#5,001 Which of the following is true regarding when ground squirrels awaken from hibernation?   	4	Females wake up a week or so before males.   	Males wake up only when food becomes available.   	Females and males wake up at the same time each spring.   	Males wake up prior to the time females are sexually receptive.  	   	
#5,002 A rhythm of activity and inactivity that lasts about a day is called a _______.   	2	biorhythm   	circadian rhythm   	diadromous rhythm   	euclidean rhythm   	   	
#5,003 People have activity-rest cycles lasting about 24 hours. What happens to those cycles when people stay in a cave that provides no changes in light or temperature?  	1	The 24-hour cycles continue, although they may increase slightly.  	The cycles become irregular and unpredictable.   	The cycles gradually become faster and faster.   	People are active at all times without periods of sleep.   	   	
#5,004 Two sleep researchers once spent a summer in Mammoth Cave where the lighting and temperature are constant at all times. What were they trying to discover?  	1	whether the body generates its own 24-hour cycles   	whether active people need more sleep than inactive people   	whether a period of sleep deprivation interferes with people's reasoning abilities  	what people dream about when their environment provides no stimuli  	   	
#5,005 In an unchanging environment (such as a cave), people become sleepy about once every ___ hours.   	2	12-13   	24-25   	28-29   	48-49   	   	
#5,006 In an environment in which temperature, light, and other conditions remain constant 24 hours a day, most people   	2	awaken and fall asleep at irregular, inconsistent intervals.   	still awaken and go to sleep on a nearly 24-hour schedule.   	remain awake almost all the time.   	easily adjust to wake-sleep cycles that last a lotlonger or shorter than 24 hours.  	   	
#5,007 Which of the following best describes the relationship between light-dark cycles (from the rising and setting sun) and circadian rhythms?  	4	Circadian rhythms are completely independent of light-dark A cycles.  	Circadian rhythms are completely determined by light-dark cycles.  	Circadian rhythms are those that only function during the day (light cycle).  	Circadian rhythms are generated within the body, but fine-tuned or reset by light-dark cycles.  	   	
#5,008 The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a structure at the base of the brain known to be involved in   	3	pain perception.   	sexual motivation.   	maintaining circadian rhythms.   	susceptibility to hypnosis.   	   	
#5,009 Some people describe themselves as "morning people", while others describe themselves as "evening people". Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding that distinction?  	3	There really is no difference: "evening people" are just making up an excuse for being lazy and not getting up in the morning. 	"Evening people" are actually at their intellectual and physical peak around 9-11 am. B 	"Evening people" have low body temperatures in the morning that gradually rise during the day.  	Someone who is a "morning person" at age 20 will invariably be a "morning person" throughout life.  	   	
#5,010 In adjusting to a different time zone or a different schedule, most people find it easier to make a shift   	4	to a schedule that is 12 hours different from their home schedule than to any intermediate schedule.  	to a rapidly alternating schedule than to any fixed schedule.   	in the direction of going to sleep at an earlier time.   	in the direction of going to sleep at a later time.   	   	
#5,011 Which of the following is most likely to cause a person to have difficulty falling asleep (at least temporarily)?   	3	staying in a cavelike environment with no cues to time of day   	traveling across several time zones to the west (where the person goes to bed later)  	traveling across several time zones to the east (where the person goes to bed earlier)  	changing from standard time to daylight savings time   	   	
#5,012 Which of the following is most likely to cause people to have difficulty falling asleep?   	3	moving from the east coast to the west coast   	becoming accustomed to going to bed early and then trying to shift to going to bed later  	becoming accustomed to going to bed late and then trying to shift to going to bed earlier  	living in a cavelike environment with no cues to time and going to sleep whenever they feel like it  	   	
#5,013 Most employees who are asked to work at different 8-hour shifts on different days find it easier to adjust to the schedule when   	1	they shift to a work schedule that starts 8 hours later.   	they shift to a work schedule that starts 8 hours earlier.   	the work times shift randomly from one day to the next.   	they stay on each shift for only a week at a time before rotating to the next one.  	   	
#5,014 A worker at International Amalgamated, Inc., is currently working from 8 am to 4 pm. The company wants to shift her to a different work time. For the sake of her physical and mental health, which of the following would be best? 	1	Move her to the 4 pm to midnight shift, then to midnight to 8 am shift.  	Move her to midnight to 8 am shift, then to the 4 pm to midnight shift.  	Ask her to alternate between the 4 pm to midnight period one day and the midnight to 8 am period the next day.  	Ask her to work 24 hours in a row one day followed by two days of not working at all.  	   	
