#14,001 "Medical students' disease" is    	4	a viral disease frequently contracted by medical students who work extensively with cadavers.  	a psychological disorder doctors at teaching hospitals get from the stress of working with too many first-year interns.  	the false belief that you are a medical student.   	the false belief that you have some dreaded condition that you have just learned about.  	   	
#14,002 People in the Middle Ages generally regarded bizarre behavior as a result of   	4	some biological abnormality, such as a viral disease. A  	poor parenting.   	drug misuse.   	demon possession.   	   	
#14,003 How does dissociative identity disorder differ from the disorders running amok and brain fag?   	3	Dissociative identity disorder is the only one of the above disorders that is found in females.  	Dissociative identity disorder is the only one of the above disorders that is found in young people.  	Dissociative identity disorder is more likely than the others to be found in the United States.  	Dissociative identity disorder is more likely than the others to run in families.  	   	
#14,004 Brain fag syndrome is a common complaint among    	4	physicians in the northeast United States.   	people with exceptionally high IQs. B  	schizophrenic patients.   	West African students, just before exams.   	   	
#14,005 A man sometimes calls himself "Jack L." and behaves in a mature, responsible way. At other times he calls himself "Hyatt" and engages in highly impulsive behavior. He is apparently suffering from 	2	schizophrenia.   	dissociative identity disorder   	bipolar disorder.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	   	
#14,006 Someone who alternates among several distinct personalities, each having different abilities, different memories, and perhaps even different names, is suffering from  	4	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	schizophrenia.   	manic-depressive disorder.   	dissociative identity disorder   	   	
#14,007 The woman known as "Eve" in The Three Faces of Eve was suffering from   	3	schizophrenia.   	somatization disorder.   	dissociative identity disorder.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	   	
#14,008 According to the Freudian point of view, an adult who became an alcohol abuser probably did so because of   	1	bad experiences early in life.   	a genetic predisposition.   	the stresses of current life.   	the positively reinforcing consequences of alcohol.   	   	
#14,009 DSM-IV is a book that describes    	3	ethical standards for psychological experiments.   	the facilities and practices of the larger mental hospitals in the United States.  	accepted labels and classifications of psychological disorders.  	the drugs that are used in psychiatry and their side effects.   	   	
#14,010 What is DSM-IV?    	3	an abbreviation for "fourth dissociated state of mind"   	an organization dedicated to better treatment of the mentally ill  	a book about psychological disorders   	one of the scales of the MMPI   	   	
#14,011 One criticism of DSM-IV is that it incorrectly implies that    	4	any unusual behavior necessarily indicates a psychological abnormality and therefore requires treatment.  	all psychological disorders are equally likely to respond well to the same methods of treatment.  	all psychological disorders have a genetic basis.   	there is a firm border between those who have a disorder and those who do not have it.  	   	
#14,012 A large survey taken in 1984 of about 20,000 people found that about ______ of all adults were suffering from a psychological disorder of some sort, and that close to ______ had suffered from such a disorder at some time during their life. 	2	1% ... 5%   	one-fifth ... one-third   	3% ... 8%   	one-half ... 75%   	   	
#14,013 According to a 1994 survey, approximately what percentage of people will suffer from some sort of psychological disorder at some point in their life?  	4	1% A  	5%   	20%   	50%   	   	
#14,014 According to a 1984 survey of almost 20,000 people in three U.S. cities, the percentage of adults who suffer from a psychological disorder at some point in their lives is about one-third. When a similar study was conducted 10 years later, the new estimate was 	4	1%.   	5%.   	one-fifth.   	one-half.   	   	
#14,015 Which of the following disorders is the LEAST common among adults in the United States?   	1	schizophrenia   	phobia B  	alcohol or drug abuse   	affective disorders (including depression)   	   	
#14,016 According to a 1984 survey of three large cities, the three most common, most widespread psychological disorders in the United States are  	3	schizophrenia, panic disorder, and anorexia nervosa.   	multiple personality, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and somatization disorder.  	alcohol and drug abuse, anxiety disorders, and depression.   	dissociative disorder, mania, and autism.   	   	
#14,017 Psychologists generally assert that about 30-35% of all people will eventually experience at least one psychological disorder. A major problem with that assertion, or with any other percentage, is that 	3	psychologists in different parts of the U.S. have different rules for diagnosing psychological disorders.  	results of random-sampling studies have been vastly different from those of representative-sampling studies.  	having a psychological disorder is a matter of degree, not an all-or-nothing affair.  	certain disorders such as bipolar disorder are very serious, even though they are not common.  	   	
#14,018 DSM-IV classifies psychological disorders along five axes. Axis 1 lists   	3	disorders that persist throughout life, such as mental retardation.  	a person's level of stress during the previous year.   	disorders with a particular time of onset, such as depression.  	physical disorders, such as diabetes, that can affect behavior.  	   	
#14,019 Which of the following is an example of a psychological disorder that is classified in Axis 2 DSM-IV?   	4	anorexia nervosa   	depression   	schizophrenia   	mental retardation   	   	
#14,020 The difference between Axis 1 and Axis 2 of DSM-IV is that the disorders listed on Axis 2   	4	may concern the individual who has one of them, although they do not bother anyone else.  	are believed to depend on experiences rather than biological factors.  	have a particular time of onset and a realistic chance of recovery.  	are likely to last a lifetime.   	   	
#14,021 A personality disorder is a    	4	physical symptom that has no apparent medical cause.   	temporary change in a person's level of anxiety or depression.  	condition that the person complains about even though other people regard it as normal.  	maladaptive, inflexible manner of behaving.   	   	
#14,022 A "personality disorder," such as antisocial personality, tends to have what time course?   	3	It develops suddenly at some point in adult life and goes away gradually.  	It has a sudden onset and an equally sudden offset.   	It generally lasts a lifetime.   	It develops in early childhood but it ends abruptly during adolescence.  	   	
