#18,001 Which of the following groups of psychologists was NOT studying closely related topics?   	2	Binet -- Wechsler -- Raven   	Rogers -- Kinsey -- Ebbinghaus   	Freud -- Adler -- Jung   	Thorndike -- Pavlov -- Skinner   	   	
#18,002 The assumption that everything that happens has a cause is called ______.   	1	determinism   	egocentricism B  	the representativeness heuristic   	humanism   	   	
#18,003 Psychoanalysis is most closely associated with ______.    	3	Skinner   	Piaget   	Freud   	Ebbinghaus   	   	
#18,004 Which of the following questions below is NOT a question of nature vs. nurture?   	4	Are boys more aggressive that girls because of higher testosterone levels, or because of the way they are raised?  	Is alcoholism entirely due to social customs, or is it influenced by certain genes?  	Do high-IQ parents have high-IQ children because of the stimulating environment they provide, or because of the genes they pass on to their children? 	Do phobias develop through classical conditioning, or through observing models react to the feared stimulus?  	   	
#18,005 Someone who needs help with psychological and emotional problems would most likely to go see a   	1	clinical psychologist.   	social psychologist.   	cognitive psychologist.   	biopsychologist.   	   	
#18,006 A person with bipolar disorder wants to get a prescription for lithium. That person should make an appointment to see a __________________.  	3	clinical psychologist   	biopsychologist   	psychiatrist   	behaviorist   	   	
#18,007 The earliest psychologists focused much of their attention of the study of   	3	obedience to authority.   	gender-role development.   	sensation.   	need for achievement.   	   	
#18,008 One of the first women to make a career in psychology was __________.   	2	Thorndike   	Calkins   	Milgram   	Erikson   	   	
#18,009 Which of the following will you never meet?    	4	a 20-year-old schizophrenic patient   	a 40-year-old manic-depressive patient   	an 18-year-old with anorexia nervosa   	a 23-year-old psychoanalyst   	   	
#18,010 Which of the following fields of psychology REJECTS the concept of determinism?   	3	psychoanalysis   	biological psychology   	humanistic psychology   	behaviorism   	   	
#18,011 One feature that both psychoanalysis and behaviorism have in common is that both of these approaches   	2	are based entirely on facts, not assumptions. A  	accept the concept of determinism.   	try to interpret people's thoughts in terms of the collective unconscious.  	believe that psychology should concern itself only with behavior, not with thought.  	   	
#18,012 Which pair of words below mean almost the same thing?    	1	reliable and replicable   	reliable and valid   	projective and replicable   	valid and projective   	   	
#18,013 Which of the following could be an operational definition of "dream"?   	2	any sensory experience during sleep   	a measurable period of rapid eye movements and a particular EEG pattern B 	a visual experience during sleep   	the manifestation of an unconscious thought, revealed during sleep  	   	
#18,014 Which of the following is an example of an OPERATIONAL DEFINITION of the term "anger"?   	1	the number of times a person has spoken loudly in the last 10 minutes  	a response to frustration or irritation by another person   	a desire to harm another person in some way   	a subjective feeling of rage   	   	
#18,015 Which of the following is an OPERATIONAL definition of anxiety?    	4	the opposite of relaxation   	a feeling of worry or nervousness   	the result of a conflict or incongruity between the person's current state and the person's desires  	a measurement of how much the person's hands tremble   	   	
#18,016 For which of the following experiments would it be most difficult to use a double-blind procedure?   	3	an experiment to compare the effects of vodka vs. much-diluted vodka  	an experiment to compare the effects of morphine pills vs. methadone pills  	an experiment to compare the effects of psychotherapy vs. no therapy  	an experiment to compare the effects of tranquilizers vs. placebos  	   	
#18,017 A placebo would be most likely to be used in an experiment examining   	4	the role of social pressure in obedience to authority.   	schedules of reinforcement.   	the various theories of color vision.   	the effectiveness of a new drug treatment for schizophrenia.   	   	
#18,018 Children of divorced parents are more likely to experience emotional distress than are children of parents who remain together. This conclusion is probably based on which method of investigation? 	3	double-blind experiment   	phrenological study   	correlational study   	single-blind experiment   	   	
#18,019 Which of the following is an example of an illusory correlation?    	2	Bystanders are less likely to help someone in need if there are other bystanders present.  	Crimes and mental disturbances seem more common during a full moon than at other times.  	Women are more likely than men to attempt suicide, but men are more likely to succeed.  	The average capacity of short-term memory is around seven items.  	   	
#18,020 On the average, married men are physically and psychologically healthier than unmarried men are. Why is that fact NOT sufficient evidence to conclude that marriage is good for men's health?  	4	The studies are longitudinal instead of cross-sectional.   	No one has asked the men themselves how they feel about marriage.  	Married women are not known to be healthier than unmarried women.  	It is a statement of a correlation.   	   	
#18,021 It has been reported that people who use marijuana are more likely than other people are to commit crimes. Why is this NOT evidence that marijuana use leads to crime?  	3	It is probably a reflection of the "Clever Hans" effect.   	It states a negative correlation.   	It confuses correlation with causation.   	The results probably depend on demand characteristics.   	   	
#18,022 In a typical experiment on operant conditioning, the rate of pressing a lever or pecking a disk would be the   	4	reinforcement. A  	conditioned stimulus.   	independent variable.   	dependent variable.   	   	
