#13,001 According to the ancient Greeks, someone who was depressed probably   	2	ate too much during his or her last meal. A  	had too much black bile in his or her body.   	had a genetic defect.   	worshipped Fluoxetine, the god of negative emotion.   	   	
#13,002 Freud's theory of personality is an example of a ______ theory.    	4	behavioristic   	Gestalt   	humanistic   	psychodynamic   	   	
#13,003 Which of the following does a psychoanalyst hope to produce?    	4	reaction formation   	a latent period B  	an Oedipus complex   	catharsis   	   	
#13,004 Catharsis refers to    	1	the release of pent-up emotions.   	gaining access to the collective unconscious.   	treating the therapist like a parent.   	an increase in anxiety.   	   	
#13,005 Who was the inventor of psychoanalysis?    	3	Jean-Jacques Rousseau   	Thomas Hobbes   	Sigmund Freud   	Carl G. Jung   	   	
#13,006 The original goal of psychoanalysis was to    	3	prevent the process known as catharsis.   	help the patient reexamine the assumptions behind his or her style of life.  	bring the contents of the unconscious into consciousness.   	help the patient probe the contents of the collective unconscious.  	   	
#13,007 Freud believed that some people overreacted to mildly traumatic events in adult life because of   	4	a failure to understand their own style of life.   	excessive indulgence in sexual activities.   	symbolism contained in their collective unconscious.   	early childhood sexual events.   	   	
#13,008 Sigmund Freud DISAGREED with which of the following statements?    	3	The release of pent-up tension can relieve a person of self-defeating behaviors.  	Something that we say by accident reflects a hidden motivation.  	People develop their first interest in sexual pleasure during adolescence.  	Early fantasies can alter the later development of personality.  	   	
#13,009 According to Freud, people have a psychosexual energy, which he called ______.   	2	catharsis   	libido   	superego   	ego   	   	
#13,010 In Freud's terms, blockage of normal sexual development at some stage is called ______.   	2	repression   	fixation   	sublimation   	catharsis   	   	
#13,011 According to Freud, we go through stages of sexual development in the following order:   	3	latent, anal, oral, genital, phallic   	anal, oral, latent, genital, phallic   	oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital   	oral, latent, anal, phallic, genital   	   	
#13,012 How would Sigmund Freud explain why someone eats, drinks, or smokes too much?   	4	The person has a strong id and a weak superego. A  	The person has a very high level of libido.   	The person is engaging in projection and rationalization.   	The person had a fixation during the oral stage.   	   	
#13,013 According to Freud, someone who goes through life "holding things back" and is orderly, stingy, and stubborn was probably fixated in the  	2	oral stage.   	anal stage.   	phallic stage.   	latency period.   	   	
#13,014 According to Freud, boys who are fixated in the phallic stage    	3	become orderly, stingy, and stubborn.   	are likely to become adults who eat and drink too much. B  	develop a fear of being castrated.   	develop "penis envy."   	   	
#13,015 According to Freud, a boy who develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive aggression toward his father is experiencing  	1	an Oedipus complex.   	an Electra complex.   	an Othello complex.   	catharsis.   	   	
#13,016 According to Freud, what is the normal, healthy resolution to the Oedipus complex?   	2	The son continues to fantasize about killing his father and marrying his mother.  	The son directs his sexual interests elsewhere.   	The son represses all interest in sexuality.   	The son releases the emotions openly.   	   	
#13,017 According to Freud, what does a girl experience when she has an Electra complex?   	3	She feels inferior and tries to develop a master plan for achieving a sense of superiority.  	She wishes to be the center of attention within the household.  	She is romantically interested in her father and hostile toward her mother.  	She is constantly active and has trouble controlling her impulses.  	   	
#13,018 According to Freud, a little girl who develops a romantic attraction toward her father and hostility toward her mother is experiencing  	2	an Oedipus complex.   	an Electra complex.   	an Othello complex.   	catharsis.   	   	
#13,019 According to Freud, sexual interest is suppressed during the    	3	oral stage.   	phallic stage.   	latent period.   	genital stage.   	   	
#13,020 According to Sigmund Freud, which stage of sexual development is characteristic of a normal adult?   	3	phallic stage   	latent period   	genital stage   	oral stage   	   	
#13,021 Many psychologists criticize Freud's theory of psychosexual stages because   	1	the theory makes such vague predictions that it cannot be tested.  	children can go through the stages in any order, beginning at any age.  	he dealt only with normal sexual development and neglected to deal with frustrated development.  	he described only the infant stages and neglected to deal with adolescence and adulthood.  	   	
#13,022 In Freud's theory, the id is the part of personality that    	3	resembles conscience.   	makes rational decisions.   	includes biological drives.   	mediates between the conscious and the unconscious.   	   	
#13,023 In Freud's theory, the superego is the part of personality that    	3	includes the drives for biological gratification. A  	suppresses the desires of the ego in order to make logical decisions.  	includes dos and don'ts handed down from one's parents.   	strives for superiority.   	   	
