Chapter 15	The Union Severed
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) In response to Fort Sumter A) both North and South witnessed a tremendous outpouring of support.
B) the states of Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri seceded and joined the Confederacy. C) Northern authorities enlisted black volunteers for military service. D) President Lincoln asked Congress to initiate plans for military conscription.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 437 Skill: Factual
2) The material assets of the North during the Civil War A) immediately placed the South at a disadvantage.
B) became effective only in the long run. C) offset the greater supply of manpower in the South. D) allowed the North to wage a defensive war.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 437 Skill: Interpretive
3) To secure Maryland for the Union, Lincoln A) offered a declaration of emancipation.
B) arrested and detained southern sympathizers. C) issued a writ of habeas corpus. D) sent federal troops to Baltimore.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 439 Skill: Factual
4) In February 1861, the original seceding states created a provisional government A) establishing their capital at Richmond, Virginia.
B) authorizing generous funds for employees and supplies. C) emphasizing the sovereignty of the states. D) selecting Robert E. Lee as president.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 439 Skill: Interpretive
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5) For his cabinet, Lincoln selected A) only those men who agreed with his views.
B) friends to whom he owed political debts. C) men of lesser political stature or ability. D) important Republicans whether they agreed with him or not.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Interpretive
6) Lincolnʹs early actions as president indicated that he intended to A) rely heavily on his cabinet membersʹ advice.
B) act only with the sanction of Congress. C) take responsibility for running his own administration. D) respect the traditions and dogmas of the past.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Interpretive
7) Jefferson Davis was observed by his contemporaries as too A) preoccupied with details.	B) unwilling to experiment. C) insensitive to criticism.	D) lazy and easy-going.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Interpretive
8) The use of the new, longer-range rifles during the Civil War A) contradicted the training offered at West Point.
B) led to more effective use of artillery. C) produced a ghastly crop of dead men. D) reduced the emphasis on infantry attack.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 441 Skill: Interpretive
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9) During the early years of the war in the East A) General Winfield Scott pushed for action and quick victory.
B) the North inflicted a devastating blow at the Battle of Bull Run. C) the South followed an exclusively defensive strategy. D) a stalemate developed as decisive victory eluded both sides.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 442 Skill: Interpretive
10) The Battle of Bull Run was a prophetic one in that it showed the A) superior ability of Union generals.
B) poor discipline of Confederate troops. C) certainty of their prospects for quick victory. D) possibility that victory would be neither quick nor easy.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 442 Skill: Interpretive
11) Placed in command of the Union armies in 1861, General George McClellan A) wished to win the war ʺby maneuvering rather than fighting.ʺ
B) gained a reputation for bold, almost reckless tactics. C) inflicted unnecessary and embittering loss of life and property. D) captured the city of Richmond during his Peninsula campaign.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 442 Skill: Interpretive
12) In the early western theater of the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant A) displayed a military genius for setting large goals.
B) prematurely invaded forts in Kentucky and Tennessee. C) surprised a large Confederate force at Shiloh Church. D) closely coordinated plans with eastern military activities.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 443 Skill: Interpretive
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13) The casualties from the battle at Shiloh Church were enormous because of the A) surprise nature of the southern attack.
B) foolish use of headlong infantry attacks. C) insufficient care of wounds on the battlefield. D) development of more lethal weapons and ammunition.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 443 Skill: Interpretive
14) During the early years of the Civil War, the northern navy concentrated on A) raiding southern merchant ships.
B) freeing the slaves in southern ports. C) developing new weapons and ironclad vessels. D) gaining footholds along the southern coast for a blockade.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 444 Skill: Interpretive
15) Southerners thought that European nations would recognize and support the Confederacy because of the Europeansʹ
A) desire to upset the balance of power. C) lack of economic ties with the North.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 445 Skill: Interpretive
B) dependence upon southern cotton. D) wish to back the winning side.
16) In contrast to the North, the South relied more heavily on the A) levy of direct taxes for war finances.
B) issue of government bonds to borrow money. C) use of conscription to maintain their armed forces. D) imposition of government measures to control inflation.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 447 Skill: Factual
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17) The largest civil disturbance of the nineteenth century occurred in New York City in early July 1863, as
A) workers opposed to the draft rioted for three days. B) blacks protested racial discrimination and segregation. C) peace activists demanded a negotiated end to the war.