#5,015 People who consistently work on the night shift (midnight to 8 am) may or may not fully adjust their circadian rhythms to this schedule. Which of the following would be MOST likely to help people adjust their rhythms? 	3	complete silence while sleeping during the day   	social activity while at work at night   	bright lights while at work at night   	loud music while at work at night   	   	
#5,016 Suppose you suffer from insomnia because your body has shifted to a schedule of going to sleep late and waking up late, and you cannot readjust to your normal time. What is one effective way to overcome this problem? 	2	Keep trying to go to sleep at the normal time until your body resets its sleep schedule.  	Go to sleep two hours later each night until you get around the clock to the normal time.  	Eat a heavy meal just before going to bed.   	Try going to sleep three hours earlier than usual for a few nights, and then the normal time.  	   	
#5,017 According to the repair and restoration theory of sleep, the purpose of sleep is to   	2	allow adequate blood supply to reach the muscles.   	allow the body to recover from exertion.   	permit dreams to occur.   	enforce inactivity during times of inefficiency.   	   	
#5,018 Which of the following lines of evidence indicates that repair and restoration is NOT the only purpose of sleep?   	3	Digestion and protein production occur during sleep. A  	Most people who go without sleep for a night or two feel uncomfortable and sleepy during the day.  	People need about the same amount of sleep after an inactive day as after an active day.  	All animal species need at least a little sleep.   	   	
#5,019 The repair and restoration theory of sleep leads to which of the following predictions?   	4	People should generate a 24-hour cycle of activity and rest even in an unchanging environment, such as a cave.  	Animal species that are safe from attack while they sleep should sleep longer than those that are in danger when they sleep. 	Sleep should consist of separate REM and non-REM stages.   	People should need more sleep after an active day than after an inactive day.  	   	
#5,020 In 1965 a high-school student, Randy Gardner, stayed awake 11 days for a science fair project. What effect did this experience have on him?  	4	Gardner suffered from severe visual and auditory hallucinations during the final days of his project.  	Once he was allowed to sleep, Gardner slept for 5 consecutive days and nights. B 	Gardner suffered permanent intellectual impairment.   	Gardner suffered no serious psychological consequences.   	   	
#5,021 When people go without sleep for more than 24 hours in a row, how does their experience of sleepiness vary over time?   	2	It increases for a while and then becomes constant.   	It increases during the night but decreases the next morning.   	It continues to increase steadily throughout the period when the person does not sleep.  	It increases and decreases on an irregular cycle that averages about 120 minutes.  	   	
#5,022 What happens to body temperature and logical reasoning over the course of an experiment in which volunteers go without sleep for 3 days?  	3	They both progressively decline at a steady rate over the three days and nights.  	Both reach a low level after the first sleepless night and stay at that level until the person sleeps again.  	Both continue to follow a circadian rhythm superimposed on a pattern of progressive deterioration.  	Neither seem to be adversely affected by 3 days of sleep deprivation.  	   	
#5,023 Someone who stays awake 24 hours a day for several days will probably feel   	3	sleepier during the day than during the night.   	sleepier and sleepier as time goes by, with no period of increasing alertness.  	sleepier in the night than during the following morning.   	about equally sleepy at all times.   	   	
#5,024 The evolutionary theory of sleep proposes that sleep evolved primarily as a means of   	1	forcing animals to conserve energy at times when they are relatively inefficient.  	recovering from the wear and tear of the day.   	protecting individual animals from predators.   	increasing brain development, especially during infancy.   	   	
#5,025 Which kinds of animals tend to sleep more than others?    	1	predators   	tropical animals   	hoofed animals   	rodents   	   	
#5,026 Which theory holds that the primary purpose of sleep is to conserve energy and avoid trouble during times of relative inefficiency?  	2	attribution theory   	evolutionary theory   	repair and restoration theory   	activation-synthesis theory   	   	
#5,027 According to the evolutionary theory of sleep, why do horses and sheep get so little sleep per night?   	3	They are relatively primitive animals with small brains.   	They have less physical activity per day than most other animals.  	They are in danger of being attacked while they sleep.   	They eat diets that include foods rich in calories.   	   	
#5,028 Which of the following observations fits best with the predictions of the evolutionary theory of sleep?   	3	The skeletal muscles are highly relaxed during REM sleep.   	People who have been deprived of REM sleep for a few nights experience a "rebound" of extra REM sleep on later nights.  	Predator species (such as cats) sleep more than prey species (such as horses).  	Digestive processes and protein synthesis occur during sleep.   	   	