#13,024 According to Freud, what does the EGO do?    	1	makes rational decisions   	evaluates behavior in comparison to the prohibitions taught by one's parents  	urges behavior toward immediate fulfillment of biological drives  	seeks a feeling of superiority over others   	   	
#13,025 According to Freud, what does the SUPEREGO do?    	3	urges behavior toward immediate fulfillment of biological drives  	seeks a feeling of superiority over others B  	evaluates behavior in comparison to the prohibitions taught by one's parents  	makes rational decisions   	   	
#13,026 What kind of behavior would you expect of someone who has a strong id and a weak superego (in Freud's terminology)?   	1	frequent indulgence in sexual and impulsive behavior   	highly cooperative behavior with little tendency to compete   	highly logical, rational behavior   	unusually inhibited behavior dominated by feelings of guilt   	   	
#13,027 Someone is unusually inhibited and is dominated by feelings of guilt. In Freud's terminology, this person may be said to have a   	4	strong id.   	weak ego.   	weak superego.   	strong superego.   	   	
#13,028 The purpose of the defense mechanisms, according to Freud, is to    	4	protect the id.   	achieve physical gratification.   	gain access to the unconscious.   	reduce anxiety.   	   	
#13,029 A worker in an asbestos plant who hears that working with asbestos increases the risk of cancer soon forgets the report. This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	4	reaction formation   	displacement   	regression   	repression   	   	
#13,030 A college student, ill prepared for the final exam, shows up late and then discovers that he has forgotten to bring a pencil. This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?  	4	reaction formation   	projection   	regression   	repression   	   	
#13,031 According to Freud, repression is    	1	blocking an unpleasant memory form reaching consciousness.   	completely forgetting some unimportant event.   	suppressing or preventing an urge to do something.   	a return to an infantile mode of thinking.   	   	
#13,032 "Denial" is    	3	the same thing as motivated forgetting.   	a defense mechanism that involves a return to a more juvenile level of functioning.  	a defense mechanism that involves refusal to believe information.  	a river in Egypt.   	   	
#13,033 A woman who has just been told that her husband is having an affair with another woman says, "I don't believe it." This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	1	denial   	projection   	displacement   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,034 It is May 7 and you have not yet begun to look for a summer job. You say, "Nothing to worry about.... I won't have any trouble finding a job." This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	3	displacement A  	projection   	denial   	regression   	   	
#13,035 Someone who refuses to make a donation to charity says, "Charity just teaches people to be lazy. I am really doing people a favor by refusing to support these causes." This answer may be an example of which defense mechanism? 	1	rationalization   	regression   	sublimation   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,036 An hour after wrecking her car, a woman yells at her friend. This is an example of which defense mechanism?   	2	regression   	displacement B  	denial   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,037 When the United States got angry with the former Soviet Union, it took measures against Libya. This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	1	displacement   	repression   	regression   	projection   	   	
#13,038 Someone who is frustrated by economic failure expresses hatred toward a minority group. This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	1	displacement   	regression   	repression   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,039 A student who fails an exam yells at her roommate. This is an example of which defense mechanism?   	4	reaction formation   	projection   	repression   	displacement   	   	
#13,040 The defense mechanism of displacement is    	2	a return to a more juvenile level of functioning.   	diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target.  	attributing one's own undesirable characteristics to other people.  	the transformation of an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable, or even admirable, behavior.  	   	
#13,041 The defense mechanism of regression is    	4	motivated forgetting.   	presenting oneself as the opposite of what one actually is.   	a refusal to believe something.   	a return to juvenile behavior.   	   	
#13,042 A student who fails an exam begs, cries, and pouts. This is an example of which defense mechanism?   	3	repression   	projection   	regression   	displacement   	   	
#13,043 A man who is going through a traumatic divorce buys a motorcycle and goes to parties every night. This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	2	denial   	regression   	projection   	displacement   	   	
#13,044 Bosnians claim, "Serbs don't understand anything but force!" Meanwhile, Serbs claim, "The Bosnians don't understand anything but force!" Which defense mechanism is in action here?  	2	displacement   	projection   	denial   	regression   	   	
#13,045 A woman with great hostility toward others claims that other people are always unkind to her. Which defense mechanism is in action here?  	4	regression A  	repression   	displacement   	projection   	   	
#13,046 Which of the following would be the clearest example of Freud's defense mechanism of "projection"?   	4	Someone who gets angry with his boss keeps quiet until he gets home and then kicks the dog.  	An adult who fails at business and begins to act like a teenager again.  	A witness to a bloody automobile accident forgets all the relevant details.  	Someone who has used illegal drugs accuses other people of being drug users.  	   	