#18,023 Which of the following distinctions is correct?    	4	Forgetting is rapid but temporary; extinction takes a long time but lasts forever.  	Rods control color vision; cones are for black-and-white vision.  	Reliability means usefulness; validity means accuracy.   	The independent variable is the one the experimenter controls; the dependent variable is the one the experimenter measures. 	   	
#18,024 In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning in dogs, what was the dependent variable?   	3	rate of pecking at a disk   	a buzzer, bell, or other neutral stimulus B  	the amount of salivation   	delay between CS and US   	   	
#18,025 Suppose we want to measure the rate of extinction for animals trained on various schedules of reinforcement. In this experiment, what is the INDEPENDENT variable?  	2	the rate of extinction   	the schedules of reinforcement   	the rate of responding   	the animals themselves   	   	
#18,026 Which of the following experiments, if attempted today, would probably NOT be approved by a Human Subjects Committee and would not be allowed to take place?  	1	Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority.   	Piaget's experiment on object permanence.   	Ebbinghaus' experiments on memory.   	Skinner's experiments on schedules of reinforcement.   	   	
#18,027 In IQ testing a score of 100 is the _______.    	1	mean   	standard deviation   	range   	correlation   	   	
#18,028 Which of the following is an inherited condition that, if untreated, leads to mental retardation?   	4	egocentricism   	narcolepsy   	anorexia   	phenylketonuria   	   	
#18,029 Which of the following is related to sex-linked genes?    	4	short-term memory capacity   	susceptibility to hypnosis   	schizophrenia   	color blindness   	   	
#18,030 Scientists in the field of ethology are most likely to study the same topics as psychologists in the field of ____________ psychology.  	4	humanistic   	Gestalt   	cognitive   	comparative   	   	
#18,031 The junction between one neuron and another is called a _________.   	1	synapse   	cochlea   	ganglion   	syntax   	   	
#18,032 A behavioral disorder that is related to a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine is ___________.   	4	fugue   	anorexia   	hypochondriasis   	Parkinson's disease   	   	
#18,033 Korsakoff's syndrome, a disorder characterized by memory loss and brain damage, is associated with a history of _______.   	1	alcohol abuse A  	anorexia   	bipolar disorder   	narcolepsy   	   	
#18,034 Heroin and morphine stimulate synapses that normally respond to neurotransmitters that inhibit the sensation of pain. Those neurotransmitters are called ______.  	3	phenylalanines   	testosterone   	endorphins   	glucagons   	   	
#18,035 Activity in the autonomic nervous system is especially important for   	1	emotion.   	visual and auditory perception. B  	cognition.   	memory.   	   	
#18,036 Damage to the hippocampus is MOST likely to produce impairments in   	1	memory   	hunger and thirst   	sexual motivation   	sleep   	   	
#18,037 Scott has been asked what he just saw in his left visual field. He points to the correct answer with his left hand while insisting, "I didn't see anything!" What is probably wrong with him? 	3	damage to the hippocampus   	narcolepsy   	damage to the corpus callosum   	multiple personality   	   	
#18,038 Which of the following statements is nonsense?    	2	People may sometimes engage in dangerous behaviors while under the influence of hypnosis.  	Most of us use only about 10% of our brains.   	Even 2-year-old children link words together into phrases they have never heard anyone else say before.  	A newborn child can recognize the sound of his or her own mother's voice.  	   	
#18,039 Rods and cones are most important for ________.    	4	memory   	emotion   	taste   	vision   	   	
#18,040 Which of the following is NOT a theory of color vision?    	4	retinex theory   	trichromatic theory   	opponent-process theory   	Cannon-Bard theory   	   	
#18,041 What is the similarity between color vision and the emotions?    	2	Both are controlled to a large extent by the same gene, which is located on an autosomal chromosome.  	Both display a rebound effect when a stimulus is removed.   	Both depend on the conflict between phonemes and morphemes.   	Both depend mainly on the activity of the neurons in the spinal cord and the cerebellum.  	   	
#18,042 The cochlea is most directly involved in    	3	memory.   	hunger regulation.   	hearing.   	sexual orientation.   	   	
#18,043 Hearing is based, in part, on each of the principles below EXCEPT the   	4	volley principle.   	frequency principle.   	place principle.   	Premack principle   	   	
#18,044 Someone with damage to the semicircular canals would be MOST likely to have problems with   	4	sleep apnea A  	depression   	controlling aggression   	posture and balance   	   	
#18,045 Which of the following is a theory about the perception of pain?    	1	gate theory   	depth-of-processing theory   	opponent-process theory   	retinex theory   	   	
#18,046 Substance P has been shown to be related to    	4	schizophrenia.   	memory. B  	addiction to alcohol.   	pain.   	   	
#18,047 Specialists in which field of psychology concern themselves with measuring thresholds, adaptation, and signal detection?   	3	psychoanalysis   	transactional analysis   	psychophysics   	humanistic psychology   	   	
#18,048 Psychological research has FAILED to support which of the following claims?   	1	Subliminal messages can exert long-lasting effects on people's attitudes and behaviors.  	Post-hypnotic suggestions can influence people's behaviors.   	Alcoholism, schizophrenia, and sexual orientation are all influenced by genetic differences among people.  	An infant less than two days old can recognize the sound of his/her own mother's voice.  	   	