D) nativist mobs beat up Irish immigrants and destroyed their homes and businesses.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 448 Skill: Factual
18) The New York City draft riots of 1863 A) resulted from extreme northern antiwar sentiment.
B) exposed the racial and class antagonisms of northern society. C) led to the passage of more fair conscription laws. D) caused little damage and produced only minor disturbances.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 448 Skill: Interpretive
19) Political dissension in the South during the Civil War A) tended to be factional, petty, and often personal in nature.
B) resulted in the establishment of party mechanisms to channel or curb criticism. C) produced an arbitrary and tyrannical expansion of presidential power. D) led detractors to offer programs in opposition to Democratic policies.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 448 Skill: Interpretive
20) The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln for all of the following reasons EXCEPT the
A) need to prepare northern whites for the eventuality of emancipation. B) diplomatic concern of favorable foreign impressions of the North.
C) implicit appeal to slaves to subvert the southern war effort. D) desire to undermine Democratic opposition of the administration.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 450-451 Skill: Interpretive
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21) The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in A) all portions of the United States.
B) unconquered parts of the Confederacy. C) the border states of the Union. D) parts of the South already in northern hands.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 450 Skill: Factual
22) During the Civil War, the northern army A) treated black soldiers poorly.
B) refused to recruit blacks. C) paid blacks better than whites. D) considered blacks to be superior soldiers.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 451 Skill: Factual
23) At the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee A) captured control of northern territory between Philadelphia and Washington.
B) surrendered his army and supplies to General George Meade. C) suffered losses so heavy that he could never mount another southern offensive. D) ordered Pickettʹs Charge as a daring escape to save his men.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 452 Skill: Interpretive
24) As commander of the Union armies, General Ulysses S. Grant recommended a A) strategy of naval and land blockades, causing economic deprivation and discontent.
B) tactic of hit-and-run maneuvers, offsetting the defensive advantages of southern armies.
C) policy of evasion and retreat, designed to lessen casualties and wear down the enemy.
D) grim campaign of annihilation, using the Northʹs superior might to destroy southern armies and resources.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 453 Skill: Interpretive
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25) During the war years, southern A) politicians remained devoted to the concept of statesʹ rights.
B) planters increasingly relied on cash-crop agriculture. C) industrialists failed to produce military supplies. D) yeoman farmers suffered an economic decline.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 455 Skill: Interpretive
26) Abraham Lincoln extended presidential powers during the Civil War in all of the following ways EXCEPT the
A) arbitrary veto of congressional legislation. B) suspension of habeas corpus for southern sympathizers.
C) removal of army generals. D) curtailment of freedom of the press.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 455 Skill: Factual
27) The Civil War transformed American society as A) Americans became more parochial in their interests and concerns.
B) women were forced to leave the work force to care for homes and families. C) wartime jobs and wages provided substantial increases in real income. D) economic dislocations reduced the standard of living for most civilians.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 458 Skill: Interpretive
28) The Civil War transformed race relations in the South as A) slaves drew closer to their masters in fear of the unknown.
B) blacks proved increasingly unwilling to play a subservient role. C) white violence toward blacks intensified with growing frustration over a losing war
effort. D) whites gained greater appreciation of blacks with increased dependence upon them.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 459 Skill: Interpretive
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29) For American women, the Civil War A) minimized their economic importance.
B) promoted their domestic role. C) provided opportunities for government service. D) necessitated their military enlistment.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 460 Skill: Interpretive
30) In the election of 1864, Democratic candidate George McClellan A) recommended vast expansions of executive power for successful prosecution of the war.
B) proclaimed the war a failure and demanded an armistice with the South.
C) supported sweeping measures designed to promote banking, western settlement, and industrial expansion.
D) called for abolition of slavery and the granting of equal rights to blacks.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 460 Skill: Factual
31) All of the following factors contributed to the victory of the North in the Civil War EXCEPT that
A) General Grant refused to sustain heavy casualties. B) the South failed to meet production needs.