#14,023 A "personality disorder" qualifies as abnormal behavior under which definition of abnormal behavior?   	3	behavior that results from brain damage   	behavior that changes drastically from one time to another   	behavior that society finds troublesome or unacceptable   	behavior that gives a person discomfort   	   	
#14,024 In the DSM-IV, physical disorders such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver are listed under   	3	Axis 1 A  	Axis 2   	Axis 3   	Axis 4   	   	
#14,025 In the DSM-IV, an evaluation of the person's overall level of functioning is given on a scale from 1 to 90 under   	4	Axis 2   	Axis 3   	Axis 4   	Axis 5   	   	
#14,026 The difference between fear and anxiety is that    	4	fear is, by definition, more intense than anxiety.   	anxiety is, by definition, more intense than fear. B  	anxiety, unlike fear, is generally associated with a specific situation.  	fear, unlike anxiety, is generally associated with a specific situation.  	   	
#14,027 Someone who has generalized anxiety disorder would be most likely to   	2	say "I never am able to feel anxious."   	be constantly plagued by exaggerated worries.   	experience panic attacks daily.   	lose access to a particular set of memories.   	   	
#14,028 Which physical characteristic is common among people who suffer from panic disorder?   	2	absence of functional asymmetry in the brain   	an overresponsive sympathetic nervous system   	a functionally inactive hypothalamus   	red hair   	   	
#14,029 Jeff has occasional periods of chest pains, difficulty in breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, faintness, and dizziness for no apparent reason. From which of these psychological disorders is he most likely to be suffering? 	4	schizophrenia   	obsessive-compulsive disorder   	depression   	panic disorder   	   	
#14,030 Panic disorder is frequently linked with    	4	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	conversion disorder.   	multiple personality.   	social phobia.   	   	
#14,031 Agoraphobia, an excessive fear of open places or public places, is frequently associated with   	4	schizophrenia.   	somatoform disorder.   	multiple personality.   	panic disorder.   	   	
#14,032 Agoraphobia is a fear of    	2	closed places.   	open places.   	heights.   	animals.   	   	
#14,033 People with panic disorder frequently also develop social phobia or agoraphobia. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the development of these phobias?  	1	These people are afraid of being embarrassed by having a panic attack in public.  	These people had some traumatic experience with snakes in the past, and develop their fear through classical conditioning.  	People with panic disorder probably develop social phobia or agoraphobia because they were sexually abused as children.  	Panic disorder, social phobia, and agoraphobia all seem to be the direct result of an inactive sympathetic nervous system.  	   	
#14,034 In what way is panic disorder sometimes self- perpetuating?    	4	Panic attacks damage the heart, which increases the probability of another panic attack.  	People who suffer panic attacks are often mistaken for epileptics and given antiepileptic drugs that increase overall arousal. 	People who suffer panic attacks are often given tranquilizers that backfire and cause more panic attacks.  	Worry leads to hyperventilation, which increases the probability of a panic attack.  	   	
#14,035 For people with panic disorder, even mild exertion can sometimes trigger a panic attack because it   	2	reminds the person what a panic attack feels like. A  	raises the carbon dioxide level in the blood.   	distracts the person's attention.   	activates the parasympathetic nervous system.   	   	
#14,036 Which of the following is occasionally recommended as a treatment for panic disorder?   	1	regular exercise   	deep breathing   	curtail physical exertion   	inhale carbon dioxide if you hyperventilate   	   	
#14,037 What do superstitions, phobias, and shock-avoidance learning have in common with each other?   	2	All three occur only in humans, never in other animals.   	Individuals who engage in each behavior do not learn it is unnecessary. B 	Psychologists interpret each of these behaviors in terms of sexual symbolism.  	The behaviors develop mostly during a period early in life.   	   	
#14,038 Superstitions, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder all tend to persist for long times, in spite of being useless, because their origin is related to  	3	imprinting.   	operant conditioning with positive reinforcement.   	avoidance learning.   	shaping.   	   	
#14,039 It is hard to get rid of superstitions, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors because they are similar to which kind of learning?  	1	avoidance learning   	conditioned taste aversions   	fixed-interval operant conditioning   	short-term memory   	   	
#14,040 If an animal has learned to make a given response to avoid shock, which procedure would be most likely to produce rapid extinction of the response?  	3	Give the animal an occasional shock even when it makes the response.  	Give the animal no shocks, regardless of what it does.   	Prevent the animal from making the response, and give no shocks.  	Keep the animal out of the training environment altogether for a few days.  	   	
#14,041 A phobia is best defined as a fear that    	1	interferes with normal living.   	people do not realize they have.   	is associated with a totally harmless object.   	occurs at random times and is not associated with any object.   	   	
#14,042 What happened when one city tried to combat the phobia of elevators by posting signs on elevators that said "There is no reason to be afraid of elevators. There is almost no chance at all that the cable will break or that you will suffocate." 	4	The incidence of elevator phobias decreased.   	The incidence of elevator phobias decreased, but the incidence of agoraphobia increased.  	The incidence of elevator phobias was unaffected, while the incidence of agoraphobia decreased.  	The incidence of elevator phobias increased.   	   	
#14,043 One characteristic of phobias is that they    	1	are more prevalent in women than in men.   	become more prevalent as one gets older, starting in the teen years.  	typically do not begin until middle adulthood.   	occur in fewer than 1% of the population.   	   	
#14,044 One characteristic of phobias is that they    	2	are more prevalent in men than in women.   	often begin in the teenage years, but decrease in prevalence with age.  	often begin in the teenage years, and increase in prevalence with age.  	occur in fewer than 1% of the population.   	   	
#14,045 In John B. Watson's attempt to demonstrate that a person can develop a phobia of white rats through classical conditioning, the white rat was the  	1	conditioned stimulus.   	punishment.   	unconditioned stimulus.   	conditioned response.   	   	
#14,046 In John B. Watson's attempt to produce a phobia through classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus was   	1	a loud sound. A  	an electric shock.   	a white rat.   	fear and crying.   	   	