#18,049 To some extent, we perceive simple visual patterns by means of feature detectors. A feature detector is a kind of   	4	word.   	developmental stage.   	conditioned response.   	neuron.   	   	
#18,050 Which psychologists are most likely to believe that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?   	3	behaviorists   	psychoanalysts   	Gestalt psychologists   	transactional analysts   	   	
#18,051 On which of the following questions would a Gestalt psychologist probably disagree with a behaviorist?   	1	Is it useful to analyze behavior and perception into component elements?  	Is there a biological basis for endogenous depression?   	Is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?  	Is it possible to conduct replicable studies in psychology?   	   	
#18,052 The theory that we perceive visual and auditory stimuli in terms of overall patterns, instead of individual components, is characteristic of  	1	Gestalt psychology.   	transactional analysis.   	behaviorism.   	psychoanalysis.   	   	
#18,053 Proximity and similarity are important principles for both _______ and ________.   	1	visual perception ... interpersonal attraction   	motivation ... emotion   	operant conditioning ... cognitive dissonance   	defense mechanisms ... achievement motivation   	   	
#18,054 Retinal disparity is important when trying to determine    	2	which emotion another person is currently experiencing.   	how far away something is from you.   	the current stage of sleep a person is in.   	which of two reinforcers will be most effective in controlling a response.  	   	
#18,055 Who experiences "paradoxical sleep"?    	4	only active schizophrenics A  	only insomniacs   	only children   	everyone   	   	
#18,056 The EEG can be used for what purpose?    	2	to measure the intelligence of people who do not speak English  	to distinguish among stages of sleep   	to compare an individual's personality to group norms   	to test a person's ability at pitch perception   	   	
#18,057 Which of the following is NOT a sleep disorder?    	1	catatonia   	insomnia B  	apnea   	narcolepsy   	   	
#18,058 Which of the following is NOT considered a "disorder" (something that ought to be corrected)?   	4	hypochondriasis   	multiple personality   	bulimia   	sleep talking   	   	
#18,059 Franz Mesmer was the first person to    	3	test for IQ.   	use electroconvulsive therapy.   	use hypnosis.   	require General Psychology students to participate in experiments as part of their course requirements.  	   	
#18,060 Which of the following statements is well established?    	2	Most of us use only about 10% of our brain.   	Hypnosis can be useful in suppressing reactions to pain.   	Hypnosis can improve the accuracy of someone who has witnessed a crime.  	People under hypnosis refuse to do anything that might be dangerous.  	   	
#18,061 Kenneth Bianchi, the "Hillside Strangler," attempted to avoid conviction for raping and killing several women by pretending to have  	4	Alzheimer's disease.   	schizophrenia.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	multiple personality.   	   	
#18,062 Which kind of drug would be most likely to be prescribed for someone suffering from an anxiety or avoidance disorder?   	2	opiate   	tranquilizer   	stimulant   	neuroleptic   	   	
#18,063 The two approaches to psychology that put the LEAST emphasis on use of experiments are   	1	psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology   	behaviorism and cognitive psychology   	developmental psychology and behaviorism   	cognitive psychology and physiological psychology   	   	
#18,064 Which of the following types of psychologist would be most likely to conduct experiments on animals?   	3	psychoanalyst   	structuralist   	behaviorist   	humanistic psychologist   	   	
#18,065 Behaviorism had the LARGEST impact in the discovery of basic laws of   	4	biological psychology.   	cognition.   	child development.   	learning.   	   	
#18,066 John B. Watson was one of the founders of    	3	Gestalt psychology. A  	psychoanalysis.   	behaviorism.   	humanistic psychology.   	   	
#18,067 If tolerance to a drug injection is based on classical conditioning, what procedure would lead to the extinction of the tolerance?  	4	Administer electric shocks whenever the person attempts to take an injection.  	Take injections of a large amount of the drug as frequently as possible.  	Wait a long time between one injection and the next.   	Go through the injection procedure without the drug itself.   	   	
#18,068 Ranchers in the western United States have successfully deterred coyotes from eating sheep using   	4	hypnosis.   	systematic desensitization. B  	vicarious conditioning.   	conditioned taste aversions.   	   	
#18,069 Some people learn to hyperventilate because doing so can temporarily relieve their anxiety. This is an example of which type of learning?  	4	vicarious reinforcement   	backward conditioning   	classical conditioning   	operant conditioning   	   	
#18,070 Which of the following is considered to be a behaviorist?    	3	Jean Piaget   	Alfred Adler   	B.F. Skinner   	Sigmund Freud   	   	
#18,071 Which of the following makes use of the principle of "shaping"?    	1	operant conditioning   	the Rorschach Inkblot Test   	the guilty-knowledge test   	Stroop effect   	   	
#18,072 B. F. Skinner is known for his work in psychology on    	1	operant conditioning.   	sexual behavior.   	defense mechanisms against anxiety.   	moral development.   	   	
#18,073 The Premack principle and the disequilibrium principle both deal with   	1	whether or not something will be an effective reinforcer.   	how we come to see an overall pattern from an assortment of visual stimuli.  	whether we make internal or external attributions in a given situation.  	our motivation to resolve cognitive dissonance.   	   	
#18,074 Classical conditioning seems to play a role in each of the conditions below EXCEPT   	4	the development of phobias.   	tolerance to injected drugs.   	taste aversions.   	myopia.   	   	