C) southern political beliefs undermined united efforts. D) southern transportation systems proved woefully inadequate.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 461 Skill: Interpretive
32) In contrast to other wars involving American soldiers, the Civil War A) involved the greatest number of active participants.
B) resulted in fewer deaths due to disease. C) provided fewer problems of postwar adjustment. D) proved most deadly in terms of American lives.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 462 Skill: Factual
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33) During the Civil War, the Republicans passed legislation to A) lower the tariffs on imported manufactured goods.
B) require state financing of colleges and railroads. C) provide farmers access to the public domain. D) dismantle the national banking system.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 463 Skill: Factual
34) ʺAfter Sumter, he swiftly called up the state militias, expanded the navy, and suspended habeas corpus.ʺ Habeas corpus refers to the legal procedure to
A) compel a person to appear in court. B) release a person from unlawful restraint.
C) obtain relief from errors of fact. D) enforce a court order granted a plaintiff.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Factual
35) ʺThe dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present....ʺ Dogmas are principles A) dictated by oneʹs religious beliefs.	B) espoused by the founding fathers. C) considered to be absolute truth.	D) upheld by the Supreme Court.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Factual
36) ʺDespite the sacrosanct notion of statesʹ rights, the Confederate Congress passed the first conscription act in American history in March 1862.ʺ A sacrosanct notion would be one that is
A) regarded as sacred and inviolable. C) outdated and inappropriate.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 447 Skill: Factual
B) sacrilegious or heretical. D) customary and expected.
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37) ʺHis veto of the...Wade-Davis bill, led to cries of ʹusurpation.ʹʺ Usurpation is the act of A) seizing power belonging to another.
B) violating the Constitution. C) opposing the majority or rightful position. D) neglecting the duties of oneʹs office.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 460 Skill: Factual
38) ʺCommanding considerable resources of patronage, Lincoln was able to line up federal, state and local officials behind his party.ʺ Patronage refers to
A) political contributions. C) persuasive skills.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 462 Skill: Factual
True/False Questions
B) governmental favors. D) powerful friends.
1) Favorable statistics of population and industrial development invariably decide the outcome of a war.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 437 Skill: Interpretive
2) Whereas the Union had to win a war of conquest and occupation, the South merely had to survive until its enemy tired and gave up.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 438 Skill: Interpretive
3) Although stopping the Union advance, the Confederate force at the Battle of Bull Run was too disorganized and ill-supplied to chase the northern army back toward Washington.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 441 Skill: Factual
4) More men fell in the Battle of Shiloh Church than in the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War combined.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 443 Skill: Factual
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5) Although desertion was uncommon, the rate of runaway soldiers was much higher in the Confederate than the Union armies.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 447 Skill: Factual
6) The Civil War greatly stimulated all northern manufacturing through the 1860s, resulting in an overall economic growth rate higher than in the preceding and following decades.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 455 Skill: Factual
7) Lincolnʹs popularity was at an all-time peak by 1864, insuring his reelection as president.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 460 Skill: Factual
8) The belief in statesʹ rights and the sanctity of private property that gave birth to the Confederacy also helped kill it.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 461 Skill: Interpretive
9) Although the Civil War produced a greater number of total deaths, the death rate during the war was actually lower than the death rate during World War II.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 462 Skill: Factual
10) Lincoln favored a stringent plan of Reconstruction to impress upon southerners the folly of secession and the damages they had caused by war.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 463-464 Skill: Factual
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Essay Questions
1) Discuss the balance of resources between the North and South at the beginning of the Civil War and its implications for initial military strategy.
Answer: The North enjoyed a significant population and economic advantage over the South. Many of the Northʹs assets would become effective, however, only with time. Although lacking adequate industrial strength, the South believed cotton would secure European support. In contrast to the Unionʹs more difficult strategic task of conquest and occupation, the South merely had to survive until its enemy tired and quit.
Page Ref: 437-438 Skill: Interpretive
2) Contrast the backgrounds, leadership styles, and effectiveness of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis.
Answer: Although both men were born in Kentucky, Lincoln moved to the North and lived a meager agrarian life while Davis moved to the South and enjoyed an aristocratic upbringing. As presidents, both men were accused of usurping political power and both men suffered stinging personal criticisms. Although Lincoln possessed great political skills, the personal characteristics of the two men were probably less important than the differences between the two regions. The northern social, economic, and political system proved more capable of meeting the warʹs demands.