#14,047 In John B. Watson's attempt to produce a phobia through classical conditioning, the conditioned response was   	1	fear and crying.   	a white rat.   	an electric shock.   	a loud noise.   	   	
#14,048 John B. Watson's attempted to produce a phobia in a child by pairing a loud noise (which caused an emotional reaction) with a neutral stimulus, a white rat. In this experiment, the child's fear of the white rat was the 	3	unconditioned response.   	conditioned stimulus. B  	conditioned response.   	unconditioned stimulus.   	   	
#14,049 According to one theory, people develop a phobia of an object if they see that object and then feel pain. Evidence AGAINST this simple theory includes the fact that  	1	many people have phobias of objects with which they have had no unpleasant experiences.  	systematic desensitization is an effective way of treating phobias.  	anyone who is successfully treated for one phobia immediately develops another one.  	the most common objects of phobias are totally harmless objects such as trees and houses.  	   	
#14,050 How can a monkey develop a fear of snakes?    	2	A monkey is born with a fear of snakes.   	A monkey that sees another monkey show fear of snakes develops a fear of snakes.  	A monkey that learns a fear of anything else immediately generalizes that fear to include snakes.  	A monkey develops a fear of snakes only after it has been bitten by a snake.  	   	
#14,051 An observer monkey that is not afraid of snakes watches another monkey that becomes very afraid when it sees a snake. The observer monkey may or may not become afraid of snakes, depending on 	2	whether or not the other monkey screams and makes gestures.   	whether or not it can see the snake as well as the other monkey.  	whether it is older or younger than the frightened monkey.   	whether or not it has ever been bitten by a snake itself.   	   	
#14,052 Which of the following is very commonly the object of phobias?    	4	electrical outlets   	tools   	cars   	heights   	   	
#14,053 People SELDOM develop phobias of ______.    	2	closed places   	guns   	open places   	animals   	   	
#14,054 Which of the following is only RARELY the object of a phobia?    	3	public places   	closed places   	guns   	snakes   	   	
#14,055 When a monkey with no fears watches another monkey show a strong fear of some object, what happens?   	2	The observer monkey develops a lasting fear, regardless of the object.  	The observer monkey may or may not develop a lasting fear, depending on what the object is.  	The observer monkey develops no fear.   	The observer monkey develops a temporary fear that disappears about as soon as the other monkey leaves.  	   	
#14,056 In a study on the development of phobias, some human subjects receive an electric shock paired with pictures of snakes, while others get shock paired with pictures of houses. What is the likely outcome? 	3	a strong fear of both snakes and houses   	a lack of fear for both snakes and houses   	a strong fear of snakes, but a weak fear of houses   	a strong fear of houses, but a weak fear of snakes   	   	
#14,057 Susan has seen a shark attack someone; she has also seen a dog attack someone. One reason why she is more likely to develop a phobia of sharks than a phobia of dogs is that  	3	dogs have been dangerous to humans for a longer time than A sharks have been.  	attacks by sharks are predictable while dog attacks are not.   	she has probably had a number of safe experiences with dogs.   	more people are injured by sharks than by dogs.   	   	
#14,058 Other things being equal, people are most likely to develop phobias of objects that are ______.   	1	uncontrollable   	human-made   	familiar   	large   	   	
#14,059 People are more likely to develop phobias of what kind of object?    	1	objects that may take us by surprise, such as lightning   	objects over which they have some control, such as tools B  	objects they encounter every day, such as cars   	objects that have become dangerous to modern humans but which were unknown in our remote past, such as guns  	   	
#14,060 Systematic desensitization and flooding treatments for phobias have which of the following characteristics in common?   	3	Both are gradual, rather than sudden, procedures.   	Both are sudden, rather than gradual, procedures.   	Both rely on exposing the person to the feared stimulus.   	Both require that the person understands how his or her phobia developed.  	   	
#14,061 If a therapist wanted to use systematic desensitization to help a client overcome a snake phobia, the first thing the therapist would probably do is  	2	expose the client to a live snake.   	teach the client relaxation techniques.   	administer tranquillizing drugs.   	probe the person's unconscious to find deep-seated conflicts that may be causing the phobia.  	   	
#14,062 The most effective treatment for phobias is    	1	systematic desensitization.   	stimulant drugs.   	electroshock therapy.   	psychoanalysis.   	   	
#14,063 Systematic desensitization of phobia is based on the principle that the only way to extinguish an avoidance response is to   	4	explain the situation to the individual until he or she realizes that the response is irrational.  	heavily sedate the person who is making the response.   	punish the individual for making the response.   	prevent the avoidance response in the presence of the stimuli that usually evoke it.  	   	
#14,064 Which of the following is a method of treating phobias in which the person is suddenly exposed to the feared object?   	3	psychoanalysis   	systematic desensitization   	flooding   	cognitive therapy   	   	
#14,065 If a therapist wanted to use flooding (or implosion) to help a client overcome a phobia of rats, one of the first things the therapist would probably do would be to  	3	teach the client relaxation techniques.   	ask the patient to imagine a small black and white photo of a rat.  	ask the patient to imagine himself locked in a room full of rats, crawling all over him and viciously attacking him.  	explore the subconscious to determine the symbolic meaning of rats to the individual.  	   	
#14,066 Flooding or implosion is an effective treatment for phobias because of which of these physiological facts?   	2	The axon conducts impulses in one direction only.   	The sympathetic nervous system cannot maintain maximum arousal for very long.  	The left frontal cortex is more important for happiness, while the right frontal cortex is more important for sadness.  	Different synaptic transmitters control different aspects of behavior.  	   	
#14,067 In what way does systematic desensitization resemble extinction of a learned shock-avoidance response?   	4	In both cases the individual is given instructions to explain why his or her behavior is irrational.  	In both cases, the individual is punished for an unacceptable thought or action.  	In both cases the therapist begins by trying to understand the unconscious thoughts and motives behind the behavior.  	In both cases, the individual is exposed to something frightening and is prevented from avoiding it.  	   	