#5,029 Hibernation is a means of keeping an animal inactive during a time when activity would do more harm than good. Which theory holds that sleep serves more or less the same purpose?  	1	evolutionary theory A  	repair and restoration theory   	activation-synthesis theory   	REM theory   	   	
#5,030 Which of the following pairs of terms mean the same thing?    	4	REM sleep ... stage 4 sleep   	evolutionary theory ... activation-synthesis theory   	repair and restoration theory ... evolutionary theory   	REM sleep ... paradoxical sleep   	   	
#5,031 What is "paradoxical" about paradoxical sleep?    	3	The person reports dreams, but there are no rapid eye movements.  	The EEG pattern suggests a dream, but the person denies dreaming. B 	The brain is active, but the muscles are relaxed.   	The brain is inactive, but the muscles are tense.   	   	
#5,032 During REM sleep,    	4	breathing rate and heart rate are low and stable.   	the muscles are tense and active.   	brain activity is at a minimum.   	dreams are most likely to occur.   	   	
#5,033 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?    	1	Most of the body's muscles are tense and active.   	The eyes move rapidly.   	It begins about once every 90 minutes during the night.   	Dreams are likely to occur.   	   	
#5,034 During one stage of sleep the major postural muscles are highly relaxed and the person's brain is very active. This is MOST characteristic of  	4	stage 2.   	stage 3.   	stage 4.   	REM sleep.   	   	
#5,035 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?    	3	Dreams are likely to occur.   	The major postural muscles are highly relaxed.   	Heart rate, breathing rate, and temperature are steadier than during other stages of sleep.  	The eyes move about.   	   	
#5,036 Investigators distinguish among stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of sleep by observing   	4	sleep position.   	eye movements.   	dream content.   	brain waves.   	   	
#5,037 What does the EEG record for stage 4 sleep look like (compared to other stages of sleep)?   	4	It is relatively flat.   	It contains a large number of short, choppy waves.   	It looks similar to the EEG that is found in people who are awake.  	It includes many long, slow waves.   	   	
#5,038 When the brain produces many long, slow waves on the EEG, what do those waves indicate about the activity of the neurons?   	1	Many neurons are active in synchrony with one another.   	More neurons than usual are active.   	Neurons are producing action potentials of larger amplitude than usual.  	Neurons are producing action potentials with slower velocities than usual.  	   	
#5,039 A person's EEG shows many short, choppy waves. What does that pattern indicate?   	2	The person is probably in stage 4 sleep.   	Many neurons are active, but they are out of synchrony with one another.  	Most neurons are inactive, but the active ones are in synchrony with one another.  	The muscles are tense and active.   	   	
#5,040 During an ordinary night's sleep, the usual sequence of sleep stages is:   	2	1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 A  	1-2-3-4-3-2-1   	1-2-1-2-3-4-3-4   	1-2-1-3-1-4   	   	
#5,041 The brain activity associated with REM sleep is most similar to that associated with   	1	stage 1 sleep.   	stage 2 sleep.   	stage 3 sleep.   	stage 4 sleep.   	   	
#5,042 When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is LEAST likely when   	3	the eyes are moving.   	the major postural muscles are relaxed. B  	the person has been asleep less than an hour.   	the person has been asleep more than 8 hours.   	   	
#5,043 During which part of a night's sleep does REM sleep occupy the greatest amount of time?   	3	the first 1 or 2 hours   	at about the middle of the night   	the last part of the night's sleep   	the first hour and the last hour   	   	
#5,044 During which stage(s) of sleep does dreaming occur?    	2	only during REM sleep   	mostly during REM sleep, but less vivid dreams also occur during non-REM sleep  	mostly during non-REM sleep, but less vivid dreams also occur during REM sleep  	only during non-REM sleep   	   	
#5,045 Research involving people who claim they do not dream has found    	4	they dream, but they do not have REM periods.   	they do not dream, but they do have normal REM periods.   	they neither dream nor have REM periods.   	they dream and have REM periods just like everyone else.   	   	
#5,046 Many people claim that they do not dream. If they are awakened during an REM period, what do they describe?   	3	no dream at all   	an intense visual hallucination, more similar to the effects of a psychedelic drug than to a dream  	a fairly normal dream   	an extremely brief dream, lasting only a second or two   	   	
#5,047 A dream that seems (to the dreamer) to have lasted 5 minutes, probably actually took   	3	around 10 seconds   	around 1 minute   	around 5 minutes   	over 2 hours   	   	
#5,048 Greg has been deprived of REM sleep for the last several days. Tonight he will be permitted to sleep without interruptions. What will probably be true of his sleep?  	4	He will have less REM sleep than usual.   	He will have about the same amount of REM sleep as usual.   	He will have REM periods but without any dreams.   	He will spend more time in REM sleep than usual.   	   	