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Interpretive
3) Analyze the results of the Civil Warʹs military developments during 1861-1862.
Answer: Stopped at the initial Battle of Bull Run, the North became convinced of the need for greater expenditures and preparation. McClellanʹs overly cautious leadership failed to produce results, however. A southern offensive was stopped at Antietam, and the war in the East was stalemated. In the West, General Grant rose to prominence, although he failed to capture control of the Mississippi River at this stage. The northern navy succeeded in capturing footholds along the southern coast, preparing the way for an effective blockade.
Page Ref: 441-445 Skill: Interpretive
4) What common problems did the North and South face in an extended war, and how did their solutions differ?
Answer: Both sections faced shortages of money and manpower. The North relied more heavily on taxation and borrowing than did the South, but both sides experienced problems of inflation with paper money. Although both resorted to conscription, the South was forced to do so earlier and to a greater extent. In both sections, the allowance of draft exemptions for the wealthy stirred class antagonisms and the argument that it was a rich manʹs war but a poor manʹs fight. Both sections experienced political dissension, but the northern system proved more capable of handling it.
Page Ref: 446-448 Skill: Interpretive
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5) The Emancipation Proclamation was one of the greatest political documents in American history. Defend or refute that statement.
Answer: Lincoln was forced to walk a thin line between racist conservatives and radical abolitionists. The Emancipation Proclamation, defended by Lincoln as ʺan act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity,ʺ helped prepare northerners for the eventuality of emancipation. Although it did not technically free any slaves at the time, it gave the war a moral purpose and laid to rest any possibility of foreign support for the Confederacy. It encouraged slaves to flee the South, subverting the southern war effort.
Page Ref: 449-451 Skill: Interpretive
6) How did southern and northern military strategies change from 1863 to 1865? With what results?
Answer: Realizing that the South could not forever fight a defensive war, Robert E. Lee attempted an invasion of the North. He suffered heavy casualties at Gettysburg and withdrew, unable to mount another offensive. Northern victory at Vicksburg gained control of the Mississippi River for the North and led to Grantʹs promotion. Grant and Sherman employed a grim campaign of annihilation, using the Northʹs superior resources to wear down and defeat the South.
Page Ref: 452-454 Skill: Interpretive
7) Analyze the changes wrought by the Civil War on northern and southern societies and economies.
Answer: Although leaving the Union to conserve a traditional way of life, the South experienced radical transformations, destruction, and widespread impoverishment. The war stimulated expansion of northern agriculture as well as selective industries. Although providing some with riches, the war resulted in economic dislocation for most Americans. Large numbers of women and blacks entered the work force, at least temporarily.
Page Ref: 454-455; 458-460 Skill: Interpretive
8) Why did the North win the Civil War?
Answer: Northern military strategy proved effective and southern efforts to meet wartime needs fell short. The belief in statesʹ rights and the sanctity of private property undermined united action by the Confederate states. Northerners were more cooperative, disciplined, and aggressive in meeting the organizational and production challenges of wartime.
Page Ref: 461-462 Skill: Interpretive
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9) Analyze the costs and consequences of the Civil War for the United States.
Answer: The Civil War was the most deadly in American history. Disease and lack of adequate medical care contributed to a death rate five times higher than during World War II. The war wreaked tremendous destruction on the South and led to the freedom of over 3 million slaves. The Union was secured, slavery ended, and the Republicans passed legislation to foster economic growth. The status of the conquered South and the rights of freedmen were issues to be resolved. The assassination of Lincoln deprived the nation of his leadership during Reconstruction.
Page Ref: 462-463 Skill: Interpretive
Short Answer Questions
1) In Ex parte Merryman, Chief Justice ________ ________ ________ of the Supreme Court ruled that if the publicʹs safety was endangered, only Congress had the right to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.
Answer: Roger B. Taney
Page Ref: 439 Skill: Factual
2) Winfield Scott, the Union commanding general at the beginning of the Civil War, favored a cautious, long-term strategy known as the ________ ________.