#18,075 Which of the following is based on the methods of operant conditioning?   	4	John B. Watson's interpretation of how people learn phobias   	electroconvulsive therapy for depressed patients   	an interpretation of how drug tolerance develops   	common methods of training animals to perform in shows   	   	
#18,076 Applied behavior analysis makes use of which of these principles?    	4	figure and ground   	depth of processing   	encoding specificity   	shaping   	   	
#18,077 Which theory states that a child grows up to be an honest person because his or her parents set an example of this virtue?   	2	Freud's theory of the unconscious A  	social-learning theory   	cognitive dissonance theory   	James-Lange theory   	   	
#18,078 One similarity between the spontaneous recovery of a learned response and the effect of proactive interference on memory is that both phenomena  	3	cause a decrease in the rate of a learned response.   	apply more to short-term memory than to long-term memory.   	represent the emergence of something learned earlier that should be suppressed at present.  	can be demonstrated only in laboratory animals, not in humans.  	   	
#18,079 Which of the following would be MOST likely to lead to an improvement in a person's memory?   	2	a decrease in the branching pattern of dendrites   	a decrease in proactive interference B  	an increase in repression   	an increase in retroactive interference   	   	
#18,080 If you want to improve your memorization of a list of words, you should AVOID   	2	attaching distinctive retrieval cues to each word on the list.  	memorizing similar materials afterward.   	thinking about the meaning of each word on the list.   	going to sleep just after learning the list.   	   	
#18,081 Forgetting is said to be caused by a number of factors. Which of the following is NOT one of them?   	1	distinctiveness   	repression   	decay   	interference   	   	
#18,082 A psychologist asks a group of 6-year-old children to describe what they did last summer. Later that day the same psychologist asks 11-year-old children the same question. This is an example of a 	2	longitudinal study of long-term memory.   	cross-sectional study of long-term memory.   	cross-sectional study of short-term memory.   	longitudinal study of short-term memory.   	   	
#18,083 "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the number of   	4	dreams we have each night.   	basic traits that exist.   	times people must be hypnotized before they are able to completely block out pain.  	items we can hold in short-term memory.   	   	
#18,084 Which of the following can a person improve by practice?    	1	ability to recite a list of numbers immediately after hearing it  	velocity of the action potentials along an axon   	memory for events that occurred during the first 6 months of life  	ability to use rods for color vision   	   	
#18,085 Mnemonic devices use visual imagery to facilitate    	2	concept formation.   	memory.   	relaxation.   	motor skills.   	   	
#18,086 A mnemonic device is used to    	2	persuade people who are initially opposed to your ideas.   	facilitate memory.   	induce a hypnotic trance.   	monitor brain waves during sleep.   	   	
#18,087 The patient H.M., who had his hippocampus surgically removed, suffered from which problem as a result of his surgery?   	3	multiple personality   	anorexia nervosa   	memory impairment   	uncontrollable emotions   	   	
#18,088 Freud's concept of "repression" applies to    	4	anterograde amnesia. A  	Alzheimer's disease.   	Korsakoff's syndrome.   	retrograde amnesia.   	   	
#18,089 Confabulation -- a tendency to make up and apparently believe unlikely answers to people's questions -- is most frequently a symptom associated with  	2	Turner's syndrome.   	Korsakoff's syndrome.   	narcolepsy.   	agoraphobia.   	   	
#18,090 Two disorders that lead to an impairment of memory are    	1	Korsakoff's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.   	phobia and narcolepsy. B  	Parkinson's disease and antisocial personality.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder and Machiavellian personality.   	   	
#18,091 Which of the following disorders most clearly involves brain damage and a loss of brain cells?   	1	Alzheimer's disease   	multiple personality   	apnea   	myopia   	   	
#18,092 People read a list of words including PENDULUM. Later they are shown an array of letters, "-E-D-L-M," and asked to fill in the missing letters. (the correct answer is PENDULUM.) What is unusual about this type of memory. 	2	Many people who can recall all the words on the list fail to fill in the missing letters.  	Many people who cannot recall any of the words on the list nevertheless fill in the missing letters.  	Both children and older adults fill in the missing letters more accurately then young adults do.  	The longer one waits before testing, the more accurately most people can fill in the missing letters.  	   	
#18,093 Which group of people has been shown to have considerably better implicit than explicit memory?   	3	women   	African-Americans   	brain-damaged amnesic patients   	people who are high on the extroversion personality traits   	   	
#18,094 Which of the following has NOT been shown to improve memory in a dependable way?   	1	recalling the memory under hypnosis   	increased depth of processing   	decreased interference   	going to sleep just after storing the memory   	   	
#18,095 Which of the following shows the LEAST variation from one person to another, among normal adult humans?   	3	reactions to stressful events   	frequency of sexual activity   	capacity of short-term memory   	ability to tolerate sleeplessness   	   	
#18,096 Which of the following topics is currently the MOST controversial in the field of psychology?   	2	Whether there is only one, or more than one type of neurotransmitter.  	Whether recovered memories are real, repressed memories, or false, created memories.  	Whether or not hypnosis can be used to diminish the experience of pain.  	Whether the MMPI-2 or the Stanford-Binet is a better test of personality.  	   	
#18,097 One difference between expert and novice chess players that has been experimentally demonstrated is   	4	experts use their frontal lobes more than novices do when playing chess.  	novices are more likely to have an internal locus of control.   	experts tend to be high self-monitors.   	experts recognize and remember familiar patterns better.   	   	