#5,049 Dement tried to deprive people of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights. On the first night he had to awaken the average subject 12 times. By the seventh night, what happened?  	3	He did not have to awaken them even once to prevent REM sleep.  	He still had to awaken the average subject about 12 times.   	He had to awaken the average subject much more than 12 times.   	He had to keep the subject awake nonstop all night.   	   	
#5,050 Dement deprived some young men of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights. Which of the following was NOT one of the consequences?   	2	He had to awaken them more and more often each night.   	They had nightmares for weeks after the end of the experiment.  	They complained of anxiety and irritability on the days following deprivation.  	When permitted to sleep without interruption, they spent more time than usual in REM sleep.  	   	
#5,051 What was the conclusion of Dement's experiment on the effects of depriving people of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights?   	3	People need REM sleep in order for the brain to develop. A  	People need REM sleep in order to improve their memory.   	People need REM sleep, but we still do not know why.   	People do not really need REM sleep.   	   	
#5,052 How does sleep change as a person ages, from infancy to old age?    	2	The total amount of sleep decreases and the amount of REM sleep increases.  	The total amount of sleep decreases and the amount of REM sleep decreases.  	The total amount of sleep increases and the amount of REM sleep increases.  	The total amount of sleep increases and the amount of REM sleep decreases.  	   	
#5,053 The individuals with the greatest total amount of sleep are _______; the individuals with the greatest amount of REM sleep are _______.  	4	older adults ... infants   	older adults ... young adults B  	young adults ... older adults   	infants ... infants   	   	
#5,054 What is the similarity between the sleep of infants, cats, and adults who sleep 9 or more hours per night?   	1	All have a high percentage of REM sleep.   	All have a high percentage of stage 2 sleep.   	All have a high percentage of stage 3 sleep.   	All have a high percentage of stage 4 sleep.   	   	
#5,055 After days when animals are given new learning experiences they generally get ______ than the usual amount of REM sleep; animals prevented from getting REM sleep learn ______ than usual.  	2	more ... faster   	more ... slower   	less ... faster   	less ... slower   	   	
#5,056 According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming is    	4	a manifestation of a person's unconscious thoughts and motives.  	your brain's attempt to prevent or decrease PGO waves.   	a time of memory consolidation and removal.   	your brain's effort to make sense of spontaneous sensory activity.  	   	
#5,057 Which of the following is TRUE about visual imagery in dreams?    	2	Fewer than 10% of people dream in color.   	Blind people who once had sight, but lost it, continue to have visual imagery in dreams.  	Visually impaired people who can still see to some degree are less likely than normally sighted people to dream about things they have touched. 	People who have been blind since birth occasionally have visual imagery during dreams.  	   	
#5,058 Why is it difficult to determine how often people dream in color?    	3	The occipital lobe of the brain is inactive during sleep.   	The color of objects in dreams is often different from their color in real life.  	People often forget whether their dreams included color.   	Even when awakened during REM period and asked about color in dreams, people say they do not know if they dreamed in color.  	   	
#5,059 A person is suffering from insomnia if he or she    	1	consistently feels tired and inefficient during the day.   	gets less sleep per night than he or she used to get in the past.  	gets less than 6 hours sleep per night.   	gets less sleep than the average for other people of the same age.  	   	
#5,060 People with "onset insomnia"    	1	have trouble falling asleep.   	awaken many times during the night.   	awaken early and cannot get back to sleep.   	fall asleep suddenly during the day.   	   	
#5,061 People with "maintenance insomnia"    	2	have trouble falling asleep.   	awaken many times during the night.   	awaken early and cannot get back to sleep.   	become suddenly sleepy in the middle of the day.   	   	
#5,062 Which of the following treatments for onset insomnia would be MOST advisable?   	4	drink alcohol to relax A  	REM deprivation   	prescribe tranquilizers   	attempt to readjust circadian rhythms   	   	
#5,063 Onset insomnia and termination insomnia are often related to    	4	an absence of REM sleep.   	an absence of an internal generator of the 24-hour cycle of wakefulness and sleep.  	an excessive amount of non-REM sleep early in the night.   	a biological rhythm that is out of phase with the outside world.  	   	
