Study Guide GEOG 141 Where? What? Why? 
Refer to all class notes, TEXT BOOK readings and diagrams 
Chapter 5. Humidity Ð relative and specific 

Creation of dew, frost. Advection Fog, Scenario for evaporation fog; radiation fog 
Types of Cloud forms; Know where types of clouds are found (low, med high altitude or 
combination). 
Air mass definition. Types of air masses (cT, cP mT cT) and be able to locate on a map. 
Air mass modification (how and why air masses change character). 
4 Mechanisms for atmospheric lifting; see Quiz. Be able to list and briefly explain ALL 
of them and give examples. 


Chapter 6 Hydrologic Cycle figure 

Surface Water and Groundwater pathways (model) 
See Annual River runoff maps p. 205 DOES IT MAKE INTUITIVE SENSE? 
Infiltration Percolation 
Evaporation + Transpiration = Evapotranspiration 

Precipitation patterns in US (not numbers) 100th Meridian and what is the significance? 
Hydrologic Storage 
Hygroscopic water Gravitational water Capillary water 
Surface tension Field capacity Wilting point 

Ground water Storage and terminology 

Ground water movement map 
Porosity Size and shape of aquifer material importance 
Permeable Impermeable 
Zone of saturation Aquifer Water table Cone of depression 
Aquiclude Confined aquifer Spring 
Drafting and Recharge of aquifer Artesian well 


Effluent Conditions (gaining stream) Influent Conditions (losing stream) 
Sectors of water usage by society = agriculture ,domestic, industry. Since environmental 
movement natural waters for fish and plants are now being included. Video:Cadillac Desert Ð 
Last Oasis 3 


Chapter 7 
Climate vs. weather 
Climate classification 2 types: 1) Empirical 2) Genetic 
Global climate patterns 
Climographs Ð what information is on them? Know distinctive characteristic and general 
locations of 
Tropical Rain Forest climate Tropical monsoon Climate 
Tropical Savannah Climate Humid Sub-tropical Climate 
Mediterranean Climate Humid Continental Climate 
Sub-Arctic Climates Desert Climates Steppe Climates 


Understand the genetic reasons behind their location. See class notes. 
You will be asked to match Climographs to the climate types. 

What do vegetation and plant communities have to do with climate? 

MAP Questions: You will be asked to use genetic classification using critical thinking to 
determine conditions of particular locations on a map. I will offer students several location 


choices (where) and you will write about one. Tell me (what) climate conditions are like, 
and why (what is the cause). To do this review 1) ocean basin currents 2 )wind 
directions, 3) types of air masses, continental or marine, polar or tropical 4) Latitude 5) ITCZ 
location and cloud cover 6) Subtropical high location,7) seasonality; seasonal patterns such as 
4 distinct seasons or wet dry seasons (why) 8) mountain ranges (topography)) , rain shadow 
concepts 10), and other pertinent information from Ch 2-7 that will help answer this question. I 
give more points for critical thinking and using/explaining concepts in your writing about 
WHY. Not important to ÒnameÓ the climate type. 

Chapter 8 Dynamic Planet 
Endogenic and Exogenic processes 

Endogenic processes (internal driven) Exogenic processes (external driven) 

Define Super-position Uniformitarianism 

UPPER MOST MANTLE + CRUST = LITHOSPHERE 

ATHENOSPHERE 
GEOMORPHOLOGY = study of landform evolution; Landform examples Ð delta, volcano, 
fjord, plain, basin, mountain ranges , river valley, ridge line, glacial valley, flood plain etc. 


Depositional landforms = adding material (building a landform like a delta or volcanic cinder 
cone, sedimentary basin) 
Erosional landforms =taking material away (carving into a landform like a glacial valley, river 
channel, landslide) 


What major elements make up the earthÕs crust? oxygen, silica, aluminum and iron 


CONTINENTAL crust= granite OCEANIC crust = basalt crust main rock types 
Denudation 


Extrusive rock; from lava (i.e. molten rock exposed at the surface); fast cooling; volcano 
eruptions; lava flows on surface 
Intrusive rock; from magma (i.e. molten rock NOT exposed to surface initially but later 
exposed from erosion); plutons;(a general term ) more explicit terms are batholiths, dikes, 
sills, volcanic necks. All are exposed after erosion takes away softer material. 
Isostacy = balance between buoyancy and gravity = tension of Exogenic and Endogenic 
processes. 

Rock cycle-
Igneous Sedimentary 
Intrusive-Pluton-magma 1) Clastic type 
Granite sandstone 
Metamoheat/ pressure 
Gneiss, slate, mrphic 
arble 
Extrusive-flow-lava 
Basalt, obsidian 
2)Chemical 
limestone, dolomite 
Strata or layers foliated texture 


Variance in Crystal size Cementation Crystal structure change form 
Viscosity differences or Lithification 
(To solidify sediments) 

Building Crust; craton, shield, p. 303 sedimentation, batholith (largest Pluton or 
intrusive body of rock) accreted terranes p.305 Orogenesis and 
Orogeny = mountain building processes 
Transform faulting on Ocean floor along plate boundaries 

Chapter 9 Tectonic earthquakes and volcanoes 

Topography =lay of the land 
Plate tectonics: Convergent and Divergent plates, 
Subduction zones, Where? What Why? 
Sea-floor spreading centers, 
Continental Drift , examples of hot spots. 

Crustal Deformation-
Tectonic activity and landforms; 

Ductile Rock v. Brittle rock What is the importance of this to landform topography? 

Folded mountains vs 
Fault Block mountains vs 
Volcanic Mountains 

Where? locations of each type in the US, What? form taken? Why? causes/forces 
involved. 
3 Types of forces and resulting landscape fault types and features 

Compression Tension Shear 

Reverse fault Normal Fault Strike Slip Fault 
Folded mountains Fault block mountains not necessarily mountain building 

Folded Mountains have syncline-anticline topography; have ÒmoreÓ ductile material 
Basin and Range topography fault block mountains associated rift zones, tension 
Volcanic activity due to crustal thinning, tension also associated with rift zones 

All of these can come together in areas due to complexities of nature. 


Earth quakes Common locations of quake activity 
Seismic waves foci epicenter asperitites Elastic rebound theory 

Volcanism Common locations of volcanic activity 
Explosive vs effusive landform features, conditions, viscosity and characteristics 
Landform features: composite volcanoes, shield volcano, flood basalts, sill, dike, 
batholiths, fissure