#18,098 An algorithm is    	2	an abnormality in brain waves.   	a method of problem solving.   	a personality trait.   	a method of psychotherapy.   	   	
#18,099 The representativeness heuristic most closely resembles the social psychological phenomenon of ____________.   	3	conformity A  	groupthink   	stereotypes   	self-serving bias   	   	
#18,100 Most people who buy lottery tickets have developed the habit of doing so based on   	2	negative reinforcement.   	vicarious reinforcement.   	omission training.   	passive avoidance learning.   	   	
#18,101 The Whorf Hypothesis deals with the relationship between    	3	conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.   	emotions and arousal. B  	language and thought.   	mental disorders and genetics.   	   	
#18,102 Saccades are short, quick movements of your    	2	neurons   	eyes   	arms and legs during sleep   	beliefs and attitudes   	   	
#18,103 Which of the following illustrates what is meant by the "word-superiority effect"?   	2	After children learn to speak, they learn other skills more rapidly than before.  	People can read a blurred word of print more easily than they can read a single blurred letter.  	People who store their memories in words remember them longer and more accurately than those who store them other ways.  	Psychological experimenters get clearer results if they read the instructions aloud than if they ask subjects to read them.  	   	
#18,104 Experienced readers identify familiar words almost automatically, and have difficulty when they try to avoid reading words as words. This is seen in  	1	the Stroop effect.   	cognitive dissonance.   	the von Restorff effect.   	the M'Naghten rule.   	   	
#18,105 Spearman's "g" factor has to do with    	4	the speed of action potential.   	whether someone will help someone else in need.   	depression.   	intelligence.   	   	
#18,106 In 1905, Alfred Binet devised the first useful test of    	2	achievement motivation.   	intelligence.   	personality.   	memory capacity.   	   	
#18,107 Which of the following tests is intentionally structured to have a mean score of 100?   	1	Stanford-Binet   	MMPI   	Thematic Apperception Test   	Rorschach Test   	   	
#18,108 Which of the following tests was designed to minimize the use of language when taking the test?   	4	Thematic Apperception Test   	MMPI   	WAIS-R   	Raven's Progressive Matrices   	   	
#18,109 The Stanford-Binet test and the MMPI-2 are both examples of _____ tests.   	2	projective   	standardized   	intelligence   	personality   	   	
#18,110 Why do psychologists periodically revise a test such as the MMPI or the WAIS-R?   	4	Because of changes in society, it has become necessary to A make the tests easier and easier.  	After the test has been used for a few years, many people have heard what is on the test before they take it.  	The psychologists who administer the tests become bored with using exactly the same test year after year.  	The norms that were appropriate in the past have become obsolete.  	   	
#18,111 If a personality test indicates that certain people are deeply depressed, and we later learn that those people are very likely to commit suicide, we would say the test had  	4	low construct validity   	low reliability   	high content validity   	high predictive validity   	   	
#18,112 Someone claims that the MMPI is "biased" against people from a rural background. To demonstrate that this charge is correct, someone would have to show that  	3	the authors of the test were mostly or entirely city-dwellers.  	rural people are more likely to object to certain questions on the MMPI or to leave them blank than city people are. B 	rural people with a certain personality profile on the MMPI are mentally healthier than are city people with the same profile. 	rural people are more likely to get an "unhealthy" personality profile on the MMPI than city people are.  	   	
#18,113 For which of the topics below would researchers be MOST likely to study identical twins raised apart?   	2	visual acuity   	intelligence   	neurotransmitter action   	hearing   	   	
#18,114 Various behaviors emerge at different ages. Of the following, which one is demonstrably present in infants less than one week old?  	1	ability to recognize their mother's voice   	ability to use mnemonic devices   	the concept of object permanence   	the concept of conservation   	   	
#18,115 Which of the following can be demonstrated in the youngest, least experienced infants?   	1	ability to recognize their mother's voice   	the concept of conservation   	verbal memory   	the concept of object permanence   	   	
#18,116 Someone in Piaget's sensorimotor stage would probably be in which of Freud's stages?   	4	phallic   	latent   	genital   	oral   	   	
#18,117 A child who is in Piaget's sensorimotor stage would probably be in which of Erikson's eight ages of development?   	4	identity vs. identity diffusion   	industry vs. inferiority   	generativity vs. stagnation   	basic trust vs. mistrust   	   	
#18,118 Which of the following does NOT occur at approximately 2 years of age?   	2	Freud's anal stage of development   	Piaget's concrete-operations stage   	speaking mostly in two-word phrases   	Erikson's age of initiative vs. guilt   	   	
#18,119 In what way are the thought processes of a child in Piaget's "concrete-operations" period similar to those of a schizophrenic adult?  	2	Both have trouble shifting their attention from one topic to another.  	Both have trouble understanding abstract concepts.   	Both lack the concepts of object permanence and conservation.   	Both tend to flip suddenly from one personality to another.   	   	
#18,120 A child is shown two rows of eight checkers. The child is asked which row has more checkers, when one row is spread out more than the other. The psychologist administering this test is attempting to determine 	4	if the child has suffered brain damage in the cerebellum.   	whether the child has an internal or external locus of control.  	whether or not the child is androgynous.   	the child's stage of cognitive development.   	   	