#5,064 Irving's internal biological rhythm is out of phase with the time in the outside world. When it is really 2:00 am, he feels as if it were already 7:00 am. Which abnormality of sleep will he probably experience? 	3	onset insomnia   	maintenance insomnia B  	termination insomnia   	narcolepsy   	   	
#5,065 Someone who suffers from termination insomnia might be able to sleep better if he or she   	1	moved two or three time zones to the east, or tried going to sleep earlier at night.  	moved two or three times zones to the west, or tried going to sleep later at night.  	tried sleeping in a different position.   	set a loud alarm clock for the desired time of awakening.   	   	
#5,066 What is the problem suffered by people with sleep apnea?    	1	They often stop breathing while they are asleep.   	They suddenly fall asleep in the middle of the day.   	They walk and talk in their sleep.   	Once they fall asleep, they have trouble waking up again.   	   	
#5,067 Dan is an overweight, middle-aged history professor who snores loudly and periodically stops breathing during sleep. Dan has a condition known as _______.  	2	narcolepsy   	sleep apnea   	maintenance insomnia   	termination insomnia   	   	
#5,068 People suffering from narcolepsy    	4	find it difficult to wake up in the morning.   	walk and talk in their sleep.   	find it difficult to breathe while sleeping.   	get sleepy in the middle of the day.   	   	
#5,069 Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with narcolepsy?   	1	stopping breathing during sleep   	extreme daytime sleepiness   	dreamlike experiences that are confused with reality   	sudden attacks of muscle weakness   	   	
#5,070 Narcolepsy is caused by    	4	excessive alcohol use.   	brain abnormalities in the medulla that interfere with breathing during sleep.  	a circadian rhythm that is out of synchrony with the outside world.  	unknown factors.   	   	
#5,071 Which of the following is experienced by the largest number of adults?   	3	sleep apnea   	narcolepsy   	sleep talking   	sleepwalking   	   	
#5,072 When do people talk during their sleep?    	3	only during REM sleep   	only during non-REM sleep   	equally in REM and non-REM sleep   	only during the brief transition from REM sleep to non-REM sleep  	   	
#5,073 Nightmares occur mostly during _______ sleep; night terrors occur during _______ sleep.   	4	REM ... REM A  	non-REM ... non-REM   	non-REM ... REM   	REM ... non-REM   	   	
#5,074 Which of the following occur more often during non-REM sleep than during REM sleep?   	2	sleepwalking and sleep talking   	sleepwalking and night terrors   	sleep talking and nightmares   	nightmares and night terrors   	   	
#5,075 What do sleepwalking and night terrors have in common?    	1	They are both fairly common in children, but decline with age.  	They both occur during REM sleep. B  	They are both associated with a circadian rhythm that is out of synchrony with the outside world.  	They both become more likely with increasing age.   	   	
#5,076 Periodic limb movement disorder involves repetitive movements of one's ______ during sleep, and is a common cause of poor sleep in people ______.  	4	arms ... under 12   	arms ... over 50   	legs ... under 12   	legs ... over 50   	   	
#5,077 Why would it be unlikely for anyone to engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep?   	2	Brain activity is too low to control balance.   	The muscles are too relaxed.   	The slightest disturbance awakens a person in REM sleep.   	Heart rate and breathing rate are too low and too steady.   	   	
#5,078 Which of the following is NOT good advice for someone who is having trouble sleeping?   	2	Exercise daily.   	Use sleeping pills to help yourself get to sleep.   	If you can't get to sleep, get up and try again later.   	Wake up the same time each day.   	   	
#5,079 Hypnotism was discovered by _______.    	1	Mesmer   	Wundt   	Aristotle   	Calkins   	   	
#5,080 The main similarity between hypnosis and dreams is that in both of them,   	3	the person is in REM sleep.   	the muscles are totally relaxed.   	the person accepts illogical information without question.   	the person feels no pain.   	   	
#5,081 In one common method of inducing hypnosis, the hypnotist tells the person, "After you go under hypnosis ...   	2	you will do whatever I tell you to do."   	your arm will begin to rise automatically."   	you will experience nothing at all."   	your eyes will open wide."   	   	
#5,082 Before a person can be hypnotized he or she must    	2	understand how hypnosis works.   	be a willing participant.   	undergo psychoanalysis.   	sign a waiver releasing the hypnotist of all responsibility.   	   	