#14,068 An obsession is a    	4	ritual or habit. A  	physical ailment without a medical basis.   	false, unfounded belief.   	repetitive, unwelcome thought.   	   	
#14,069 A repetitive, almost irresistible action is known as    	2	an obsession.   	a compulsion.   	a fugue.   	a somatization.   	   	
#14,070 Suppose you try as hard as possible to AVOID thinking about polar bears. You are likely to have a mild, temporary experience that resembles  	4	dissociative identity disorder.   	phobia. B  	bipolar disorder.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	   	
#14,071 People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are likely to    	3	develop physical ailments that have no apparent medical basis.  	suffer from hallucinations and delusions.   	develop unusual, repetitive rituals.   	alternate between one personality and another.   	   	
#14,072 Someone who tries to AVOID thinking a particular "shameful" thought is likely to develop   	1	obsessions and compulsions.   	desensitization and implosion.   	eclectic tendencies.   	fugue and catharsis.   	   	
#14,073 Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?   	1	impaired abstract reasoning   	checking and double-checking   	self-imposed rituals   	excessive cleaning   	   	
#14,074 Obsessive-compulsive cleaners tend to resemble people suffering from   	3	dissociative identity disorder.   	bipolar disorder.   	phobia of dirt.   	antisocial personality.   	   	
#14,075 Someone who spends an excessive amount of time checking and double-checking everything he or she does is likely to be suffering from which of these conditions?  	1	obsessive-compulsive disorder   	phobia   	bipolar disorder   	antisocial personality   	   	
#14,076 In what way, if any, does the memory of obsessive-compulsive checkers differ from that of normal people?   	2	Their memory does not differ from that of normal people in any regard.  	Their memory of what they have done is normal, but they do not trust their memory.  	They cannot distinguish between what they have actually done and what they have only imagined doing.  	Their memory is about normal, but they put more than the normal amount of confidence in their memory.  	   	
#14,077 Some obsessive-compulsive people engage in long checking rituals but derive little satisfaction from them because   	4	they alternate among several personalities, and each of the personalities must complete the ritual.  	the ritual is automatic and the person has no ability to inhibit it or to control it in any way.  	the ritual is rapidly extinguished and then reacquired.   	they distrust their memory of whether they have completed the ritual.  	   	
#14,078 One reason why the checking rituals of obsessivecompulsive people may last so long and give so little relief is that such people   	4	are generally far below normal in their intelligence.   	receive praise and other reinforcement for engaging in these rituals.  	are very easily distracted from what they intend to do.   	do not trust their memory of whether they have completed the ritual.  	   	
#14,079 Obsessive-compulsive checkers, in contrast to obsessive-compulsive cleaners,   	4	are more similar to people with phobias. A  	are more frequently women.   	have shorter rituals.   	have more gradual onset and are less likely to feel better after their ritual.  	   	
#14,080 Which of the following is NOT true of obsessive-compulsive disorder?   	2	usual age of onset is between ages 10 and 25   	likely to attempt suicide   	associated with a perfectionistic personality   	runs in families   	   	
#14,081 Which medical treatments, if any, have been effective in suppressing obsessions and compulsions?   	3	electroconvulsive therapy   	drugs that increase sympathetic arousal B  	drugs that prolong the effects of serotonin in the brain   	To date, no medical treatment has had any effect on obsessions and compulsions.  	   	
#14,082 One reason that it is difficult and probably pointless to distinguish between addictive and nonaddictive drugs is that   	4	no one has ever asked drug addicts why they use the drugs.   	drugs that produce physical dependence also lead to withdrawal symptoms.  	people develop greater tolerance to nonaddictive drugs than to addictive drugs.  	almost anything, even water, can be addictive for some people.  	   	
#14,083 Other things being equal, you are more likely to develop an addiction to a drug if   	4	the drug has a low ratio of solubility to molecular weight.   	its concentration in the brain builds up gradually.   	the drug is taken in pills rather than injections.   	it enters the brain rapidly.   	   	
#14,084 Other things being equal, the faster a drug enters the brain, the more likely it will lead to   	3	adjunctive behaviors.   	brain damage.   	addiction.   	hallucinations.   	   	
#14,085 Most, if not all, highly addictive substances have one property in common:   	3	They increase people's desire to be with other people.   	They increase alertness.   	They stimulate certain types of dopamine synapses in the brain.  	The more times a person has taken them, the greater their effects.  	   	
#14,086 Smokers who switch from regular cigarettes to low-nicotine cigarettes tend to   	3	smoke fewer cigarettes than before.   	smoke the same number of cigarettes as before, but not inhale as deeply.  	smoke more cigarettes than before.   	lose interest in smoking.   	   	
#14,087 Carl and Marty both frequently take methadone, an opiate drug. Carl injects the drug (so that it enters the brain rapidly), while Marty takes it in a pill form (which enters the brain more slowly). What is likely to occur with regard to addiction? 	2	Carl and Marty are equally likely to become addicted, and both probably will.  	Carl is more likely to become addicted than Marty.   	Marty is more likely to become addicted than Carl.   	Neither Carl nor Marty is likely to become addicted, since methadone is nonaddictive.  	   	
#14,088 Which kind of person (if any) is most likely to become an alcoholic?   	3	one who grew up in a social environment that strongly condemned alcoholism  	one who grew up in a family that always drank a little wine with dinner  	one who is biologically related to alcoholics, even if he or she was reared by nonalcoholics  	All people have an equal likelihood of becoming alcoholics.   	   	
#14,089 A child would be LEAST likely to grow up to become an alcoholic if that child   	1	grew up in a family that emphasized drinking in moderation.   	grew up in a family with poor relationships between parents and children.  	grew up with little parental supervision.   	had close biological relatives who were alcoholics.   	   	
