 311, 329, 632

centralized, 376

workers in, 655–656, 657–665

Coups

consumer, 803

Corregidor, 888

of continental officers, 231

crop lien system and, 632, 633,

Corridos, 834

in Egypt, 945

668

“Corrupt Bargain,” election of and,

in Iran, 944, 1027

for farmers, 669

385–386

in Mexico, 7651041

Federal Reserve and, 738

Corruption

in South Vietnam, 979, 988

Great Depression and, 840, 841,

balanced consitution and, 114

Coureurs de bois, 45

849

financial, 135

Court(s). See also Supreme Court

Credit cards, 1070–1071

in government, 604

(U.S.)

“bill of rights” for holders of,

Grant Administration, 592

affirmative action and, 1054

1113

Harding and, 812

of appeal, 248

Credit Mobilier affair, 593

Homestead Act and, 611–612

of assize, 76, 78

Creek Indians, 117, 279, 389, 394

Jackson and, 401

constitutions, 145–146

Creel, George, 782, 783

national debt as, 387

during Great Fear, 923–925

CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the

in North Carolina backcountry,

HUAC and, 921

President), 1019

190

Jefferson and, 264–265

Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de, 284,

organized crime and, 690–692

labor unions and, 1034

285, 289

political, 145, 706, 722, 733

Court of Assistants (Massachusetts),

Crime and criminals. See also

political machines and, 691

71

Prison(s)

subsidies as, 378

Court of Chancery (England), 106

in cities, 690–692

as a weapon, 146

Court-packing proposal, by

immigrants and, 690–692

Whigs and, 415, 417

Roosevelt, F. D., 874

organized, 690–692

Cortes, Ernesto, Jr., 1051

Court TV (truTV), 1090

rights of criminals and, 1010

Cortés, Hernán, 16–17, 31

Cousins, Norman, 865

“three strikes” provision, 1087

Cosmopolitanism, of Bourne, 702

Covenant (Article X), of League of

urban, 690–692

Cosmopolitans, vs. localists,

Nations, 790

Crimean War, Panic of 1857 and,

239–240

Covenant Chain of Peace, 97

492

Cost(s). See also Price(s)

Covenant theology, of Puritans,

Crimes against humanity,

of municipal reform, 715

Covert operations, 66–67

Nuremberg trials and, 886

of transportation, 611

against Cuba, 963

Cripple Creek, Colorado, mining

Cost-accounting methods, 650

CIA and, 1036

strike at, 616

Cotton, John, 68, 70

eavesdropping and, 926, 1018

Crisis, The (magazine), 727

Cotton and cotton industry. See also

Eisenhower and, 944

Crisis conversion, 349

Textiles and textile industry

Coverture, 128

Crittenden, John J., 508

Civil War diplomacy and, 499

Cowboys

Crittenden, William, 467

in 1920s, 808–809

African American, 616

Crittenden Compromise, 508, 510

innovation in, 314

cattle drives and, 619

Croatia, 1041

long- and short-staple, 319 (map)

strikes by, 616

Croatian immigrants, 683

overproduction in, 632–633

vaqueros as, 620–622

CROATOAN, 53–54

slavery and, 322–324

Cowpens, battle at, 226, 227 (map),

Crocker, Charles, 612

South and, 319, 489–499

229

Crockett, Davy, 293, 447

spread of, 319 (map)

Cox, Archibald, 1019

Croix de Guerre, to black soldiers,

transportation for, 294

Cox, James M., 812

780

value of output, 809

Coxey, Jacob, 664

Croker, Richard (“King Richard”),

Cotton belt, 319

Coxey’s army, 664

691

Coughlin, Charles (Father), 857–858

CPD. See Committee on the Present

Croly, Jane (“Jenny June”), 656

Council(s)

Danger, The

Cromwell, Oliver, 73, 94

colonial, 59, 60, 62, 71, 76, 82

CPI. See Committee on Public

Cronkite, Walter, 1003

in Massachusetts, 691, 692

Information

Crop lien system, 632, 633, 668

Council of Censors (Pennsylvania),

Craft, William and Ellen, 462

Crops. See also specific crops

216

Crafts, 10, 59, 118. See also Artisans

genetically modified, 1066

Council of Economic Advisers, 927

colonial, 126, 131, 291, 292

indigo as, 131, 138

Council of Revision (New York), 216

Craft unions, 664

price of (1914–1929), 817

Council of the Indies, 35–36

drinking and, 425

slavery and, 12, 14

Counterculture, 995–996

labor unrest and, 659, 663

in South, 491 (map), 692

media and, 996

Cramer, Charles, 813

staple, 1, 12, 14, 38, 491 (map)

“Countervailing power,” 952

Crane, Stephen, 518

Crosby, Alfred W., 40

Counties, government of, 60, 90

Crawford, William H., 386,

“Cross of Gold” speech (Bryan),

“Country” forces

389 (map)