#5,083 What is meant by the "depth" of hypnosis?    	4	how closely the EEG pattern matches stage 4 of sleep   	how long the person has been under hypnosis   	how tightly the eyelids are closed   	the probability that the person will follow the hypnotist's suggestions  	   	
#5,084 When a hypnotist tells hypnotized subjects "Your hand will rise," and it does rise, the subjects will typically insist that they   	4	never heard the hypnotist's command. A  	had complete control over whether or not their hand rose.   	did not, in fact, raise their hand.   	lost control over their hand.   	   	
#5,085 Which of the following is true about the use of hypnosis for the control of pain?   	1	Even though people are less bothered by the pain, their blood pressure and heart rate respond to the stimulus.  	Medical and dental surgical procedures can take place using hypnosis, but ONLY IF it is used in conjunction with drugs.  	Hypnosis is ineffective in altering the perception of pain.   	Hypnosis completely blocks all aspects of the pain message from reaching the brain.  	   	
#5,086 Which of the following is TRUE regarding posthypnotic suggestions?   	3	They stay in effect indefinitely, until cancelled by the hypnotist.  	They work equally well on people who want to be hypnotized and people who do not. B 	They can be effective in helping people change their habits, although the effect of a single session wears off in a few days or weeks. 	There is no evidence whatsoever supporting the claim that posthypnotic suggestions have any effect on people.  	   	
#5,087 In some stage acts, a hypnotist shows that a hypnotized person can become as stiff as a board, balancing with the head on one chair and the feet on another. How is this done?  	1	People can do this even without being hypnotized.   	The hypnotist puts the audience into a trance so they think they see something they do not see.  	Hypnotism gives people greater than normal strength.   	The person's weight is supported by very thin wires that the audience cannot see.  	   	
#5,088 Memories recalled under hypnosis    	1	are frequently incorrect.   	accurately describe events that people did not even notice when they happened.  	faithfully reproduce events going back to less than age 1 year.  	are so vague that it is meaningless to ask whether they are accurate.  	   	
#5,089 The American Medical Association recommended that courts refuse to admit testimony that was obtained under hypnosis. Why?   	2	Not everyone can be hypnotized.   	Memories reported under hypnosis are frequently incorrect.   	Testimony under hypnosis violates the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.  	Inducing hypnosis requires more time than the courts are usually willing to permit.  	   	
#5,090 What happens when hypnotized people are asked to recall the events of early childhood?   	1	They answer with confidence, but their answers are generally incorrect.  	They answer correctly back to memories from about age 3 years.  	They answer correctly back to memories from about age 1 year.   	They talk baby talk, so it is hard to tell whether their answers are accurate.  	   	
#5,091 Hypnotized people often give a convincing report of what they claim are memories from long ago. One reason why psychologists are skeptical of these "memories" is that hypnotized people  	1	also report with confidence on events from the future.   	talk in baby talk that is hard to understand.   	deny these memories as soon as they come out of hypnosis.   	cannot remember events from before about age 2 years.   	   	
#5,092 Which of the following uses of hypnosis is NOT well supported by the evidence?   	3	increased relaxation and concentration   	relief from pain or its distress   	improvement of memory   	helping people to stop smoking, at least temporarily   	   	
#5,093 Many hypnotists claim that you will do nothing under hypnosis that you would refuse to do otherwise. What does the evidence say about this claim?  	3	It is correct. People who are asked to do something dangerous or illegal under hypnosis consistently refuse.  	It is incorrect. Hypnotized people do many things that they would never agree to do otherwise.  	The evidence is unclear. Even people who are not hypnotized will agree to do strange and dangerous things in an experiment.  	The evidence is unclear. As soon as a hypnotist suggests doing something even slightly dangerous, the person comes out of hypnosis. 	   	
#5,094 Hypnotized subjects who are told not to see certain lines claim that they do not see them. How do we know that they DO see them?   	1	They experience certain optical illusions that they would not experience if they really did not see those lines.  	They remember the lines and describe them after they come out of hypnosis.  	They draw pictures of those lines while saying they do not see them.  	They blink their eyes whenever they look in the general direction of those lines.  	   	
#5,095 When hypnotized people are told that they will fail to see or hear something, what (if anything) changes in their perception?   	2	They show no response at all to the stimulus, as if they were A blind or deaf.  	They deny seeing or hearing the stimulus, but it alters their behavior anyway.  	They still claim they see or hear the stimulus, but it no longer affects their behavior in any measurable way.  	They still report seeing or hearing the stimulus, and they respond to it the same as before hypnosis.  	   	