Answer: Anaconda Plan.
Page Ref: 441 Skill: Factual
3) The early struggle of the Civil War in the East focused on the capture of ________, the Confederacyʹs capital and one of the Southʹs most important railroad, industrial, and munitions centers.
Answer: Richmond
Page Ref: 442 Skill: Factual
4) Originally a U.S. warship, which sank as the federal navy abandoned the Norfolk Navy Yard, the Confederates raised the ________ and covered it with heavy armor.
Answer: Merrimac (or Virginia)
Page Ref: 445 Skill: Factual
5) Immigrant workers in eastern cities and those who lived in the southern parts of the Midwest had little sympathy for abolitionism or blacks, supporting the antiwar stance of the Peace Democrats, the so-called ________.
Answer: Copperheads
Page Ref: 448 Skill: Factual
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6) Unless rebellious states (or parts of states in rebellion) returned to the Union by January 1, 1863, the president would declare their slaves ʺforever free,ʺ according to the ________ ________.
Answer: Emancipation Proclamation
Page Ref: 450 Skill: Factual
7) On July 3, 1863, General Robert E. Lee sent about 15,000 men in a gallant but futile assault, known as ________ ________ against the Union center at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Answer: Pickettʹs Charge
Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual
8) Fashionable Washington photographer ________ ________, realizing that the camera was the ʺeye of history,ʺ asked Lincoln for permission to record the war.
Answer: Matthew Brady
Page Ref: 456 Skill: Factual
9) On April 9, 1865, Grant accepted Leeʹs surrender at ________, ending the Civil War for all practical purposes.
Answer: Appomattox
Page Ref: 461 Skill: Factual
10) Some 31,000 Union soldiers were confined and over 12,000 graves were counted at warʹs end at the Confederate prison of ________ in Georgia.
Answer: Andersonville
Page Ref: 463 Skill: Factual
11) Only five days after the surrender at Appomattox, a southern sympathizer named ________ ________ ________ assassinated President Lincoln at Fordʹs Theater.
Answer: John Wilkes Booth Page Ref: 464 Skill: Factual
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Matching Questions
Match each item on the left with the approriate term or definition on the right.
1) An early and prophetic meeting, this battle was characterized by logistic problems for both sides in the supply and movement of large armies.
Page Ref: 441 Skill: Factual
2) A surprise Confederate attack, this battle was eventually won by General Grantʹs forces, but at heavy cost, draining him of sufficient resources to force early capture of the Mississippi River.
Page Ref: 443 Skill: Factual
3) A Union victory, this battle presented President Lincoln with the opportunity to issue a preliminary emancipation proclamation.
Page Ref: 450 Skill: Factual
4) The end of Leeʹs invasion of the North, this battle inflicted such heavy losses on his army that he could never mount another southern offensive.
Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual
5) The completion of the Union campaign to gain control of the Mississippi River and to divide the South, this battle ensured the promotion of Ulysses S. Grant as general-in-chief of the Union forces.
Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual
A) Gettysburg B) Ulysses S. Grant
C) Shiloh Church D) William T. Sherman
E) Antietam F) Vicksburg
G) Robert E. Lee H) Jefferson Davis
I) Bull Run J) George McClellan
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6) Former cabinet member, U.S. senator, and Mexican War veteran, this aristocratic southerner served as president of the Confederacy.
Page Ref: 440 Skill: Factual
7) Noted for his organizational skills rather than his daring leadership on the battlefield, this northern general later ran for president in 1864 on a platform of ending the war.
Page Ref: 442, 460 Skill: Factual
8) Although his career in the peacetime army had been undistinguished, this northern generalʹs military genius to see beyond individual battles to larger goals helped him rise to general-in-chief of the Union armies.
Page Ref: 443 Skill: Factual
9) Waging a defensive war in the early years, this general felt that a successful southern offensive would bring diplomatic recognition and might even force the North to sue for peace.
Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual
10) Northern general who led the campaign to capture Atlanta and Savannah, he spread destruction to make southerners ʺfear and dreadʺ their foes.
Page Ref: 453 Skill: Factual
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1) I	2) C	3) E	4) A	5) F	6) H 7) J	8) B	9) G	10) D