#14,090 How does alcohol have a greater effect on men who are believed to be vulnerable to alcoholism than on most other men?   	1	It relieves stress more than it does for other men. A  	It decreases their reaction times to simple stimuli more than it does for other men.  	It blurs their vision at lower doses than in other men.   	It increases their aggressive tendencies more than average.   	   	
#14,091 Young men who are known to be "at risk" for becoming alcoholics (because their fathers were alcoholics) are more likely than other young men to  	2	have trouble walking a straight line even when they are sober.  	experience a great deal of relief from stress after drinking alcohol.  	overestimate their own degree of intoxication after drinking a small to moderate amount of alcohol.  	report hangovers and other illnesses after drinking moderate amounts of alcohol.  	   	
#14,092 Sons of alcoholics are more likely than sons of nonalcoholics to    	4	become nauseated after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol.   	display impairments of memory and muscle control after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol. B 	taste alcohol in a highly diluted concentration.   	experience much relief from stress by drinking alcohol.   	   	
#14,093 Young men who are known to be "at risk" for becoming alcoholics (because their fathers are alcoholics) are more likely than other young men to  	3	report hangovers and other illnesses after drinking moderate amounts of alcohol.  	think they are drunk and begin to act tipsy even after drinking little or no alcohol.  	underestimate their own degree of intoxication after drinking a small to moderate amount.  	feel intense stress even after drinking a fair amount of alcohol.  	   	
#14,094 A young man who is more likely than others to become an alcoholic tends to   	2	feel drunk and act drunk after drinking little or no alcohol.   	underestimate his degree of intoxication after drinking alcohol.  	have more left hemisphere activity during drinking.   	have more right hemisphere activity during drinking.   	   	
#14,095 The most common and costly form of drug abuse in the United States is   	3	crack addiction.   	marijuana use.   	alcoholism.   	morphine addiction.   	   	
#14,096 What does Alcoholics Anonymous recommend for every new member?    	2	a large financial deposit that will be returned if the person abstains from alcohol for a year  	attendance at 90 meetings in the first 90 days   	an agreement to meet with a private counselor on a regular basis  	a list of friends and business associates who can be contacted in case of emergency  	   	
#14,097 People who join Alcoholics Anonymous are more likely to abstain from alcohol for the next year than are people with a similar alcohol problem who do not join. Why can we not draw any firm conclusion from these data? 	4	A larger percentage of people join AA than decline to join.   	Most AA members insist that they could have succeeded just as well on their own.  	Psychologists cannot analyze the data properly without knowing the names of the people involved.  	People were not assigned to groups randomly.   	   	
#14,098 An alcoholic who wants to quit alcohol would be most likely to be given which medication?   	2	tranquilizers   	Antabuse   	haloperidol   	methadone   	   	
#14,099 Antabuse is effective in combatting alcoholism, in part because it changes the   	3	blood flow to the frontal cortex.   	sensitivity of the taste buds.   	way the body metabolizes alcohol.   	person's emotional responses.   	   	
#14,100 People get very sick if they use ______ after taking ______ pills.   	2	alcohol ... methadone   	alcohol ... Antabuse   	heroin ... Antabuse   	heroin ... methadone   	   	
#14,101 Antabuse discourages alcohol abuse MAINLY by    	3	increasing tolerance. A  	changing the taste buds.   	the threat of illness.   	increasing blood flow to the prefrontal cortex.   	   	
#14,102 One reason why Asians are less likely to become alcoholics than are people of other ancestries is that many Asians   	2	have a high proportion of dopamine to serotonin in the brain.   	lack the enzyme that converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid.   	underestimate how intoxicated they are after taking one drink.  	are able to taste alcohol in a more dilute solution than other people are.  	   	
#14,103 One objection to the idea that alcoholism is a "disease" is that    	1	the disease concept implies that it is impossible to help an alcoholic by changing the environment.  	the disease concept implies that the alcoholic can learn to drink in moderation. B 	alcoholics who drink will inevitably get better (drink less) over time.  	medical doctors usually insist on a precise definition of "disease," including the presence of germs.  	   	
#14,104 How did the use of heroin first come about?    	1	It was offered by researchers as a synthetic substitute for morphine.  	It was extracted by the Turks from a type of mushroom.   	It was chemically synthesized by a group of addicts who were looking for a stronger form of marijuana.  	It was extracted by American Indians from the peyote plant.   	   	
#14,105 When methadone is used as a substitute for heroin, why is it given in pill form instead of as an injection?   	2	so that vitamins and minerals can be given along with it   	so that it will enter the blood and the brain more gradually   	so that the user will remember to take it with breakfast every day  	so that it will be easy to take exactly the same dose every time  	   	
#14,106 What makes methadone useful as a substitute for heroin?    	1	It enters the bloodstream slowly and leaves slowly.   	It chemically combines with heroin to form an inactive compound.  	It does not affect the synapses.   	It fails to enter the nervous system.   	   	
#14,107 In what way is methadone useful to people who are trying to overcome an addiction to heroin or morphine?   	2	It permanently eliminates the craving for the other drugs.   	It temporarily satisfies the craving without disrupting behavior so drastically.  	It interacts with the other drugs so that someone who used heroin or morphine after taking methadone would get sick.  	It prevents the person from experiencing a high from any drug for the next week.  	   	
#14,108 Many opiate abusers are offered methadone as a substitute for heroin or morphine. What is the advantage of methadone?   	4	Methadone is not an addictive substance.   	Methadone produces a weaker and weaker effect with each use, and the user is soon willing to quit the methadone as well as the other drugs. 	Methadone enters the brain more rapidly than heroin or morphine does.  	Methadone can be taken as a pill, in which form it produces milder effects on behavior.  	   	
#14,109 Which of the following is NOT true of methadone?    	1	Methadone users gradually lose interest in both methadone and other drugs.  	Methadone users are more likely than heroin or morphine users to hold down a job successfully.  	Methadone pills produce neither an intense "high" nor strong withdrawal symptoms.  	Methadone can be addictive.   	   	