#5,096 In one experiment one group of students were hypnotized while another group pretended to be hypnotized. An experienced hypnotist tried to determine which were the hypnotized students and which were the fakes. What happened? 	1	The hypnotist had trouble telling who was really hypnotized.   	The hypnotist could tell who was hypnotized because only the really hypnotized subjects recalled old memories.  	The hypnotist could tell who was hypnotized because the pretenders could not tolerate sharp pain.  	The hypnotist could tell who was hypnotized because only the really hypnotized subjects could express anger or other emotions on command. 	   	
#5,097 In one study, one group of college students were hypnotized while another group pretended to be hypnotized. What did some of the hypnotized subjects do that none of the pretenders did?  	1	report puzzlement at seeing the same person in two places at once  	tolerate sharp pain B  	make themselves stiff enough to balance their head on one chair and their feet on another  	show signs of anger or other emotions when instructed to feel them  	   	
#5,098 Kenneth Bianchi, the "Hillside Strangler,"    	3	actually had multiple personality, a condition that was detected under hypnosis.  	claimed that his hypnotist gave him posthypnotic suggestions to kill women.  	attempted to fake both hypnosis and multiple personality.   	was shown, under hypnosis, to have faked the murder of several women.  	   	
#5,099 Kenneth Bianchi, the "Hillside Strangler," claimed to have multiple personalities. Certain psychologists and psychiatrists were skeptical. One reason for their skepticism was that  	4	after someone asked him to describe his crimes, the "Bianchi" personality remembered them and the "Walker" personality did not.  	after someone hypnotized him, Bianchi admitted that he had just been pretending to have multiple personalities.  	after someone explained to him the difference between multiple personalities and schizophrenia, Bianchi claimed to have schizophrenia. 	after someone told him that "real" multiple personalities had three personalities, Bianchi developed a third personality.  	   	
#5,100 What convinced psychologist Martin Orne that Kenneth Bianchi (the "Hillside Strangler") was faking hypnosis?   	3	People with multiple personality cannot be hypnotized.   	When Orne suggested that someone was sitting in an empty chair, Bianchi failed to see the person.  	Bianchi behaved in ways that Orne had never seen hypnotic subjects behave.  	Bianchi behaved the same regardless of whether he was supposedly hypnotized or not.  	   	
#5,101 In the trial of Kenneth Bianchi, the Hillside Strangler, psychologists and psychiatrists had trouble agreeing on whether he was "insane", largely because  	4	nearly all mentally ill patients are harmless and very few commit crimes.  	Bianchi was legally insane at the time of the crimes but had clearly recovered by the time of the trial.  	Bianchi kept insisting he was sane, despite evidence to the contrary.  	it is difficult to determine whether someone is really hypnotized or just pretending.  	   	
#5,102 Which of the following is NOT true about hypnosis?    	2	It relieves pain or at least reduces the distress of pain.   	It gives people certain mental or physical powers they do not otherwise possess.  	Posthypnotic suggestions can help people break bad habits, at least for a couple of weeks.  	A person pretending to be hypnotized can mimic most of the common effects of hypnosis.  	   	
#5,103 What do commonly abused drugs seem to have in common that might account for their abuse tendency?   	4	They all produce unusual sensory experiences and hallucinations.  	They all have predominantly calming effects.   	They all chemically resemble vitamins.   	They all stimulate receptors for a certain kind of neurotransmitter (dopamine).  	   	
#5,104 Which of the following drugs acts mainly as a relaxant?    	1	alcohol   	amphetamine   	cocaine   	mescaline   	   	
#5,105 Which of the following is a common effect of alcohol consumption?    	3	increased tension and anxiety   	increased energy and alertness   	reduction of inhibitions against sexual or aggressive behavior  	increased speed of muscle responses   	   	
#5,106 In the United States alcohol abuse is LEAST common among people with ______ ancestry.   	4	Native American A  	European   	African   	Asian   	   	
#5,107 Which kind of drug helps people relax and fall asleep?    	3	hallucinogens   	stimulants   	tranquilizers   	placebos   	   	
#5,108 The class of drugs that physicians most often prescribe as tranquilizers today are the _______.   	4	opiates   	barbiturates B  	hallucinogens   	benzodiazepines   	   	
#5,109 Barbiturates are seldom recommended as tranquilizers today for two reasons:   	4	They increase muscle tension, and they lead to cravings for other drugs.  	They produce stimulant as well as depressant effects, and they are expensive.  	They keep people awake at night, and they do not dissolve easily in water.  	They are habit-forming, and they are fatal if taken in large doses.  	   	