#13,047 A student who seldom comes to class and seldom reads the book says, "No one else takes this class seriously either." This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	2	regression   	projection B  	displacement   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,048 A man who has just been deserted by his family and who has lost his job becomes abnormally cheerful. This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	4	regression   	repression   	displacement   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,049 A young woman, strongly attracted to a young man who ignores her, says, "I can't stand the sight of him." This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	4	displacement   	projection   	repression   	reaction formation   	   	
#13,050 A man who fears that he has been cheated tries to convince others that he has made a good deal. This is a possible example of _______.  	3	displacement   	projection   	reaction formation   	repression   	   	
#13,051 Which of the following would be the clearest example of Freud's mechanism of "reaction formation"?   	1	A man with a secret fear of travel becomes an editor of travel guide books.  	A woman with a history of dishonesty accuses other people of being dishonest.  	A man who is angry with his boss comes home and shouts at his children.  	A woman who habitually smokes cigarettes insists that smoking does not really pose a health hazard.  	   	
#13,052 Someone with unacceptable violent impulses transforms those impulses into a socially desirable form and becomes a surgeon. According to Freud, this is an example of _______.  	2	rationalization   	sublimation   	regression   	projection   	   	
#13,053 The defense mechanism of sublimation is    	4	a return to a more juvenile level of functioning.   	diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target.  	attributing one's own undesirable characteristics to other people.  	the transformation of an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable, or even admirable, behavior.  	   	
#13,054 Someone makes an appointment to be tested for possible cancer and then forgets the time of the appointment. This is an example of which defense mechanism?  	2	displacement   	repression   	projection   	regression   	   	
#13,055 A boss takes credit for a good idea suggested by an employee because "It's better for me to take the credit so that our department will look good and all the employees will benefit." This is an example of which defense mechanism? 	1	rationalization   	sublimation   	reaction formation   	projection   	   	
#13,056 Someone with a smoking habit insists that there is no convincing evidence that smoking impairs health. This may be an example of which defense mechanism?  	4	projection A  	sublimation   	reaction formation   	denial   	   	
#13,057 A man who beats his wife writes a book arguing that all people are instinctively aggressive. This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?  	2	regression   	projection   	displacement   	repression   	   	
#13,058 Someone with an unacceptable impulse to shout obscenities becomes a writer of novels. A psychoanalyst might interpret this as an example of which defense mechanism?  	1	sublimation   	projection B  	rationalization   	repression   	   	
#13,059 Someone who is planning to say "our dear old queen" says instead "our queer old dean." To say that this is a "Freudian slip" is to say that  	4	Freud might have said the same thing.   	it was random and meaningless.   	it depended on a short-circuit in the brain.   	it was unconsciously motivated.   	   	
#13,060 Several of Freud's ideas are difficult to test scientifically. Which of the following Freudian ideas HAS been tested experimentally?  	4	The personality is made up of the id, the ego, and the superego.  	Childhood sexual fantasies are responsible for many adult psychological disorders.  	Artistic works may represent the sublimation of sexual impulses.  	Slips of the tongue can reveal a person's motivations.   	   	
#13,061 According to one experiment on slips of the tongue, a strongly aroused sexual motive or shock-avoidance motive   	3	is the main cause and probably the only cause of slips of the tongue.  	increases the frequency of all kinds of slips of the tongue, but has no relationship to the content of the slips.  	increases the frequency of slips of the tongue related to the motive.  	has no measurable effect on slips of the tongue.   	   	
#13,062 Today, most psychologists believe that strongly aroused motives such as sex or shock-avoidance   	3	are the main cause, and probably the only cause, of slips of the tongue.  	have no significant influence on slips of the tongue.   	influence the type of slips of the tongue that people make, but are not their only cause.  	actually inhibit slips of the tongue.   	   	
#13,063 Freud's theories about personality were based primarily on    	4	laboratory experiments with troubled people.   	surveys.   	correlational studies.   	inferences he made after talking to his patients.   	   	
#13,064 According to Freud, what made certain people highly vulnerable to psychological disorders?   	3	symbolism contained in their collective unconscious   	hereditary physiological weakness   	sexual fantasies in early childhood   	a failure to understand their own style of life   	   	
#13,065 In Freud's earliest psychological writings, he said the cause of mental illness was ______. Several years later he changed his mind and said the cause was ______.  	4	the Oedipal complex ... the Electra complex   	biological disorders ... ideas related to sex   	ideas related to sex ... ideas related to striving for superiority  	childhood sexual abuse ... childhood sexual fantasies   	   	
#13,066 Freud developed his view of the most common cause of psychological disorders based on   	3	claims his patients made about childhood experiences of sexual abuse.  	claims his patients made about early childhood sexual fantasies.  	inferences he made regarding his clients' childhood experiences.  	both survey results and laboratory experiments.   	   	