670–671

Index

I-19

Crow Indians, 269, 625, 626 (map),

sendentary, 17–18

Danvers, 109

627

of social networking, 1114–1115

DAR. See Daughters of the American

Crown Point, 147, 152, 157, 158

Spanish-language, 833–834, 1051

Revolution

Cruikshank, Robert, 392

Stone-age, 18

Darby, Elias Hasket, 290

Crusades, legacy of, 8–9

suburban, 1063, 1077

“Dark horse” candidate, 448, 736

Crystal Palace Exhibition (London),

theater and, 936, 1047, 1078

Darrow, Clarence, 708, 824–825

487

urban, 28, 703

Scopes Trial and, 824–825

Cuba, 64 (map)

Cumberland, duke of (William

Dartmouth College, 143

annexation and, 490

Augustus), 175

Dartmouth College v. Woodward,

attempts to acquire, 963

Cumberland Gap, 234

379

Batista in, 945

Cumberland river region, Civil War

Darwin, Charles, 652

Castro in, 963

in, 530, 531 (map)

Social Darwinism and, 652, 824

CIA and, 945, 963

Cumberland Road. See National

Daugherty, Harry M., 812–813

Soviet Union and, 963

Road

Daughters. See Families; Women

Spanish-American War in,

Cummin, Maria, 347

Daughters of Bilitis, 923

749–751

Curley, James Michael, 691

Daughters of Ethiopia, 368

U.S. control of, 754–756

Currency

Daughters of the American Revolu-

Cuban Americans, 1052

deflation and, 659, 667

tion (DAR), 633–634, 869

Cuban Missile Crisis, 962–963

dual (greenbacks and gold), 667

Anderson, Marian, and, 869

Cuen, Rafael, 619, 620

Federal Reserve and, 738

Davenport, James, 141

Cullen, Countee, 832

“In God We Trust” on, 952

Davenport, John, 70

Cultivation, 339

national, 250, 376, 524

Davis, Henry Winter, 580

Cultural conservatism, of

Currency Act (1764), 172–173

Davis, Jefferson

progressives, 708–711

Curriculum, 136, 141, 428

black soldiers and, 570

Cultural diplomacy, 972

Afrocentric, 1049

Kansas-Nebraska bill, 472

Cultural exchange, 702, 920, 943

school organization and, 419

in Mexican War, 450, 451

Cultural movements, identity politics

Curtis, George William, 594

slave code, 498

and, 1049

Custer, George A., 625, 629, 1050

Davis, John W., 814, 826

Cultural pluralism, 872

Cutler, Manassah, 236

Dawes, Charles G., 815

Kallen and Locke on, 701

Cutler, Timothy, 136

Dawes Plan (1923), 815–816

Cultural studies, 1079

Cuzco, 21

Dawes Severalty Act (1887),

Culture. See also Counterculture;

Cyberspace, 1068. See also Internet

628–629

Gays and lesbians; Mass culture;

Czechoslovakia

Day, Dorothy, 953, 959

Society; specific aspects and

creation of, 788

Day, Sandra. See O’Connor, Sandra

groups

Nazi annexation of, 879, 880

Day

of Andes region, 18–20

(map)

Day-care, in Second World War,

American, 650–655

Soviets and, 912

897, 900

of the Great Depression, 844–845

Czech region, immigrants from, 822

Dayton, Ohio

labor in, 866–868

city manager plan in, 714

changes in, 932–937

D

city reform in, 715

Chavin, 19–20

Daytona 500, 1073

Chicanismo and, 1051–1052

Da Gama, Vasco, 2, 13

Dayton (Ohio) Peace Accords (1995),

class distinctions in, 653–654

Daily Show, The (television

1100

classic, 20, 22

program), 1080

D-Day, 885, 886

commercial, 675–676

Dairy farming, 303

DDT, 1009

critique of mass, 955–956

Dairy products, 286, 300

Dead Rabbits (street gang), 354, 358

democratization of, 342–344

Dakota Territory, Sioux reservation

Dean, John, 1019

Indian-European

in, 625

Deane, Silas, 218

misunderstandings and, 28–31

Dallas, Kennedy, John F.,

Death. See also Casualties; Mortality

Mayan, 22–24

assassination in, 979–980

rates

media and, 1075–1084

Dams

Black, 6, 7

Mesoamerican, 21–24

from New Deal, 855, 856, 857

or Liberty, 337

Mexican, 973–974, 1051

(map), 863

providential worldview and,

middle class, 344–348

in West, 853, 854 (map)

351–352

of mound builders, 33 (map)

Dana, Richard Henry, 442

social, 326

Olmec, 21–22

Dance

Death camps

pagan, 28

controversy over, 359

in Civil War, 569,

political issues and, 1097–1100

waltz and, 697

Nazi 881, 884, 898

popular, 357–361

Dance halls, 368, 675, 695, 697, 821

Death rates, in New York City

of pre-Columbian America, 18

Dandridge v. Williams, 1010

(1925), 831

print, 134–135

Dangers of an Uncoverted Ministry,

Debates

Renaissance in American, 347,

The (Gilbert Tennent), 138

Kennedy-Nixon, 960–961

837, 870

Danish West Indies, 765

Lincoln-Douglas, 497–501

I-20

Index

De Bow, James D., 489

De Grasse, François (Comte),

Democratic Republicans, 245,

De Bow’s Review, 341

229–230

262–270. See also Elections;