#14,110 It is common for depressed people to experience abnormalities in their ______.   	3	depth perception   	body temperature   	sleep   	heart rate   	   	
#14,111 For which of the following disorders is it typical for the sufferer to enter REM sleep much more quickly than normal after falling asleep?  	2	paranoid schizophrenia   	depression   	social phobia   	panic disorder   	   	
#14,112 Someone who has periods of depression that alternate with periods of mania is said to have a/an ______ condition.   	2	unipolar A  	bipolar   	reactive   	endogenous   	   	
#14,113 A depression that can be traced to a specific incident is known as a/an ______ depression.   	3	unipolar   	endogenous   	reactive   	bipolar   	   	
#14,114 An endogenous depression is one that    	1	develops from internal chemical abnormalities.   	responds well to psychotherapy. B  	is a response to a painful experience.   	alternates between two extremes.   	   	
#14,115 One serious drawback or flaw in the distinction between endogenous (biological) and reactive (learned) depressions is that  	2	endogenous depressions respond best to drugs, while reactive depressions respond best to psychotherapy.  	most depressions show a combination of genetic and environmental causes.  	reactive depressions are so much more common that it is almost pointless to talk about endogenous depressions.  	twin studies generally find that if one twin has an endogenous depression, the other twin has a reactive depression.  	   	
#14,116 In North America, which of these disorders is more common in females than in males?   	1	depression   	alcoholism   	schizophrenia   	heroin addiction   	   	
#14,117 Massive hormonal changes are thought to be a contributing factor in   	2	susceptibility to alcohol addiction.   	postpartum depression.   	reactive depression.   	drug tolerance.   	   	
#14,118 Psychologist Susan Nolen-Hoeksemsa (1990) has suggested that one of the main reasons depression occurs more frequently in women than in men is that when women start to feel depressed they are more likely than men to 	1	ruminate.   	abuse alcohol.   	distract themselves.   	deny their symptoms.   	   	
#14,119 A severe loss early in life makes people _____ likely to become depressed later in life; people who do not have a lot of social support are _____ likely than others to become depressed.  	1	more ... more   	more ... less   	less ... more   	less ... less   	   	
#14,120 Learned helplessness resembles ______.    	1	depression   	schizophrenia   	autism   	mania   	   	
#14,121 How can one induce "learned helplessness" in dogs?    	1	Give them inescapable shocks before shock-escape training.   	Provide both reward and punishment for the same response.   	Present a reward for only the first response of each 2-minute period.  	Alternate between reinforcement and extinction on successive days.  	   	
#14,122 A dog is given repeated inescapable shocks and is then exposed to escapable shocks. How will it probably react?   	2	It will begin jumping before the shocks even start.   	It will be unusually slow to learn the escape response.   	It will learn the escape response more rapidly than most dogs do.  	It will give little if any indication of pain or distress.   	   	
#14,123 According to the learned-helplessness theory of depression, some people become depressed because   	4	they are surrounded by other people who act depressed. A  	they have been reinforced for acting as if they cannot take care of themselves.  	they enjoy the attention they get for acting strange.   	their repeated best efforts have met only with defeat.   	   	
#14,124 People who fail a task may or may not become depressed, depending on   	4	their IQ scores.   	their age and sex.   	why the experimenter thinks the subjects failed the task.   	why the subjects themselves think they failed.   	   	
#14,125 Suppose you fail a French test. You are MOST likely to become depressed as a result if you believe that you failed because   	4	the test was unfairly hard.   	you do not have an adequate background in French. B  	you were unable to study sufficiently due to illness.   	you are not a very smart person.   	   	
#14,126 People are said to have a pessimistic explanatory style if their explanations for failure are consistently   	2	external and specific.   	global and stable.   	internal and unstable.   	specific and grandiose.   	   	
#14,127 Athletes with a pessimistic explanatory style are more likely than other athletes to   	3	train hard for an upcoming contest.   	respond to a defeat with an increased effort.   	give up after a defeat.   	blame their failures on other people.   	   	
#14,128 What method has been used to determine the explanatory style of deceased political leaders?   	4	DNA testing of bone fragments   	seances   	a comprehensive check of their medical and psychiatric records  	an analysis of their speeches and writings   	   	
#14,129 People with a ______ explanatory style have been shown to be more likely than other people to become ______.   	4	optimistic ... manic   	optimistic ... depressed   	pessimistic ... manic   	pessimistic ... depressed   	   	
#14,130 When depressed people fail at some task, they are likely to attribute their failures to factors that are   	1	stable from situation to situation, and internal.   	variable from situation to situation, and internal.   	stable from situation to situation, and external to themselves.  	variable from situation to situation, and external to themselves.  	   	
#14,131 People who fail a task are MOST likely to become depressed if they attribute their failure to   	3	distractions that prevented them from performing as well as they could have.  	the great difficulty of the task.   	their own laziness or stupidity.   	the unfairness of the task.   	   	
#14,132 Depressed people tend to attribute their successes to    	4	stable, long-lasting factors.   	global factors that apply to many situations.   	internal factors within themselves.   	external factors, like luck.   	   	
#14,133 Which of the following people would be MOST likely to buy a lottery ticket?   	4	someone in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder   	someone with endogenous depression   	someone with seasonal affective disorder, during the winter   	someone who is not suffering from depression   	   	
#14,134 People with seasonal affective disorder are most likely to feel depressed during the   	2	summer or fall. A  	winter or summer.   	spring or fall.   	fall or winter.   	   	
#14,135 Which of the following would be recommended as a treatment for people suffering from seasonal affective disorder?   	4	Antabuse   	avoidance of excessive deep breathing   	a low-salt diet   	bright lights   	   	
#14,136 If you met someone in January and she was severely depressed, what is one way you might determine if her depression was due to seasonal affective disorder, or to some other form of depression?  	3	Ask her if she attributes her successes to internal or external forces.  	Ask her if she attributes her failures to stable, global, and internal factors. B 	Determine if exposure to bright lights early in the morning helps alleviate her depression.  	Have psychiatrists rate the severity of the depression.   	   	