#13,067 What is meant by the term "neo-Freudian"?    	3	a psychologist who is thoroughly opposed to Freud's basic A theories and approaches  	a psychologist who accepts all of Freud's theories   	a psychologist who wants to keep some of Freud's theories and to modify others  	a psychologist who is trying to revive Freud's theories and to reawaken public interest in them  	   	
#13,068 What are the contents of the collective unconscious, according to Carl Jung?   	1	symbols and thoughts that have long been part of human experience  	material that used to be conscious but which has now been forgotten  	experiences one has repressed   	sensory experiences that one paid no attention to when they occurred  	   	
#13,069 Carl Jung broke away from Freud, arguing that    	4	the main force in human behavior is the striving for superiority.  	Freud was too behavioristic. B  	psychologists should study self-actualization, not abnormal behavior.  	people have a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious.  	   	
#13,070 Carl Jung concentrated on    	1	probing the collective unconscious, as revealed in symbols and art.  	providing reinforcement for new learned patterns of behavior.   	examining the assumptions behind a client's style of life.   	making people conscious of memories that had been repressed.   	   	
#13,071 The psychologist who proposed the existence of a "collective unconscious" was   	4	Mao Tse Jung.   	Egg Foo Jung.   	Young Jung.   	Carl Jung.   	   	
#13,072 According to Carl G. Jung, what were the contents of the collective unconscious?   	1	thoughts that are common to people of all times and places   	ideas that were repressed because they conflicted with the striving for superiority  	experiences that were repressed because they aroused sexual conflict  	all the sensory experiences of one's lifetime, even those that one did not attend to when they occurred  	   	
#13,073 Carl G. Jung drew his evidence for the existence of a collective unconscious from his observations of   	2	patterns of intellectual development in children.   	similarities among various cultures.   	experiments on laboratory animals.   	EEG recordings on sleeping people.   	   	
#13,074 According to Jung, we all inherit vague images as part of our collective unconscious. These vague images are called ______.   	1	archetypes   	defense mechanisms   	the Electra complex   	libido   	   	
#13,075 Adler, an early follower of Freud, broke away from the teachings of Freud because Adler felt that Freud   	4	denied the influence of the subconscious.   	relied too heavily on laboratory research.   	took his clients' claims of prior sexual abuse as children too literally.  	overemphasized the sex drive and neglected other, more important, influences on personality.  	   	
#13,076 What did Alfred Adler mean by the term "individual psychology"?    	3	a psychology in which one individual makes the decisions for everyone else  	a psychology that treats each person differently   	a psychology of the person as an indivisible whole   	a psychology in which each person makes his or her own decisions  	   	
#13,077 Who introduced the term "inferiority complex"?    	2	Carl Jung   	Alfred Adler   	Sigmund Freud   	Karen Horney   	   	
#13,078 Which of the following pairings of an investigator with a theory is correct?   	3	C. Rogers -- behavior modification A  	C. G. Jung -- client-centered therapy   	A. Adler -- inferiority complex   	S. Freud -- introvert and extravert   	   	
#13,079 According to Alfred Adler, people's main motivation is    	3	sexuality.   	avoidance of pain.   	striving for superiority.   	the collective unconscious.   	   	
#13,080 What did Alfred Adler mean by the term "style of life"?    	2	the activities one chooses during one's free time   	a plan for achieving a sense of superiority B  	a way of making a living   	the distinctive features that set apart one culture or society from another  	   	
#13,081 In Alfred Adler's theory, what is the relationship between striving for superiority and style of life?   	2	People strive for superiority so that they can experience a better style of life.  	A person's style of life is a method of striving for superiority.  	Some people strive for superiority and other people choose a style of life.  	People strive for superiority when they are young; they experience a style of life when they are older.  	   	
#13,082 What did Alfred Adler believe was the main cause of psychological disorders?   	1	a lack of social interest   	sexual fantasies in early childhood   	disturbance of contact with the collective unconscious   	abnormal patterns of reinforcement   	   	
#13,083 What did Alfred Adler mean by the term "social interest"?    	4	sexual interest   	a desire to talk with other people   	a desire to receive recognition from others for one's accomplishments  	a sense of solidarity and identification with others   	   	
#13,084 One psychotherapist tries to understand her patients' "style of life" and to strengthen their "social interest." She is probably a follower of the theories of  	1	Alfred Adler.   	Sigmund Freud.   	Karen Horney.   	Carl Jung.   	   	
#13,085 In the form of psychotherapy practiced by Alfred Adler, he tried to get people to change their   	4	behaviors, independent of their beliefs.   	sexual inhibitions.   	eating and sleeping habits.   	goals and assumptions.   	   	
#13,086 Alfred Adler would DISAGREE with which of the following statements?   	1	Mental health is best defined as a normal, average personality without any impairments.  	People can overcome their own problems by working for the betterment of other people.  	It is natural for people to strive for superiority.   	To understand why people act the way they do, it is useful to try to understand their goals.  	   	
#13,087 Humanistic psychologists believe that    	4	every behavior has a cause that can be studied scientifically.  	behavior is best studied by analyzing it into its component elements.  	psychologists should seek only general rules that apply to average people.  	personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world.  	   	
#13,088 Humanistic psychology began as a protest movement against    	4	cognitive psychology and developmental psychology.   	Jung and Adler.   	Gestalt psychology and social psychology.   	psychoanalysis and behaviorism.   	   	