Debs, Eugene Victor, 711

Deists, 348

Republican Party

American Railway Union (ARU)

De Kalb, Johann (Baron), 210

election of 1796 and, 257

and, 664

Delaware

election of 1800 and, 261–262

election of 1912 and, 711, 737

Articles of Confederation

Democratic Republic of Vietnam. See

(map), 738

and, 242

North Vietnam

election of 1920 and, 797

emancipation in, 316

Democratic Review, 415, 429, 441

First World War and, 774,

punishment in, 421

Democratic sects, 349–351

786–787, 796

Quakers and, 78

Democratization, of culture,

jailing of, 786

slaves and, 315

342–344

Pullman strike and, 664–665

Sweden and, 51, 81

Demographics. See also Population;

socialism and, 786

Delaware Indians, 82, 147

Religion

Debt. See also National debt

in Pennsylvania, 82

of English colonies, 87–88

corporate, 417

Tenskwatawa and, 276–277

Spanish Empire and catastrophe in,

of farmers, 118

De la Warr, Baron (Thomas West),

35–36

federal, 524, 965

56–57

in suburbs, 934–935

after First World War, 781–782

DeLay, Tom, 1097

Demonstrations, 1044–1045. See

Hamilton on, 248–249

Delinquents, Lathrop and, 708

also Protest(s); suffragists

household, 118

Delirium tremens, 423

in civil-rights movement, 976,

of investment firms, 1109

De Lôme, Enrique Dupuy. See Dupuy

1002

merchants and, 239

de Lôme, Enrique

after 1800s, 492

after Revolution, 238–239

Demagogues, 419, 836

against Vietnam War, 992, 994,

state, 238, 249

Democracy

1014

Third World, 1043

ideals vs. reality, 863–864

Dempsey, Jack, 805

Debt crisis, in Mexico, 1101

Jacksonian, 393–400, 386–387

Denmark, 765, 882, 916

Debt peonage, 37, 38 (map)

in 1920s, 836–837

Second World War in, 879

Decimal system, of Inca, 21

support of foreign, 1100–1107

Dennis v. U.S., 924

Declaration of Independence, 203,

“Democracy versus the Melting Pot”

Denominations (religious),

365, 438

(Kallen), 701

realignment of, 143

Declaration of Rights (England), 107

Democratic Party. See also

Dent, John Horry, 326

Declaration of rights, in Virginia,

Copperheads; Elections; specific

Departments of government. See

215

issues and leaders

specific departments and

Declaration of Sentiments and

African Americans in, 1045

agencies

Resolutions, 437, 438

alcohol consumption and,

Department stores, 651, 818

“Declaration of the Causes and

425–426

Deportation, of immigrants on

Necessities of Taking Up Arms,

anti-Vietnam War wing of, 1004

Attorney General’s List, 787

The” (Jefferson), 200

birth of, 389

Deposit Act (1836), 405, 407

Declaratory Act, 176

Charleston, 502

Depressions (financial). See also

“Decline of Protestantism and Its

convention (1932), 847

Great Depression; Panics

Causes, The” (Hughes), 476

Cuba acquisition and, 468

(financial)

Decryption techniques, in Second

election of 1828 and, 389, 390

of 1620, 94

World War, 884

(map)

of 1837–1843, 442

Deep South. See also South

ethnic group voting for, 827

of 1882–1885, 644

cotton and slavery in, 322–324,

formation of, 383, 389

of 1890s, 662, 672

489–499

Freedom Democratic Party at,

of 1893–1897, 663–664

organizing in, 994

967, 983

in agriculture, 816–818

in Revolution, 224–226

Jackson, Jesse, and, 1048, 1083

after Panic of 1819, 382

slavery in, 367, 976

Johnson, Andrew, and, 580

Deregulation

Deerfield, Massachusetts, 120

market society and, 415

Carter and, 1024–1025

Defense Department, 920, 1106

Mexican War and, 453–455

of economic sector, 1057

Defense spending, 912, 1017, 1030.

Mississippi Plan and, 602–603

of financial industry, 1108

See also Military spending

New Deal coalition of, 861–863

Reagan and, 1033

in Second World War, 893

New Democrats and, 1087–1089

Derivatives, 1071, 1108

Deficit

political stalemate and, 637–640,

Desegregation. See also Integration;

budget, 915, 987,

874

Segregation

federal, 1021, 1023

racism and, 551

of baseball, 932–933

household, 1070

sectionalism in, 349–351, 499

Brown Cases and, 969

Reagan and, 1031–1032

slavery and, 389, 398, 476

of military, 931

trade, 1012

in South, 504

Montgomery bus boycott and, 970

Deflation, 659, 672

voter intimidation techniques of,

Roberts Court on, 1099

currency expansion and, 659

638

Desertions, 521, 548, 549

price, from to 1865 to 1897, 667

Wilson and, 738–740

in Civil War, 550, 563

Index

I-21

Deserts, irrigation of, 949

Direct election of senators, 668–669,

Dissent and dissenters. See also

Destination Tokyo (movie), 897

715

Protest(s)