#14,137 In which parts of the world should we expect seasonal affective disorder to be most common?   	3	in areas close to the ocean   	in areas close to the equator   	in areas close to the poles   	in areas far inland from the ocean   	   	
#14,138 William alternates between periods when he is slow, inactive, and inhibited, and periods when he is active and uninhibited. He is most likely to be suffering from  	1	bipolar disorder.   	schizophrenia.   	obsessive-compulsive disorder.   	conversion disorder.   	   	
#14,139 If someone has a bipolar illness, episodes of depression alternate with episodes of ______.   	2	normality   	mania   	lycanthropy   	schizophrenia   	   	
#14,140 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of mania?    	1	overly focused attention, undistractible   	rambling speech, "flight of ideas"   	uninhibited, impulsive   	high activity level, restless   	   	
#14,141 Jane is often in trouble because she is unable to inhibit any of her impulses. She is generally happy but occasionally angry. She often interrupts herself as her thoughts jump from one idea to another. Which of these terms best describes her behavior? 	1	mania   	somatization disorder   	depression   	obsessive-compulsive disorder   	   	
#14,142 Approximately what percentage of adults suffer from bipolar disorder at some time during their lives?   	1	1%   	5%   	10%   	15%   	   	
#14,143 Statistics on the prevalence of suicide tend to    	1	understate its frequency because many people disguise their suicides as accidents.  	overstate its frequency because all drug overdoses are automatically ruled to be suicides.  	overstate its frequency because the police prefer to label doubtful cases suicide instead of murder.  	understate its frequency because most people who commit suicide are listed as "missing."  	   	
#14,144 How do men and women differ with regard to suicide?    	3	Women are more likely than men to use guns.   	Men are more likely than women to attempt suicide, but women are more likely to succeed.  	Women are more likely than men to attempt suicide, but men are more likely to succeed.  	Men are more likely to attempt suicide as a cry for help, even though they do not really want to kill themselves.  	   	
#14,145 Which of the following is TRUE about suicide?    	3	Nearly all suicides are planned days or weeks in advance. A  	Men are more likely to attempt suicide than women.   	Many people who attempt suicide and survive eventually kill themselves.  	Anyone who talks a lot about killing themselves is highly unlikely to attempt suicide.  	   	
#14,146 What is the difference between multiple personality and schizophrenia?   	4	People with schizophrenia have at least three personalities; people with multiple personality have only two.  	People with multiple personality have at least three personalities; people with schizophrenia have only two.  	People with schizophrenia alternate between one personality and another rapidly; people with multiple personality change personalities less frequently. 	People with multiple personality have at least two personalities; people with schizophrenia have only one.  	   	
#14,147 Someone suffering from schizophrenia    	1	has deteriorated in everyday life and has hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders or other symptoms.  	is prone to outbursts of violent behavior and other emotional displays. B 	can expect to improve gradually over time, with or without professional treatment.  	has more than one distinct personality.   	   	
#14,148 A schizophrenic person can be said to have a "split mind" in the sense that there is   	4	damage to the corpus callosum.   	an alternation between two separate personalities.   	a lack of communication among id, ego, and superego.   	a split between emotions and intellect.   	   	
#14,149 People who have schizophrenia exhibit a deterioration of daily activities and show at least two of the following:   	1	hallucinations, delusions, incoherent speech, thought disorder, inappropriate emotions, disorganized behavior.  	tardive dyskinesia, multiple personalities, irresistible impulses, anxiety attacks, hysteria.  	mania, depression, negativism, dissociation, eclecticism.   	violence, fearfulness, apathy, amnesia, sexual disorders.   	   	
#14,150 Approximately what percent of Americans are afflicted with schizophrenia at some point in their life?   	3	.01%   	5%   	1%   	10%   	   	
#14,151 Schizophrenia    	2	spontaneously gets better without treatment over about a year or two.  	usually has its onset in the late teenage years or early 20s.   	is almost twice as common in women as it is in men.   	is synonymous with "multiple personality."   	   	
#14,152 Schizophrenia is rare among ______ and especially prevalent among ______.   	3	men ... women   	women ... men   	people who live in the tropics ... people who live in densely populated cities  	poor people ... affluent people   	   	
#14,153 People who eventually develop schizophrenia tend to have had which characteristics when they were children?   	4	a tendency to be intellectual and unusually creative   	a tendency to flip from one personality to another   	completely normal behavior and personality   	short attention span and few friends   	   	
#14,154 The most common hallucinations experienced by schizophrenics are those in which the person   	1	hears sounds or voices.   	sees colors or objects.   	feels things on the skin.   	has an "out-of-body" experience.   	   	
#14,155 Suppose someone shows many of the same symptoms as people with schizophrenia, but also has visual hallucinations. What is probably the cause of this disorder?  	4	manic-depressive disorder   	lycanthropy   	obsessive-compulsive disorder   	drug abuse   	   	
#14,156 A/an ______ is an unfounded belief; a/an ______ is a sensory experience that does not correspond with external reality.   	4	obsession ... compulsion A  	compulsion ... obsession   	hallucination ... delusion   	delusion ... hallucination   	   	
#14,157 A delusion of grandeur is an unjustified belief that one is    	2	the intended recipient of coded information in everything one reads.  	unusually important.   	being controlled by alien forces.   	being persecuted.   	   	
#14,158 A delusion of reference is a belief that    	4	forces from outer space are controlling your thoughts and behavior.  	other people are persecuting you. B  	you are some historical figure such as Jesus or Napoleon.   	everything you see and hear is a message intended for you.   	   	
#14,159 Randy believes that the FBI has tapped his phone and that his roommate, Fernando, is in on an elaborate plot to "get him." Assuming none of this is true, Randy is suffering from  	1	delusions of persecution.   	delusions of reference.   	an Oedipus complex.   	an Electra complex.   	   	