#18,121 Which of the following psychologists did NOT present a theory based on different "stages" or "levels"?   	4	Piaget A  	Kohlberg   	Maslow   	Skinner   	   	
#18,122 Psychologists find that a high percentage of physically abused children become violent adults. This conclusion MUST be based on which type of study?  	3	double-blind   	single-blind   	longitudinal   	cross-sectional   	   	
#18,123 Piaget's stages, Kohlberg's stages, Erikson's stages, and Freud's stages all have one feature in common:   	4	In each case, nearly all people reach the final stage at about age 12 years.  	All the stages deal with the development of the unconscious mind. B 	All of the theories were based on experimental research.   	Nearly all people go through the stages in the same order.   	   	
#18,124 Below are four pairings of an investigator with a theory. Which pairing is correct?   	3	Edward Thorndike -- hierarchy of needs   	Hermann Ebbinghaus -- cognitive dissonance   	Erik Erikson -- eight ages of social development   	Mary Calkins -- collective unconscious   	   	
#18,125 Which of the following is evidence that the need for sleep is to some extent a "homeostatic" process?   	3	Certain animals, such as cats, sleep more than other species do.  	Some people sleep less than others do, yet show no impairments in health or mental functioning.  	People who have been deprived of sleep feel a greater need to sleep.  	People go through four stages of sleep during the night.   	   	
#18,126 Which of the following would be an example of intrinsic motivation?   	3	a rat pressing a bar for a food reward   	a child playing nicely to avoid punishment   	an artist painting because she enjoys painting   	a subject in Milgram's experiment delivering shocks to please the experimenter  	   	
#18,127 People who solve puzzles "just for fun" often reduce the amount of free-time they spend doing the puzzles if they are paid for puzzle-solving. This is known as the  	2	Premack principle.   	overjustification effect.   	availability heuristic.   	opponent-process theory.   	   	
#18,128 One similarity between unconditioned reinforcers and primary motivations is that both of them are based on   	1	satisfaction of biological needs.   	dominance of the ego over the id.   	the influence of other people.   	early childhood experiences.   	   	
#18,129 The hormone insulin is responsible for much of the variation among people in   	4	how well they can hear low-frequency sounds.   	whether or not they have color vision.   	the capacity of their short-term memory.   	how much they eat.   	   	
#18,130 "Set point" theory is a theory dealing with    	1	food regulation and hunger.   	emotional reaction and temperament.   	the effectiveness of various reinforcers and punishers.   	social relationships and interpersonal attraction.   	   	
#18,131 People suffering from _______ generally show an increase in their total level of activity.   	1	anorexia nervosa   	obesity   	depression   	Parkinson's disease   	   	
#18,132 Which of the following psychological disorders is more common in females than in males?   	3	autism A  	schizophrenia   	anorexia nervosa   	alcoholism   	   	
#18,133 Which of the following is an eating disorder?    	1	bulimia   	apnea   	narcolepsy   	autism   	   	
#18,134 One similarity between people with bulimia and people with bipolar disorder is that both kinds of people   	4	are most likely to be teenage girls.   	have a strong internal locus of control. B  	prefer to have their meals in private instead of with company.  	alternate between one behavioral extreme and its opposite.   	   	
#18,135 The most serious criticism of Kinsey's survey of sexual behavior is that he   	1	did not obtain a representative or random sample.   	violated the principle of parsimony.   	failed to use a double-blind design.   	did not use descriptive statistics to present his data.   	   	
#18,136 Masters and Johnson are famous for identifying four stages of    	3	cognitive development.   	reaction to death.   	sexual arousal.   	recovery from schizophrenia.   	   	
#18,137 The development of sexual anatomy is most strongly influenced by the presence or absence of the hormone   	3	insulin   	endorphin   	testosterone   	estrogen   	   	
#18,138 The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) could be used to measure    	2	interest in various jobs.   	need for achievement.   	intelligence.   	maturational readiness.   	   	
#18,139 Leslie generally chooses college courses that are known to be moderately challenging, where it is possible to get a good grade only by very hard work. What can we assume is probably true about Leslie's personality? 	1	high need for achievement   	high self-monitoring   	high androgyny   	low self-efficacy   	   	
#18,140 Which of the following does NOT show a "rebound effect"?    	1	memory of a list of words after a person has used a mnemonic technique  	the changes in emotion assumed by the opponent-process theory of emotions  	the response of the body after removal of a stimulus that excited the sympathetic nervous system  	the perception that results after one has stared at a bright color for about a minute  	   	
#18,141 Activity of the sympathetic nervous system is especially important for   	1	emotion.   	auditory perception.   	visual perception.   	fine control of the muscles.   	   	
#18,142 You are madly in love with your boyfriend or girlfriend. When that person unexpectedly shows up at your door there is a general _________ in the sympathetic system. When he or she leaves there is a general __________ in the parasympathetic system. 	2	increase ... decrease   	increase ... increase   	decrease ... increase   	decrease ... decrease   	   	
#18,143 A polygraph is a device used to measure    	3	depth of hypnosis. A  	individual action potentials.   	emotional reactions.   	memory.   	   	
#18,144 Which of the following is doing something that is ILLEGAL throughout the United States?   	2	A school uses the results of an IQ test to determine which children belong in special classes.  	An employer requires all job applicants to take a lie-detector test.  	A mental hospital releases a patient without first asking people in the community for their approval.  	A psychiatrist administers electroshock therapy to a depressed patient.  	   	