“Destroyers-for-bases” deal, 881

Direct-mail fundraising, for

during Cold War, 917, 920–926,

Détente policy, 951, 1013, 1017,

campaigns, 985

1034

1026

Direct primary, 715, 720

in England, 75

Detention, of subversives, 925, 1112

Direct tax, 173, 260, 261, 264

after First World War, 785, 796

Deterrence and Survival in the

Dirty tricks, under Nixon, 1017

in South Carolina, 75

Nuclear Age. See Gaither Report

Disabled people

Distribution

Detroit

Keller, Helen, and, 713

of industries, 842

Pingree in, 714

Lathrop and, 708

mass production and, 649–650

racial violence in, 997

Disaffection, 185–186

Distribution of wealth, 328, 755,

“Walk to Freedom March” in,

Disarmament

841–842

976

Clinton and, 1102

District of Columbia. See also

Devaluation, of dollar, 1101

after First World War, 774–775,

Washington, D.C.

Dewey, George, 748

788, 790

abolition of slave trade in, 399

Dewey, John, 838–837

Hoover and, 815

segregated schools outlawed in,

as NAACP founder, 717

Open Skies initiative and, 945

District of Columbia v. Heller,

progressivism, socialism, and,

Wilson and, 774, 788, 790

1099–1100

836–837

Disciples of Christ, 349, 351,

Diversity, 872, 1080

on role of government, 836

353, 356

affirmative action and, 1011

Dewey, Thomas E.

Discrimination. See also

in colonies, 85, 123

election of 1944 and, 890

Antidiscrimination efforts; Race

immigrants and, 700

election of 1948, 913

and racism; specific groups

linguistic, 85, 91

Dialects, in colonies, 91

against African Americans, 693,

in Obama administration, 1112

Dias, Bartholomeu, 13

719, 727, 781

in suburbs, 924–935

Diaz, Adolfo, 764

against black soldiers, 561, 570,

Dix, Dorothea, 422

Diaz, Porfirio, 765

931

Dixiecrat Democrats. See States’

Dickens, Charles, 656

against Chinese immigrants, 614,

Rights Party

Dickinson, John, 179, 200, 212, 218

702

Dixiecrat revolt (1948), 931

Dictators and dictatorships, 917,

in employment, 895, 931, 971

Doak, William N., 870

944, 1016. See also specific

as foreign policy liability, 931

Doby, Larry, 932

individuals

against gays and lesbians, 923

Doctors, 136–137. See also Medicine

Carter and, 1027

by gender, 591, 708, 967, 968

in colonies, 137

in Latin America, 962

in housing, 976

Documentary films, 154, 308. See

U.S. support for, 945

against Mexicans, 619

also Movies and movie industry

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 946–947

in public transportation and 604

Dodge City, Kansas, 617

Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 946, 989

reverse, 1054

Doeg Indians, 101, 103 (map)

(map)

sexual, 1047–1048

Doheny, Edward L., 812

Dieskau, Jean-Armand (Baron), 158

sexual harassment as,

Dole, Robert, election of and, 1089

Diet (food), rural, 286

1046–1047

Dollar (U.S.)

Digital compact discs. See CDs

struggle against, 728, 869,

Continental, 223

Digital technology, 1065–1066

902–903

floating, 1012

Dillingham Commission (1907), 700

Title VII and, 983

Dollar diplomacy, of Taft, 754

Dime novels, 359, 360, 364,

against working women, 809, 968

Domestic fiction, 348

695–696

in workplace, 895

Domesticity, 346–348

Diphtheria epidemic, 132

Diseases. See also Epidemics; specific

middle-class, 346–348

Diplomacy. See also Foreign policy

diseases

novels about, 348

atomic, 909

in California gold rush, 212, 457

women’s rights and, 347–348

in French Middle Ground,

in cities, 129, 688

Domestic policy. See specific

115–116

imported into Americas by

presidents

Hay, Open Door notes, and, 756

Europeans, 117, 276

Domestic slave trade, 320, 321

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

among Indians, 96, 117, 442

(map), 331, 333. See also Slave

and, 877

from nuclear testing, 943

trade

King Cotton, 489–499

in tenements, 688, 830

Domestic surveillance programs, 942

ping-pong, 1013

Disestablishment, 232

Dominican Republic, 268, 594, 758

of Taft, 754

Disfranchisement, 725

immigrants from, 1052

Wilson and, 774

of blacks, 717

intervention in, 760 (map), 816

Diplomatic recognition

of ex-Confederates, 717

Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 990

China and, 945

of noncitizen immigrants, 717

Dominion of Canada, 594

Confederacy and, 513, 525,

Disney, Walt, 898, 1061

Dominion of New England, 106–107

544, 555

Disneyland, 943, 1060, 1061

Domino theory, 946–947

Nicaragua and, 468

Dispensational premillennialism,

Donelson, Andrew Jackson,

Mao and, 915

1029

397–398

I-22

Index

Donelson, Fort, battle at, 531 (map)

Drunkenness, 97, 293, 422, 423. See

Earhart, Amelia, 809–810

Donelson, Rachel. See Jackson,

also Alcohol and alcoholism

Early, Jubal, 565, 571

Rachel

Duane, William, 259, 403

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC),

Doniphan, Alexander, 450

Du Bois, W. E. B.