#5,110 Alcohol and barbiturates exert many of their behavioral effects by facilitating transmission at synapses that use the neurotransmitter _______.  	4	acetylcholine   	dopamine   	norepinephrine   	GABA   	   	
#5,111 At the synaptic level, the effects of alcohol are most similar to those of _____.   	1	tranquilizers   	opiates   	marijuana   	cocaine   	   	
#5,112 Which of the following is an example of an opiate drug?    	1	morphine   	crack   	marijuana   	valium   	   	
#5,113 Morphine and heroin are members of which class of drugs?    	3	hallucinogens   	stimulants   	opiates   	benzodiazepines   	   	
#5,114 Morphine and heroin both bind to synaptic receptors in the brain that ordinarily respond to _____.   	2	GABA   	endorphins   	dopamine   	serotonin   	   	
#5,115 Which of the following drugs dissolves in the fats of the body and remains in the body for weeks after it is used?   	3	alcohol   	nicotine   	marijuana   	benzodiazepines   	   	
#5,116 What experience does marijuana most frequently produce?    	4	illusion that time is passing very quickly   	increased energy and alertness   	improvement of memory   	increased intensity of sensory experiences   	   	
#5,117 Which of the following drugs is sometimes recommended by physicians as a method of relieving glaucoma and reducing nausea?   	2	amphetamine A  	marijuana   	nicotine   	morphine   	   	
#5,118 One thing that opiates and marijuana have in common is that both    	3	have THC as their active ingredient.   	contain chemicals called endorphins.   	have ingredients that attach to naturally occurring receptors in the brain.  	frequently cause heart and respiratory failure, even in small doses.  	   	
#5,119 Why are people more likely to die from overdoses of opiates than from overdoses of marijuana?   	3	There are more opiate receptors in the brain than THC receptors.  	People generally begin abusing opiates at a younger age than they do marijuana. B 	Opiate receptors are more prevalent in areas of the brain that control heart rate and breathing.  	Opiates dissolve in the fats of the body; marijuana does not.   	   	
#5,120 Amphetamine and cocaine produce effects on the nervous system by    	1	increasing and prolonging the effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine.  	distorting the membranes of all types of neurons.   	binding to the receptors ordinarily stimulated by endorphins.   	destroying the receptors sensitive to the neurotransmitter serotonin.  	   	
#5,121 Cocaine _____ heart rate and _____ the overall activity within the brain.   	4	increases ... increases   	decreases ... decreases   	decreases ... increases   	increases ... decreases   	   	
#5,122 Which of the following would NOT be considered a stimulant?    	4	caffeine   	amphetamine   	cocaine   	marijuana   	   	
#5,123 "Crack" is a form of cocaine that has been treated in such a way that it can   	4	dissolve in the fats of the body.   	bind to the receptors sensitive to endorphins.   	form long chains of loosely bound molecules.   	enter the brain rapidly.   	   	
#5,124 Crack users are more likely than sniffed cocaine users to experience   	1	addiction.   	schizophrenia.   	a decrease in anxiety and tension.   	relief from nausea and glaucoma.   	   	
#5,125 A drug that produces sensory distortions is known as a _______.    	4	benzodiazepine   	stimulant   	depressant   	hallucinogen   	   	
#5,126 Which of the following is NOT associated with hallucinogenic drugs?   	2	certain mushrooms   	pain reduction   	dreamlike states   	intensified sensations   	   	
#5,127 LSD produces hallucinogenic experiences by attaching mainly to brain receptors sensitive to the neurotransmitter _____.   	2	GABA   	serotonin   	acetylcholine   	endorphin   	   	
#5,128 "Designer drugs" are drugs that are    	2	designed to produce no dangerous side effects. A  	modifications of illegal drugs.   	illegal, yet produced and sold by major pharmaceutical companies.  	taken by prominent fashion moguls.   	   	
#5,129 As the effects of a drug wear off, the person often experiences effects more or less in the opposite direction. This is called _____.  	1	withdrawal   	tolerance   	addiction   	analgesia   	   	
#5,130 When drug abusers suddenly stop using drugs, the main reason for withdrawal symptoms is   	1	decreased stimulation of certain dopamine receptors.   	increased stimulation of certain anandamide receptors. B  	progressive degeneration of cells in the frontal lobe.   	lowered blood pressure.   	   	
#5,131 If a dieter wanted to prevent the effects of an appetite-suppressing drug from wearing off after only a week or two, when should the dieter take the drug?  	4	just before breakfast   	just before lunch   	just before dinner   	between meals, when not planning on eating