#14,160 Catatonia is a disorder of ______.    	2	vision   	movement   	emotion   	thought   	   	
#14,161 One prominent feature of schizophrenic thought is    	2	the belief that you have more than one personality.   	difficulty with abstract concepts.   	haunting thoughts that the person cannot stop thinking.   	inability to shift attention from one topic to another.   	   	
#14,162 You tell your psychotherapist that you sometimes hear voices. Your therapist has a suspicion that you are suffering from a particular psychological disorder. To confirm the most probable diagnosis, your therapist might test your ability to 	4	coordinate activities between the two halves of your body.   	remember the names of people you have just met.   	remember events that happened within the last few weeks.   	interpret the meaning of common proverbs.   	   	
#14,163 "Positive symptoms" in schizophrenia refer to behaviors that ______, while "negative symptoms" refer to behaviors that ______.   	4	are socially accepted ... are socially unacceptable   	are helpful ... are harmful   	lead to recovery ... lead to a worsening of the condition   	are present ... are absent   	   	
#14,164 Which of the following is an example of a "positive symptom" of schizophrenia?   	3	inability to take care of oneself   	lack of emotional expression   	hallucinations   	deficit of speech   	   	
#14,165 Which of the following is an example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia?   	4	abnormal movements   	hallucinations   	delusions   	lack of emotional expression   	   	
#14,166 If a schizophrenic person has hallucinations, he or she will generally also have   	1	delusions.   	thought disorder.   	a lack of emotional expression.   	a lack of pleasure.   	   	
#14,167 Someone who has shown deterioration of daily activities and thought disorder, but no other symptoms, would probably be categorized as having ______ schizophrenia.  	4	catatonic A  	disorganized   	paranoid   	undifferentiated   	   	
#14,168 Someone who suffers from catatonic schizophrenia    	4	has elaborate hallucinations.   	has delusions of grandeur and persecution.   	does not have thought disorders.   	has periods of total inactivity.   	   	
#14,169 Which type of schizophrenic person is most characterized by silly or odd behavior?   	3	undifferentiated   	paranoid B  	disorganized   	catatonic   	   	
#14,170 Which type of schizophrenic person is most likely to experience delusions of persecution or grandeur?   	3	disorganized   	undifferentiated   	paranoid   	catatonic   	   	
#14,171 People with any type of schizophrenia -- undifferentiated, catatonic, paranoid, or disorganized -- ALL share one feature in common:  	4	seeing things that no one else sees.   	elaborate delusions, such as a belief that one is Napoleon.   	alternation between one personality and another.   	deterioration of daily functioning.   	   	
#14,172 Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution and delusions of   	4	incompetence.   	physical ailments.   	neuroticism.   	grandeur.   	   	
#14,173 People suffering from which disorder tend to show evidence of brain damage, including shrinkage of the cerebral cortex?   	3	manic-depressive disorder   	double depression   	schizophrenia   	obsessive-compulsive disorder   	   	
#14,174 Many people who are suffering from schizophrenia show which of the following biological abnormalities?   	1	larger than normal cerebral ventricles   	an inactive hypothalamus   	an overactive sympathetic nervous system   	larger than normal cerebral cortex   	   	
#14,175 Most people with schizophrenia have cognitive and memory deficits similar to those of people with   	3	bipolar disorder.   	a severed corpus callosum.   	damage to the prefrontal or temporal cortex.   	Alzheimer's disease.   	   	
#14,176 One prominent theory of schizophrenia states that the cause of schizophrenia is an imbalance   	1	in the neurotransmitter dopamine.   	between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.   	between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.   	in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.   	   	
#14,177 One of the causes of schizophrenia is    	1	genetics.   	a mother who gives confusing "come here" and "go away" signals.  	excessive role-playing in childhood.   	deterioration of the corpus callosum in old age.   	   	
#14,178 An adopted child who develops schizophrenia is likely to have a large number of   	4	adoptive relatives with schizophrenia. A  	adoptive relatives with autism.   	biological relatives with autism.   	biological relatives with schizophrenia.   	   	
#14,179 Which of these biological markers is common in people with schizophrenia?   	1	inability to habituate normally to a repeated sound   	inability to digest carbohydrates   	inability to estimate the direction of a sound source   	inability to sweat   	   	
#14,180 Which of the following physical traits is common among people with schizophrenia?   	3	excessively long sleep periods   	trembling in the left half of the face B  	impaired pursuit eye movements   	lack of a corpus callosum   	   	
#14,181 Most people with schizophrenia and many of their relatives, including those not diagnosed with schizophrenia, have more that the usual amount of difficulty in  	4	detecting a difference between two sound of different pitches.  	maintaining a normal body temperature.   	recognizing familiar faces.   	keeping their eyes on a moving target.   	   	
#14,182 The "bad mother" theory of the cause of schizophrenia has been discarded for several reasons. Which one of the following is NOT one of the reasons for discarding that theory?  	3	The supposed "bad mother" is not a big enough cause to produce such a dramatic effect.  	The time course of schizophrenia does not fit the hypothesis that the cause is something the mother does.  	It has been found that the fathers of schizophrenic children, rather than the mothers, tend to abuse them.  	The probability of developing schizophrenia relates strongly to one's genetics, even among adopted children.  	   	
#14,183 Other things being equal, schizophrenia is more likely to develop in people who   	3	have many allergies.   	are born in the tropics.   	are born in the winter.   	eat a high-protein diet.   	   	
#14,184 One line of evidence suggesting that schizophrenia might be caused by a virus or bacteria is that schizophrenia   	2	is more common near the equator than elsewhere in the world.   	is more common among people born in the winter months.   	generally has its onset in the ages 20 to 30.   	can be cured completely and permanently if it is treated early.  	   	
#14,185 The season of birth effect refers to the fact that people born in the winter are at greater risk than other people for developing ______.  	1	schizophrenia   	autism   	alcoholism   	dissociative disorders