1087

Dorchester Heights, 201

accommodationism and, 725

Earnings. See Income; Wages

Dos Passos, John, 836

anticommunism and, 922

Earth Day (1970), 1009

Dot-com businesses, 1067–1068

criticism of Washington, Booker

Earth Summit (Brazil, ), 1102

Do the Right Thing (movie), 1049

T., 637

East Asia. See also Asia

Douay Bible, 420

Souls of Black Folk, The, by, 637

immigrants from, 686–687

Double standard, of sexual behavior,

on education crusade, 586

peacekeeping in, 762–763

128, 436

after First World War, 797

East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 879

“Double V” campaign, 902

NAACP and, 728, 797

Eastern Europe, 38, 665. See also

Doughboys, U.S. soldiers as, 777

Duck Soup (movie), 845

Europe and Europeans; specific

Douglas, Aaron, 832

Duel, Hamilton-Burr, 266

countries

Douglas, Stephen A., 471–472

Due process, Fourteenth Amendment

ethnics from, 825–827

compromise and, 460, 472

and, 215, 587

immigration from, 683, 684 (map)

election of 1858 and, 473

Duer, William, 236

revolts by satellite countries

Kansas-Nebraska Bill and,

Duke, James Buchanan, 649–650

in, 944

472–473

Duke’s Laws (New York), 76, 78

Soviets and, 944

Lecompton constitution and,

Dulany, Daniel, 174, 186

Eastern front

485–486

Dulles, Allen, 944, 972

in First World War, 770 (map)

Lincoln debates with, 473

Dulles, John Foster, 942

in Second World War, 885,

manifest destiny and, 469

Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944),

889 (map)

Douglass, Frederick, 560–561,

903

Eastern Hemisphere, Treaty of

581, 582

Dunkirk, British evacuation of, 879,

Tordesillas and, 15

Johnson, Andrew, and, 582

880 (map)

Easter Offensive (North Vietnam),

Republican Party and, 581

Dunmore, Earl of (John Murray),

1014

on slavery, 431, 438, 465, 483,

199, 201, 221

East Florida, Spanish acquisition of,

541, 682

Dunster, Henry, 72

213

voting rights, 681

DuPont Corporation, 644, 648

East Germany (German Democratic

Doves, in Vietnam War, 993

Dupuy de Lôme, Enrique, 748

Republic), 913, 916 (map), 963,

Dower rights, 128

Duquesne (Marquis de), 152–153

1014

Dow Jones Industrial Average, 840

Duquesne, Fort, 153, 157

East India Companies, 48, 192

Downsizing, 1069

Durables, consumer, 803, 804, 837

East Indies, 8 (map), 47

Downtowns, revitalizing, 677, 1064,

Durant, Thomas C., 612

in colonial times, 759 (map)

1065

Dust bowls, 851–852

Portuguese and, 13, 48

Dowry, 128

Dutch. See also Netherlands; New

Eastman, Crystal, 697

Draft (military), 544

Netherland

Eastman, Max, 700, 794

Carter and, 1023

American colonies of, 50

Eastman Kodak, 744, 951. See also

in Civil War, 550–551

English trade and, 95

Kodak camera

in First World War, 777, 780

fur trade and, 50

East New Jersey, 80–81

resistance to, 544, 551, 1002, 1017

in New York, 76, 77 (map), 78

Eaton, John Henry, 397

Draft riot (1863), 550–551

Protestants and, 47

Eaton, Peggy, 397–398

Drake, Francis, 52

settlement by, 47

Eaton, Theophilus, 70

Drama. See Theater

Dutch East Indies, 48–50

eBay, 1068

Dred Scott case, 484–485

Dutch Reformed Church, 43, 47, 50,

Ebenezer, Georgia, 137

Dresden, bombing of, 890

76, 110 (map), 138

Ebony magazine, on black women,

Drinan, Robert F., 1083

Dutch West India Company, 44,

967

Drinking, 423–424. See also Alcohol

47, 77

Ecology. See Environment

and alcoholism; Prohibition;

Duties. See also Taxation; specific

E-commerce, 1067

Temperance

acts

Economic and Social Council (UN),

ethnicity and, 427

in Currency Act, 172–173

904

rise of, 422–424

on molasses, 172

Economic bubbles, in 1993-2008,

temperance movement and,

DVDs, 1077–1078

1067

426–427

Dwellings. See Housing

Economic diversification, in South,

Drought, in Great Plains, 622–623

Dwight, Timothy, 291, 344

489

Drudge Report, The, 1092

Dyer, Mary, 72, 79

Economic Opportunity Act (EOA,

Drugs

Dylan, Bob, 868, 996, 1079

1964), 983, 1107–1112

counterculture and, 996

Economic relief, in Great Depression,

in Indian religious ceremonies,

E

849–850

1050

Economics, supply-side, 1031–1032

Noriega and trade in, 1042

Eakins, Thomas, 654

Economic sanctions, against Iraq,

war against, 1042

Eannes, Gil, 9

1042

Index

I-23

Economy. See also Depressions

for freedpeople, 585–586

of 1866, 588

(financial); Great Depression;