#18,145 Which of the following theories gives a central role to autonomic arousal?   	1	James-Lange theory   	self-perception theory B  	signal-detection theory   	learned-helplessness theory   	   	
#18,146 Which of the following is NOT a general theory of emotion?    	4	James-Lange theory   	Schachter-Singer theory   	Cannon-Bard theory   	Young-Helmholtz theory   	   	
#18,147 Humans and monkeys resemble each other most closely in the ways they communicate ________.   	2	phonemes   	emotion   	perception   	causality   	   	
#18,148 Which of the following varies LEAST from one culture to another?    	2	sex customs   	facial expressions of happiness and sadness   	use of alcoholic beverages   	food preferences   	   	
#18,149 Susceptibility to heart disease has been shown to be higher than average for people with   	3	an internal locus of control.   	high IQ.   	Type A personality.   	multiple personality.   	   	
#18,150 Which approach to psychology puts the greatest emphasis on a distinction between conscious thought and unconscious thought?   	2	physiological psychology   	psychoanalysis   	humanism   	behaviorism   	   	
#18,151 Both Freud and Piaget described stages in children's development. What was the main difference in the ways they discovered these stages?  	2	Piaget studied older children than Freud did.   	Piaget actually watched children; Freud did not.   	Freud dealt with children's intellect while Piaget dealt with their emotions.  	Piaget used a cross-sectional method while Freud used a longitudinal method.  	   	
#18,152 Which of the following did NOT devise a personality theory that broke away from certain of Freud's assumptions?   	3	Jung   	Adler   	Skinner   	Horney   	   	
#18,153 Theoretically, which of the following should vary LEAST from one person to another?   	3	style of life (as described by Adler)   	moral reasoning (as described by Kohlberg)   	the collective unconscious (as described by Jung)   	attribution (as described by Heider)   	   	
#18,154 Which kind of psychologist is most concerned with your self-concept and your ideal self?   	4	behaviorist A  	comparative psychologist   	psychoanalyst   	humanistic psychologist   	   	
#18,155 Which of the following tests is commonly used to measure personality?   	2	Raven's Progressive Matrices   	MMPI   	Torrance Tests   	WISC-III   	   	
#18,156 Many employers ask job applicants what skills they have. What is one valid and legal way for them to determine which applicants are lying?  	3	They examine the applicants' responses to the Rorschach Inkblots.  	They ask the questions again under hypnosis. B  	They ask about skills on some nonexistent tasks.   	They administer a lie-detector test.   	   	
#18,157 Which of the following is an example of a projective personality test?   	1	Thematic Apperception Test   	MMPI   	Stanford-Binet test   	Bell and Howell framing exercise   	   	
#18,158 What is DSM-IV?    	3	an association of university psychology departments   	a drug often used in the treatment of people with schizophrenia  	a book about diagnosing psychological disorders   	a standardized personality test   	   	
#18,159 Symptoms of a panic attack (in people with panic disorder) indicate a high level of activity by the   	4	parasympathetic nervous system.   	parathyroid gland.   	thyroid gland.   	sympathetic nervous system.   	   	
#18,160 Which form of psychotherapy resembles the process of extinguishing a learned response?   	4	Gestalt therapy   	person-centered therapy   	transactional analysis   	systematic desensitization   	   	
#18,161 Which of the following is a procedure in the systematic desensitization of a phobia?   	4	Listen to the person's fears in a sympathetic manner without providing any advice.  	Use dream analysis and free association to try to understand how the phobia originated.  	Administer tranquilizers to reduce the symptoms.   	Expose the person to the object of the phobia for increasing times.  	   	
#18,162 Systematic desensitization is a form of    	1	behavior therapy.   	person-centered therapy.   	psychoanalysis.   	transactional analysis.   	   	
#18,163 What is the similarity between systematic desensitization and Skinner's method of "shaping"?   	3	Both are laboratory phenomena with theoretical interest but no practical value.  	Both depend on carefully watching and theoretical interest but no practical value.  	Both occur through a gradual series of successive approximations to a goal.  	Both alternate between periods of reinforcement and periods of punishment.  	   	
#18,164 A psychologist who decided to use BEHAVIOR THERAPY in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder would be most likely to use which of the following procedures?  	2	Encourage the person to free associate or to discuss his or her problems openly.  	Expose the person to the distressing stimulus while preventing the compulsive behaviors.  	Carefully explain to the person why his or her behavior is irrational.  	Administer electroconvulsive shock therapy.   	   	
#18,165 Which of the following psychological disorders is more common in males than in females?   	3	major depression A  	schizophrenia   	alcoholism   	anorexia nervosa   	   	
#18,166 To answer the question whether alcoholism is a "disease," psychologists would need   	1	an operational definition of the word "disease."   	a double-blind experiment comparing two groups of alcoholics assigned to Antabuse and placebo groups.  	descriptive statistics on alcoholism and the people who suffer from it.  	a correlation between amount of alcohol drunk and life expectancy.  	   	
#18,167 People with which psychological disorder tend to enter REM sleep unusually rapidly (less than 45 minutes after going to sleep)?   	1	depression   	antisocial personality B  	multiple personality   	panic disorder   	   	
#18,168 After someone learns a phobia to one object, the phobia sometimes spreads to other similar objects. The spread could be described as  	2	backward conditioning.   	stimulus generalization.   	desensitization.   	reaction formation.   	   	