#13,089 Which of the following branches of psychology is LEAST interested in breaking behavior down into its component parts, and MOST interested in describing "the person as a whole"?  	4	behaviorism A  	psychoanalysis   	physiological psychology   	humanistic psychology   	   	
#13,090 What do humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis have in common?    	3	both are based on determinism (the belief that every behavior has a cause)  	both reject the idea of reductionism (attempts to explain behavior in terms of its component elements)  	both are based on methods other than laboratory research   	both explain behavior in terms of unconscious thought processes  	   	
#13,091 A peak experience is a moment at which a person    	4	reexperiences the moment of birth.   	realizes the discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self. B  	experiences conflict between two sets of values.   	feels fulfilled and content.   	   	
#13,092 Carl Rogers is known as    	1	a humanistic psychologist.   	Buck Rogers's father.   	star of "Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood."   	a country and western singer.   	   	
#13,093 Carl Rogers assumed that    	1	people have a natural drive to fulfill their potential.   	the sex drive and the striving for superiority are equally strong.  	without social pressures, people would be inactive or destructive.  	there is a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious.  	   	
#13,094 A "self-actualized" person is likely to be    	2	introverted.   	independent and creative.   	obedient to authority.   	stubborn and resistant to change.   	   	
#13,095 Humanistic psychologists try to help people to    	3	interpret the symbolic meaning of their dreams.   	bring the contents of the unconscious mind into consciousness.  	reduce the discrepancy between their self-concept and their ideal self.  	understand the unspoken assumptions behind their style of life.  	   	
#13,096 Which of the following do humanistic psychologists try to encourage?   	3	analysis of a behavior into its component parts   	development of an "ideal self" that is much better than the current self-image  	unconditional positive regard   	sublimation of repressed energies   	   	
#13,097 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the "self-actualized personality," according to Abraham Maslow?   	3	willingness to accept uncertainty and ambiguity   	independence and creativity   	strong effort to make oneself look good   	openness to new experiences   	   	
#13,098 Maslow and Adler both argued that    	2	human beings are nothing but "id" at birth.   	personality can be better than normal as well as worse than normal.  	personality and behavior are best explained in terms of their component parts.  	sex drive is the most important influence on personality.   	   	
#13,099 Critics of Maslow's description of self-actualization have argued that his description   	4	is too vague.   	is based on unconscious motives.   	fits almost everyone.   	may simply reflect his (Maslow's) own values.   	   	
#13,100 Nomothetic laws apply to ______; idiographic laws apply to ______.   	3	personality traits ... personality states A  	personality ... intelligence   	people in general ... certain individuals   	certain individuals ... people in general   	   	
#13,101 The approach to the study of individual differences that seeks general laws about how some aspect of personality affects behavior is the ______ approach.  	3	idiographic   	big five   	nomothetic   	idiosyncratic   	   	
#13,102 A psychologist who studies how people's goals in life affect their moods and their reactions to various events would not attempt to draw conclusions meant to apply to everyone. Therefore, this psychologist is using a/an ______ approach. 	1	idiographic   	big five B  	nomothetic   	monotheistic   	   	
#13,103 A personality trait is a ______; a personality state is a ______.    	2	temporary activation of a behavior ... consistent behavioral tendency  	consistent behavioral tendency ... temporary activation of a behavior  	behavioral tendency found in only certain people ... behavioral tendency found in everyone  	behavioral tendency found in everyone ... behavioral tendency found in only certain people  	   	
#13,104 A personality trait is a    	4	dimension on which someone is known to be inconsistent.   	defect or problem that the person tries to overcome.   	set of types.   	predisposition to act in a particular way.   	   	
#13,105 A psychologist is trying to decide whether a particular person is suffering from "trait anxiety" or "state anxiety." Which of the following would suggest that it is probably state anxiety?  	1	Everyone else who is in the same situation is also suffering anxiety.  	The anxiety is so strong that it seriously interferes with behavior.  	This person seems to experience anxiety more frequently than most other people do.  	The person has trouble explaining exactly what he or she is nervous about.  	   	
#13,106 As opposed to a trait, a state is more    	4	permanent.   	likely to be found in children.   	likely to be found in adults.   	temporary.   	   	
#13,107 How could you determine whether someone's anxiety is "trait anxiety" or "state anxiety"?   	4	Find out whether the person is nervous about personality problems or about problems in the external world.  	Determine whether the anxiety is severe enough to interfere with behavior.  	Ask whether the person remembers ever experiencing anxiety in that situation before.  	See whether the anxiety changes when the situation changes.   	   	
#13,108 John Numbercruncher has used factor analysis on the results of a questionnaire. The purpose of this technique is to determine which questions  	3	unfairly discriminate against certain groups.   	ought to be reworded.   	are related to one another.   	are the most difficult.   	   	