Great Society programs for, 986,

of 1867, 589

Panics (financial); Recessions

1009

of 1868, 591–592

American system of manufactures

Indian schools, 628

of 1870, 601

and, 298

for lawyers, 136

of 1872, 600

anti-government activists and,

national security and, 959

of 1875 (Mississippi), 603

1055, 1056

public vs. parochial, 477

of 1878, 660

boom-and-bust cycles and, 642,

Whig reforms of, 413

of 1880, 610

927

for women, 657, 710, 1054

of 1884, 610

Carter and, 1022–1023

Edward VI (England), 51

of 1888, 640

in Civil War, 549–550

Edwards, Jonathan, 136, 139,

of 1890, 720, 736

colonial, 88–89, 488–489

140, 190

of 1892, 640

communism and, 944

EEOC. See Equal Employment

of 1894, 734

deregulation of, 1033, 1108

Opportunity Commission

of 1896, 670–672

in 1850s, 486–497

Effigies, burning of, 145

of 1900, 705, 720

after First World War, 793, 799

Egalitarianism, in Homestead Act,

of 1904, 731

First World War and, 772, 778

611

of 1908, 733

of five civilized tribes, 625

Egypt, 945

of 1910, 734

Ford, Gerald, and, 1022

Camp David Accords (1978) and,

of 1912, 736–738

global, 37–39

1026–1027

of 1916, 774

government power over, 439, 731

Israel and, 1012, 1026–1027

of 1920, 800

growth of, 644

Nasser in, 945

of 1924, 812

Great Depression, 849–850

Eighteenth Amendment, 710, 785,

of 1928, 830

Hamilton and, 250

820

of 1932, 844

of Hohokam culture, 28

Eighth Amendment, 248

of 1936, 863

industrial, 632, 1021, 1084

Eight-hour day, 659, 660, 661, 730,

of 1940, 881

Market Revolution and, 338–341,

740, 794

of 1942, 893

400–407

Einstein, Albert, 891

of 1944, 890

mercantilism and, 92–93

Eisenhower, Dwight David (“Ike”)

of 1946, 1008

as motive for colonization, 47

Cold War and, 937–939

of 1948, 913–914

during New Deal, 849–850

containment policy, 941–942

of 1952, 937–939

Nixon and, 1011–1012

covert action under, 944

of 1960, 960–962

northern labor and, 490

election of 1952 and, 938–939

of 1964, 980

paper economy and, 382, 401,

farewell address of, 947

of 1966, 1008

405, 407

foreign policy of, 942

of 1968, 1006–1007

postcolonial, 377

Highway Act and, 949

of 1972, 1017–1018

post-Second World War

Indian policy and, 972–973

of 1976, 1022–1023

agreements and, 926–932

New Look of, 942–944

of 1980, 1030–1031

restraints on money supply and,

as politician, 937–938

of 1984,1034–1035

667

as president, 938–939

of 1988, 1042, 1083

Roosevelt, T., and, 731

Third World politics and, 945–947

of 1992, 1043–1044

in seaport cities, 289–292

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957),

of 1996, 1089

Second World War and, 892–897

945–946

of 1998, 1091

in South, 488–489, 549–550

“Elect, the,” Calvin on, 66

of 2000, 1093–1095

in Spanish empire, 37–39

Elections. See also Voting

of 2004, 1096

transformation, 1065–1074

of 1796, 257

of 2006, 1106

from 2000–2006, 1109–1110

of 1800, 260–262

of 2008, 1111

underconsumption theory and,

of 1804, 257, 270

direct, of senators, 668–669

860

of 1824, 383–385

disfranchisement and, 717

Economy Act (1933), 848, 849

of 1828, 389–391

political stalemate and, 637–640

Edict of Nantes, 44, 107

of 1832, 403, 404 (map)

voter participation in presidential,

Edison, Thomas Alva, 644–645

of 1836, 408 (map)

718, 720, 810, 1044

Edison Electric Light Company, 645

of 1838, 408

Electoral College, 216. See also

Editors, women as, 655

of 1840, 409–411

Elections

Education. See also Higher educa-

of 1844, 456

election of and, 216, 638–639

tion; Public schools; Schools;

of 1848, 455–458

Electoral commission, for election,

Universities and colleges

of 1852, 467, 474

606

of American workers, technologi-

of 1854, 477

Electorate. See also Voting

cal proficiency and, 488

of 1856, 481–484

progressive disillusionment with,

bilingual, 1009

of 1857, 485

718

church-centered, 1029, 1092

of 1858, 473, 486, 498

virtuous, 716

in colonies, 89, 108

of 1860, 502–506

Electric Auto-Lite plant, strike

federal aid to, 986

of 1864, 583, 591

at, 858

I-24

Index

Electricity, 853

in low country, 317

End Poverty in California (EPIC),

in cities, 650, 677, 855–856

in North, 542–544,

859

Franklin and, 135

proclamation, 546–547, 562

Enemy aliens, 259

late 19th century innovations in,

reasons for, 546–547

Energy. See also specific types

645

Emancipation Proclamation,

crisis, 1025

rural, 732

546–547, 562

green, 1107

in transportation, 677

Emancipation Proclamation

initiatives, 1025

TVA and, 854–855 (map)