#18,169 Two disorders that usually have their onset during young adulthood (the teens through the 20s) are   	3	unipolar depression and manic-depressive disorder.   	autism and attention-deficit disorder.   	schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	Parkinson's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome.   	   	
#18,170 What do schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol abuse have in common?   	3	All three are believed to be cause mostly by growing up with a rejecting parent.  	All three are most likely to be diagnosed for the first time in people over the age of 30.  	All three depend in part on genetic predispositions.   	All three can be successfully treated with the drugs haloperidol and chlorpromazine.  	   	
#18,171 Which of the following conditions is known to have a strong genetic basis?   	4	heroin addiction   	multiple personality   	Korsakoff's syndrome   	schizophrenia   	   	
#18,172 Schizophrenia is believed to be associated with an abnormality of which aspect of the central nervous system?   	4	myelin sheaths   	action potential   	glucose metabolism   	dopamine synapses   	   	
#18,173 An impairment of pursuit eye movements is often found in people with which disorder?   	4	anorexia nervosa   	panic disorder   	Parkinson's disease   	schizophrenia   	   	
#18,174 In the terminology of transformational grammar and of psychoanalysis, the surface structure of a language is to the deep structure as the _______ content of a dream is to the _______ content. 	4	latent ... manifest   	visual ... auditory   	auditory ... visual   	manifest ... latent   	   	
#18,175 Which of the following procedures is seldom if ever used today?    	3	Antabuse treatment for alcoholics   	electroconvulsive shock therapy   	prefrontal lobotomies   	hypnosis for pain relief   	   	
#18,176 Which of the following is NOT used to treat depression?    	4	tricyclic drugs A  	MAOIs   	ECT   	methadone   	   	
#18,177 Which of the following actions is LEGAL in most parts of the United States?   	4	A clinical psychologist prescribes drugs for schizophrenic patients.  	An employer requires job applicants to take a lie-detector test.  	A mental hospital confines an alcoholic patient against his will and administers treatments despite his protests.  	A psychiatrist uses electroconvulsive therapy to treat depressed patients.  	   	
#18,178 Both antidepressant drugs and antischizophrenic drugs alter the activity of the nervous system by   	4	preventing sodium ions from crossing neuron membranes.   	altering the ratio of neurons to glia. B  	increasing the ability of glucose to enter neurons.   	altering transmission at synapses.   	   	
#18,179 Which one of these pairings of a disorder with a drug therapy is NOT correct?   	4	bipolar disorder -- lithium   	alcohol abuse -- Antabuse   	opiate abuse -- methadone   	panic disorder -- neuroleptics   	   	
#18,180 For which of the following is behavior therapy LEAST likely to be an effective therapy?   	4	cigarette smoking   	phobia   	anorexia nervosa   	bipolar disorder   	   	
#18,181 Lithium therapy is most frequently used to treat    	3	narcolepsy.   	anorexia nervosa.   	bipolar disorder.   	tardive dyskinesia   	   	
#18,182 Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of drugs used to treat    	1	schizophrenia.   	sleep disorders.   	PKU.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	   	
#18,183 People who are high self-monitors are particularly likely to    	4	be obese.   	be depressed.   	have a high IQ.   	conform.   	   	
#18,184 The "sleeper effect" refers to    	3	the tendency of an extinguished conditioned response to reemerge spontaneously.  	the abnormal sleep patterns seen in depressed patients.   	the changes in the effectiveness of a persuasive message over time.  	the attachment formed between a therapist and a client.   	   	
#18,185 According to some psychologists, schizophrenic people tend to be "ambivalent" -- that is, they hold contradictory beliefs without distress. If that is correct, we would expect that schizophrenic people would be less influenced than most other people are by 	3	regression to the mean.   	the opponent-process principle in emotions.   	cognitive dissonance.   	optical illusions.   	   	
#18,186 Our tendency to overemphasize internal explanations of other people's behavior is known as   	3	paradoxical intervention.   	the representativeness heuristic.   	the fundamental attribution error.   	proactive interference.   	   	
#18,187 In general, men are more likely than women to    	3	attempt suicide. A  	have anorexia nervosa.   	have casual sex with many partners.   	suffer from depression.   	   	
#18,188 What do the overjustification effect and social loafing have in common?   	1	In both cases motivation to perform is lowered.   	Both are due to a deviation from homeostasis.   	Both occur most often in people who have an internal locus of control.  	Both are symptoms of autism.   	   	
#18,189 The "foot-in-the-door" technique starts with a small request and builds up to a larger one. In that respect it is similar to which of these learning procedures?  	1	shaping   	spontaneous recovery B  	discrimination learning   	fixed-interval schedule   	   	
#18,190 In Milgram's study on obedience to authority, what was the dependent variable?   	4	the personality of the "teacher"   	the expectations of the "teacher" and "learner" before the experiment  	the experimenter's instructions   	the number of shocks supposedly delivered to the "learner"   	   	
#18,191 Theory X and Theory Y are both theories in the field of    	1	industrial-organizational psychology.   	developmental psychology.   	physiological psychology.   	operant conditioning.   	   	
#18,192 The combined field of psychology, engineering, and computer science that works to make the interaction of people and the machines they use as safe and efficient as possible is ______.  	4	retinex theory   	mnemonics   	psychoanalysis   	ergonomics