#13,109 A psychologist wants to determine a parsimonious way to describe personality. She starts with a large number of questions and tries to find the smallest number of traits that will account for the variation in people's answers. Which technique will she use? 	1	factor analysis   	reaction formation   	free association   	autokinetic effect   	   	
#13,110 For which of the following purposes might a psychologist use the method called "factor analysis"?   	4	to determine which childhood experiences play the greatest role in the development of a particular personality  	to probe into a person's unconscious and try to recover infant memories  	to determine how the brain combines auditory experience with visual experience  	to determine whether several traits are closely correlated with one another or whether they are independent  	   	
#13,111 Many psychologists believe they can account for the largest proportion of personality differences by means of the following five traits:  	1	neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, A agreeableness, and conscientiousness.  	locus of control, authoritarianism, field- independence, Machiavellianism, and honesty.  	masculinity, femininity, androgyny, ambitiousness, and sensation seeking.  	self-monitoring, politeness, willingness to take risks, shyness, and timidity.  	   	
#13,112 The "big five" personality dimensions    	4	each apply to a few very specific situations.   	are all highly related to each other.   	are the first five traits to develop in a child, although many more important traits develop later in life.  	can describe most of the usual variation in human personality.  	   	
#13,113 Neuroticism is defined as    	2	viewing others as in control over meaningful events in your life.  	a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions relatively easily. B 	a tendency to seek new experiences and enjoy the company of others.  	a tendency to be compassionate toward others.   	   	
#13,114 Someone who is likely to experience anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, and impulsiveness would be high in the trait ______.  	1	neuroticism   	extraversion   	introversion   	conscientiousness   	   	
#13,115 The characteristics of warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, and excitement seeking would be most closely associated with the trait ______.  	2	neuroticism   	extraversion   	introversion   	conscientiousness   	   	
#13,116 Someone who is shy about meeting people would most likely be low in ______.   	2	neuroticism   	extraversion   	introversion   	agreeableness   	   	
#13,117 The "big five" trait of agreeableness is a tendency to    	2	experience unpleasant emotions relatively easily.   	be compassionate towards others.   	seek new experiences and enjoy the company of others.   	show self-discipline and strive for achievement.   	   	
#13,118 People high in the trait ______ generally trust each other and expect other people to trust them.   	3	neuroticism   	extraversion   	agreeableness   	conscientiousness   	   	
#13,119 The tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, and to strive for achievement and competence is called ______.   	4	neuroticism   	extraversion   	agreeableness   	conscientiousness   	   	
#13,120 If you were an employer and you wanted to hire someone who would be a better than average worker and would be likely to complete whatever task he or she took on, which personality characteristic would you be most interested in? 	4	gregariousness   	extraversion   	agreeableness   	conscientiousness   	   	
#13,121 Some psychologists suggest that we should divide extraversion into two traits: ambition and sociability. How should psychologists determine whether or not to do so?  	3	Interview people and ask them if they think ambition and sociability mean the same thing.  	Examine whether the areas of the brain controlling ambition and sociability are the same or different.  	Determine whether measures of ambition correlate strongly with measures of sociability.  	Determine whether people who are high on extraversion consider the trait as unitary or multifaceted.  	   	
#13,122 The "biggest" of the "big five" personality traits (those that have the largest influences on people's behavior) are neuroticism and ______.  	1	extraversion A  	agreeableness   	conscientiousness   	openness to experience   	   	
#13,123 Using the "big five" description of personality, we find that most adults show a slight INCREASE in ______ as they grow older.   	4	neuroticism   	extraversion   	openness to experience   	conscientiousness   	   	
#13,124 Which of the following BEST describes the changes in personality (based on the "big five" description) that occur as a person moves from young adulthood to old age?  	4	Most people show a progressive increase in neuroticism and a sharp decline in the other four dimensions.  	Most people show a dramatic increase in extraversion and openness, and a moderate decrease in the other three dimensions. B 	Most people show a strong decrease in agreeableness, and are relatively stable on the other four dimensions.  	In most cases, people are relatively stable on all five dimensions, typically showing only slight changes one way or the other. 	   	
#13,125 One of the main criticisms of the "big five" description of personality is that   	3	it originated from scientists outside the field of psychology.  	it is not based on statistical tests of relatedness.   	it is based entirely on written responses to questionnaires.   	it is based entirely on data from middle-class European-American males.  	   	
#13,126 Research on personality has shown that when a person is conscientious on one kind of task that person will   	2	generally be conscientious on all tasks.   	almost always be conscientious on that kind of task, but not necessarily on other kinds of tasks.  	almost always also scores high on extraversion and neuroticism while doing that task.  	be unlikely to be consistently conscientious on that, or any other, task in the future.  	   	
#13,127 One of the main ways psychologists have studied the CAUSES of differences in personality among people is to   	3	perform factor analysis on answers given to written questionnaires about various traits.  	ask people for their own explanations for how their personalities developed.  	compare the similarities in personality between identical twins and fraternal twins.  	unobtrusively observe people interacting in everyday situations.  	   	