(Carpenter), 547

Reagan and, 1032–1033

Electric lights, 645

Embargo

renewable sources of, 1025, 1042

Electric power plant, financing of,

of arms before Second World War,

Energy Department, 1033

646

878

Enfranchise, 580

Electronic banking, 1071

of cotton in Civil War, 525

Enfranchisement. See Voting

Electronics, 893, 921, 948

of 1807, 290

Engineering

Elementary schools, 586. See also

against Japan, 883

profession, 650, 959

Education; Public schools;

by Jefferson, 273–274

of urban water systems, 295, 677

Schools

of oil, 1012

Engines, gasoline, 645

Elevators, 650, 666, 676

against Vietnam, 1101

England (Britain). See also British

Eliot, John, 97

by War Hawks, 274–275

Empire; First World War;

Eliot, T. S., 835

Embargo Act (1810), 272

French and Indian War;

Elites, 836, 919

Embassies, terrorist bombings of,

Revolutionary War; Royal Navy

anti-religious, 1029

1102

Act of Union (1707) and, 111

Californios, 833

Emergency Banking Act (EBA, 1933),

Alabama Claims and, 594

capitalist, 776

848, 849

American system of manufactures

colonial, 123

Emergency Economic Stabilization

and, 487–488

economic, 675, 753, 947

Act (2008), 1111

Civil War diplomacy and,

immigrant cultures and, 703

Emergency Farm Mortgage Act

524–526

industrial, 831

(1933), 849

in First World War, 768, 790

merchant, 411

Emergency Fleet Corporation, 778

Glorious Revolution in, 107–114

Mexicans, 620

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act,

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with, 760

power of, 695, 711,784, 878

861

imperialism of, 111–112

in seaport cities, 289–292

Emerson, Gloria, 993

Indian policy of, 169–171

urban, 678–679, 699, 702

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 374, 360,

King George’s War and, 150–151

Elizabethan England, 51–55

469

lend-lease assistance to, 882

English Reformation, 51–52

on Brown, John, 501

mercantilism and, 92–93

Hawkins, 52

Emigration, 683, 684. See also

Napoleonic Wars and, 270–272

Drake, 52

Immigrants and immigration

Open Door policy and, 756

Ralegh, 53–55

of blacks from New South, 498

Oregon boundary dispute and,

expansion of, 55

of blacks to Liberia, 465

443 (map)

Roanoke, 53–55

exodusters and, 633

Popish Plot in, 104

war with Spain, 53–55

Mayan, 24

Seven Years’ War and, 122,

Gilbert, 52–53

Empires. See also British Empire;

159–165

Ireland, 52–53

Spanish Empire; specific empires

sugar industry and, 172

America, 52–53

American, 110 (map)

Trent Affair and, 526

Elizabeth I, 51–52

Aztec, 16–17, 25–26

War of Jenkins’s Ear and, 149

Ellington, Duke, 972

warring (1689–1716), 119–122

Wells’ anti-lynching campaign and,

Ellis Island, 687

Employment, 486, 644, 895. See also

727

Ellsberg, Daniel, 1017

Unemployment

English language, proficiency in Los

Elmer Gantry (Lewis), 835

for African Americans, 895

Angeles, 845

Elmina (fortress), 12

discrimination and, 370, 895,

Enlightenment

El Salvador

931, 968

in colonies, 135–136

in colonial times, 759 (map)

federal government and, 897,

failure in Georgia, 137–138

refugees from, 1083

926, 927

Enron, 1109

U.S. presence in, 760 (map)

gender issues, 898

Entail, 117

Ely, Ezra Styles, 349, 397, 568 (map)

seasonal, 290, 490

Entertainment, 1072–1074. See also

Ely, Richard, progressivism,

of soldiers, 182, 561

Commercial culture; specific

socialism, and, 713

of women, 307, 703, 708, 808,

types

E-mail, 1066

965, 966–967

Christian, 1084

Emancipation, 542–544, 546–547.