#13,128 When studying extraversion in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers have found that   	1	monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins.   	dizygotic twins are more similar than monozygotic twins.   	there is no relationship in extraversion for either monozygotic or dizygotic twins.  	if one monozygotic twin is high in extraversion, the other will generally be low (this relationship does not appear in dizygotic twins). 	   	
#13,129 What large and consistent difference, if any, is typically found between males and females on tests of the "big five" personality traits?  	4	Males are generally higher on conscientiousness.   	Females are generally higher on extraversion.   	Males are generally lower on agreeableness.   	There are no large and consistent differences in the five main traits, although there are some sex differences in some subcomponents of those traits. 	   	
#13,130 According to Sandra Bem, androgynous people are those who    	4	achieve their full potential.   	take responsibility for their own successes and failures.   	loyally follow the wishes of anyone who is in authority.   	are not limited by sex-role stereotypes.   	   	
#13,131 Someone who has a high level of the stereotypically masculine traits AND a high level of the stereotypically feminine traits is said to have which type of personality?  	3	extraverted   	self-monitoring   	androgynous   	high locus of control   	   	
#13,132 The idea behind the concept of androgyny is that people would be mentally healthier if they   	3	had a trait that was halfway between internal locus of control and external locus of control.  	had direct access to their collective unconscious.   	felt free to combine masculine and feminine traits in whatever way they chose.  	were neither introverted nor extraverted.   	   	
#13,133 In contrast to Bem's original definition of androgyny, most investigators now define the androgynous person as someone who has  	3	more masculine than feminine traits. A  	more feminine than masculine traits.   	a high level of both masculine and feminine traits.   	an equal level of masculine and feminine traits, regardless of whether the levels were high or low.  	   	
#13,134 How can you determine whether a test is standardized?    	1	Find out whether anyone knows the mean and standard deviation.  	Find out whether all the questions deal with important concepts.  	Calculate the correlation between scores on the test and some other measure of behavior.  	Determine whether all of its questions are equally difficult.   	   	
#13,135 The most widely used personality test is the    	3	Rorschach Inkblot Test   	QUAZY B  	MMPI   	Thematic Apperception Test   	   	
#13,136 MMPI stands for    	4	Marky Mark's personal income.   	Multiple Manic-Psychosis Inventory.   	Michigan Mental Patient's Institute.   	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.   	   	
#13,137 What purpose does the MMPI serve?    	3	to uncover unconscious thoughts and motivations   	to discover how previous experience influenced current behavior  	to measure personality tendencies   	to measure intelligence   	   	
#13,138 When psychologists designed the MMPI, they evaluated possible questions for the depression scale by asking the following question:  	2	Is the predictive validity of this item higher than its reliability?  	Do most depressed people answer this question differently from most nondepressed people?  	Do most psychologists agree that this item has something to do with depression?  	Does this item correspond to a major point in the current theories about the causes of depression?  	   	
#13,139 You have just taken a psychological test that yields scores on 10 clinical scales, including depression, anxiety, fear, anger, cynicism, and social introversion. Which test did you probably take? 	3	Rorschach Inkblot Test   	WAIS-R   	MMPI-2   	Thematic Apperception Test   	   	
#13,140 When given to people of various ethnic and cultural groups, the MMPI   	4	loses all reliability and validity.   	produces results that explain the origins of ethnic differences.  	finds large and consistent personality differences between European-Americans and African-Americans.  	reveals only small differences between groups.   	   	
#13,141 How does a psychologist determine whether people are lying about themselves on the MMPI?   	2	by true-false items such as "I would rather lie than admit my faults"  	by true-false items such as "I give generously to every worthy cause I know of"  	by a polygraph test   	by comparing answers on the MMPI with answers on the Rorschach Inkblot Test  	   	
#13,142 Why does the MMPI include some items that ask about common but minor faults, such as "Sometimes I have told a lie" and "I dislike some of the people I know"?  	1	to find out whether someone is lying   	to measure need for achievement   	to find out whether someone has these minor faults   	to measure psychopathic deviation   	   	
#13,143 If you check true to many MMPI items that few other people check, such as "I like every person I have ever met," what will probably happen?  	4	Your psychologist will reach some mistaken conclusions about your personality.  	You will be considered highly imaginative.   	You will be committed to a mental hospital.   	Your test results will be ignored.   	   	
#13,144 The MMPI includes some items that most people check true, such as "Occasionally I get angry at someone." Why?   	2	to make people less likely to check true on the more serious A items  	to check whether people are answering honestly   	to measure sense of humor   	to identify certain rare personality types   	   	
#13,145 An employer asks job applicants how much experience they have had at various skills, but suspects that many applicants are lying. Which of the following methods could the employer use to determine which applicants are exaggerating their experience? 	3	Ask how many times the applicant has used each skill.   	Ask applicants to take the Rorschach Inkblot Test.   	Ask about their experience on nonexistent skills such as "matrixing solvency files."  	Ask applicants to fill out the application while under the influence of hypnosis.  	   	
#13,146 The results of the MMPI seldom tell people much that they did not already know about themselves because the test consists of   	1	true-false questions about oneself.   	evaluations of the person by other people. B  	ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots and pictures.   	different kinds of questions for different people, depending on their personality type.  	   	
#13,147 The MMPI was designed primarily to assess ______ personality; the 16-PF Test was designed primarily to assess ______ personality.   	1	abnormal ... normal   	normal ... abnormal   	feminine ... masculine   	masculine ... feminine   	   	
#13,148 One similarity between the MMPI and the 16-PF test is that both tests   	3	are projective tests.   	are revised every year.   	provide scores on a number of separate aspects of personality.  	were based on a combination of Freud's theory and Adler's theory.  	   	
#13,149 The 16-PF is a test of ______.    	3	intelligence   	creativity   	personality traits   	androgyny   	   	
#13,150 A test that encourages people to describe themselves indirectly by talking about an ambiguous stimulus such as an inkblot is called a ______ test.  	3	redundant   	multiphasic   	projective   	progressive   	   	
#13,151 The Rorschach Inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of   	3	nonstandardized intelligence tests.   	standardized intelligence tests.   	projective personality tests.   	nonprojective personality tests.   	   	
#13,152 Which of the following are examples of "projective tests"?    	4	Stanford-Binet test and Raven's Progressive Matrices   	MMPI and 16-PF Test   	WISC-III and WAIS-R   	Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test   	   	
#13,153 A psychologist who administers the Rorschach Inkblot Test    	3	feeds the client's answers to a computer for it to analyze them.  	pays attention to only the client's first response to each card.  	gives instructions that are intentionally vague.   	is justified in drawing conclusions about someone's personality with great confidence.  	   	
#13,154 What does a psychologist record and interpret when someone is taking the Rorschach Inkblot Test?   	4	only the tone of voice   	only the words the person says   	only the number of patterns the person says he or she sees   	everything the person says and does   	   	
#13,155 Why would it be impossible for a psychologist to administer the Rorschach Inkblot Test by mail, asking you to write out your answers and mail them back?  	1	The psychologist needs to watch what you do during the test. A  	The inkblot cards are too large to send through the mails.   	The instructions for the Rorschach are so long, precise, and complicated that the psychologist must explain them in person.  	A psychologist must be present to tell you when to stop adding more answers.  	   	
#13,156 The Rorschach inkblots    	4	were each developed to resemble a specific object found in everyday life.  	were standardized on thousands of people before they were published.  	can be interpreted by a machine, because the answers are objective.  	require interpretations that have been criticized as depending on the psychologist's expectations at least as much as on what the person taking the test actually says. 	   	
#13,157 The reported reliability of the Rorschach Inkblots test is higher today than it was in the past decades because   	1	most psychologists have agreed on a single set of rules for interpreting people's answers.  	people are now required to take the MMPI first before they answer the Rorschach Inkblots. B 	new inkblots have been developed to replace the least effective old ones.  	the directions have been made clear and unambiguous.   	   	
#13,158 In the past (e.g. 1960s) different psychologists were interpreting the Rorschach tests in different ways. That problem has been at least partially corrected in that now  	4	results are scored by computer.   	responses are sent to the Rorschach Institute for analysis.   	interpretations are made by the person taking the test, rather than by a psychologist.  	most psychologists use a common set of standards for scoring the test.  	   	
#13,159 TAT is an abbreviation for    	3	Test-anxiety transference.   	Thomas's Asceticism Test.   	Thematic Apperception Test.   	Tolman's Assimilation Theory.   	   	
#13,160 The Thematic Apperception Test is NOT    	4	a projective personality test.   	a series of pictures.   	used by clinical psychologists.   	a measurement of IQ.   	   	
#13,161 A client provides "answers" to the Thematic Apperception Test by    	1	telling stories.   	pointing.   	checking true or false on an answer sheet.   	altering heart beat and other physiological responses.   	   	
#13,162 The theory behind the Thematic Apperception Test is that the stories a person tells about an ambiguous picture will   	3	be more complicated or less complicated, depending on the person's intelligence.  	provide an outlet for long-suppressed creative urges.   	describe what is really going on in the person's own life.   	be similar to the stories the person heard in early childhood.  	   	
#13,163 The advantage of a projective test like the TAT over a standardized nonprojective test like the MMPI is that the projective tests  	4	measure intelligence as well as personality.   	have a higher reliability and validity.   	can be administered by a computer.   	allow a wider range of answers.   	   	
#13,164 Why should a psychologist never label someone as depressed or schizophrenic just on the basis of an MMPI score?   	1	The scores of some normal people overlap those of psychologically disturbed people.  	The MMPI measures normal personality traits but not psychological disorders.  	It is impossible to determine whether someone may have lied on the MMPI.  	The MMPI does not measure personality traits.