Employment Act (1946), 927–928

industry, anticommunism and,

See also African Americans;

Encomendero, 35

921–923

Slaves and slavery

Encomienda, 35

mass, 629

compensated, 542

Endangered species, Reagan and,

sports and, 1072–1074

first, after Revolution, 232–233

1033

Entrepreneurs

gradual, 233

Endangered Species Act (1973), 1010

black, 367, 1009

Index

I-25

ethnic, 690, 1009

Established church, decline of,

slavery and, 365–366

in Sunbelt, 1060

348–349

in South, 362

Enumerated commodities, 95

Estates, colonial, 187 (map)

temperance and, 426–427

Enumerated powers, 218

Estate taxes, 814

Evans, Hiram, 820

Environment, 1098

Estonia, 788, 789 (map), 822, 879,

Evanston, Illinois, 677, 730

BP rig explosion and, 1114

904, 1081

Evolution

government control over,

Ethics, of technology, 1066

Neolithic, 5

1010–1011, 1025

Ethiopia, 368, 878, 1037

Scopes Trial and, 824–825

international issues in, 1101–1102

Ethnic cleansing

Ewell, Richard, 556

laws protecting, 1009, 1010–1011,

of Acadians, 157

Excess profits tax, in First World

1055

in Kosovo, 1100

War, 781

mining and, 616

by Serbs, 1043

Exchange. See Money; Trade

New Right and, 1028, 1055

Ethnic groups and ethnicity. See also

“Exchanges,” insurance, 1113

In 1960s, 1009–1010

Immigrants and immigration;

Excise tax, 250

Nixon and, 1009–1010

Race and racism; specific groups

Exclusion crisis, 104

Reagan and, 1021, 1033

African Americans and, 692–694,

Executive branch. See also

Roosevelt, T., and, 731–732

869

Presidency; specific presidents

Environmental Defense Fund, 1009

American Indians, 870–872

enlargement of, 741

Environmental impact statements,

alcohol and, 427

powers of, 625

1010, 1055

Columbian Exposition and,

Executive clemency, 905

Environmentalism, 996

680–681

Executive Orders, 926, 931

Nixon and, 1009–1010

Democratic presidential voting in

9066, 901

Environmental Protection Agency

Chicago by, 827

9835, 911

(EPA), 1009–1010

Eastern European, 868–869

9981, 931

EPA. See Environmental Protection

European American, 825–827

banning discrimination in

Agency

in First World War, 774, 780–781,

federally, 976

Epidemics. See also Diseases

783, 785–787

employment practices, 895

cholera in California gold rush,

institutions and, 689

government structure and, 926

457

Mexican Americans and, 870, 871

Executive privilege, Nixon and, 1019

in cities, 132

middle class groups and, 634–635,

Exodus movement, 633

diphtheria, 132

689–690

Exodusters, 633

flu (1919), 777

nativism, immigrants, and,

Expansion and expansionism,

Episcopalians, 232, 349, 350

473–478

85–123. See also Exploration;

Equal Employment Opportunity

organized crime, 690–692

Manifest Destiny; Westward

Commission (EEOC), 983

Spanish-speaking Americans,

movement

Equality. See also Equal rights; Race

973–974

vs. Anglicization, 124–128

and racism; specific groups

in sports, 1072–1073

California, 443–444

political stalemate and, 637–640

Ethnic riots, 476, 492

China and, 6–7, 878–879

racial, 717, 728, 797, 798, 831,

Eucharist, 30

Dutch, 47

869, 869, , 901

Eugenics, 823

Germany, 772

sexual and gender, 699

Eurasia, diseases in, 5

Of Islam, 8 (map), 9

social networking and,

European Americans, ethnic groups

Japanese, 877, 878–879

1114–1115

among, 739

Nazi, 793 , 877–878, 879

of women, 865, 1074

Europe and Europeans. See also First

New Mexico, 443–444

Equal Pay Act (1963), 968

World War; specific countries

Soviet, 908, 909

Equal rights. See also Equality

1948 uprisings in, 476

by United States, 440

citizenship and, 370–372

after First World War, 789 (map)

westward, 234–235, 442–443

for freedpeople, 371–372

in First World War, 770 (map)

Expenditures. See Spending

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

immigrants from, 683–685

Exploration. See also Space

in 1960s, 1011

imperialism of, 111–112

exploration; specific explorers

in Second World War, 899

morality of conquest of Americas,

by China, 2

Era of Good Feelings, 383, 395

39–40

by Columbus, 14–16

Erie Canal, 295

Second World War in, 879

European, 17

Erikson, Leif, 6

European Recovery Program. See

in Mediterranean region, 11 (map)

Erik the Red, 6

Marshall Plan

by Norsemen, 2

Ervin, Sam, 1018–1019

Evangelicals and evangelicalism. See

by Portugal, 9–10, 13

Escalation, of Vietnam War,

also Great Awakening

by Spain, 14, 16–17, 34 (map)

988–993

in Bible Belt, 361–362

Exports, 51, 92, 133, 270, 273, 319,

Eskimos. See Inuits

gender, power and, 362

640, 1012

Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition

in Great Awakening, 138–140

of Americas, 131, 238, 275,

Acts (1917 and 1918), 785

New Right support by, 1029

298, 744

ESPN, 1073

northern middle class and,

to Asia, 882

Essex Decision (1805), 270

344–348

colonial, 134, 196

I-26

Index

Exports (continued)

homesteading on Great Plains,

free silver movement and,

in 1875 and 1915, 745 (map)

611–612

667–668

from England to colonies, 96, 184

immigrant, 419–420

in Great Depression, 850–852, 856

First Navigation Act and, 94

Indian, 17