-176606 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp

Times 1 14 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 8 #000000 Instructions: Identify the following term(s). The "black codes" restricted emigration of freedmen to the North. provided political and social opportunities unknown under slavery. reduced freedmen to a condition close to slavery. were passed by the northern states. prevented blacks from migrating to the West. C Least Difficult p. 516 Factual 1 The main purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau was to oversee relations between former masters and slaves. implement the process of land redistribution. deny access to legal redress for white southerners. punish former slave holders. get the Fourteenth Amendment passed. A Least Difficult p. 516 Analytical 1 All of the following were part of the Fourteenth Amendment except it gave all citizens equal protection of the law. funded the Confederate war debt. created a constitutional definition of citizenship. gave Congress broad powers to enforce the amendment. provided for equal protection under the law. B Average p. 520 Factual 1 The election of 1866 revealed strong support for Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans. the emergence of white "backlash" in the South. the increasing popularity of the Republican Party among southern whites. the increasing popularity of the Democratic Party. the belief among northerners that much more needed to be done to reconstruct the South. E Average p. 520 Analytical 1 The Tenure of Office Act angered congressmen by limiting their terms to two years. stated that a president could only hold office while in good standing. required Senate approval before the president could remove a cabinet member. was designed to implement the spoils system. limited the president to two terms in office. C Average p. 522 Factual 1 The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was because of crimes and misdemeanors committed while he was president. the first time a president was forced to resign. in retaliation for his opposition to congressional reconstruction. because of his failure to appoint a vice president. because of his affair with an office worker. C Average p. 522 Analytical 1 All of the following statements regarding the Fifteenth Amendment are true except it prohibited states from denying the right to vote on grounds of race or color. was popular among northern women. encountered much resistance in the white South. was part of the congressional reconstruction plan. was required by Congress that southern states ratify it. B Least Difficult p. 522-523 Factual 1 The election of 1868 witnessed a referendum on the reconstruction policy of the Republicans. saw the re-emergence of a powerful Democratic Party in the North. brought about the "end of Reconstruction." witnessed the election of southerners to important congressional positions. proved that black suffrage made no difference in the outcome of elections. A Average p. 523 Analytical 1 Ulysses S. Grant depended on this group for his presidential victory in 1868. northern Democrats southern Democrats African Americans National Union Party members immigrants from Europe C Average p. 525 Factual 1 One of the major political scandals of the Grant presidency involved the Compromise of 1877. the black codes. the Central Pacific Railroad. the Specie Resumption Act. Credit Mobilier. E Average p. 525 Factual 1 The 1871 Treaty of Washington resolved border disputes between the United States and Canada. was a diplomatic solution to the unsuccessful attempt to annex Santo Domingo. settled U.S. claims against Britain for destruction of American shipping. resolved differences between the Confederacy and the Union. secured title to western lands from Native Americans. C Most Difficult p. 526 Factual 1 Southern whites regarded "Carpetbaggers" as traitors to their home region. noble and idealistic "modernizers" to the region's social structure. agents of an army of occupation. incorruptible in political affairs. supporters of white supremacy. C Least Difficult p. 527 Analytical 1 The main purpose of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction was to destroy the Republican Party in the South. deny freedmen equal protection under the law. return black Americans to slavery. dismantle the Democratic Party. take the South out of the Union. A Average p. 528 Analytical 1 Ulysses S. Grant was guilty of standing in the way of congressional Reconstruction. participation in the "Whiskey Ring." unwise appointments of public officials. lying to Congress. treason. C Average p. 525 Analytical 1 ____ was the presidential candidate nominated by both the Liberal Republicans and the Democratic Party in the election of 1872. Horatio Seymour Samuel B. Tilden Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley Rutherford Hayes D Average p. 530 Factual 1 By the mid-1870s, northern Americans had grown increasingly supportive of the government's efforts to restructure the South. convinced that black Americans needed further protection from racist southern governments. weary of the turmoil of southern politics. weary of the federal government's failure to restructure the South. supportive of black immigration to the North to meet their labor needs and to stop the upheaval in the South. C Most Difficult p. 535 Analytical 1 The strategy known as the "Mississippi Plan" aimed to do all of the following except intimidate black voters. force all southern whites to join the Democratic Party. end Republican rule in the South. return confiscated land to former owners. use economic coercion to control election outcomes. D Average p. 531 Analytical 1 Which of the following was not a part of the Compromise of 1877? removal of federal troops from southern states appointment of a southern vice president federal aid for a southern railroad federal appropriations to rebuild war-destroyed levees. appointment of a southern postmaster general. B Average p. 535 Factual 1 The idea of redistributing plantation land to freedmen was tried first by Jefferson Davis. Benjamin Wade. William T. Sherman. Andrew Johnson. Abraham Lincoln. C Most Difficult p. 517 Factual 1 Scalawags were northerners who attempted to finance economic enterprises in the postwar South. southern blacks attempting to exert their newly acquired political power. white, southern-born Republicans. white southerners who opposed reconstruction policies. criminals who stole public funds during Reconstruction. C Average p. 527 Factual 1 Radical Republicans objected to Lincoln's initial Reconstruction plan because it offered a presidential pardon to former Confederate political and military leaders. did not require the establishment of educational opportunities for freed people. restored the political rights of white men who had fought against the Union. was too difficult to enforce. gave too many rights to freedmen. C Average p. 512-513 Analytical 1 Andrew Johnson was all of the following except a southern Democrat. the only senator from a Confederate state who did not support the Confederacy. a supporter of yeoman farmers a white supremacist. a strong supporter of the planter aristocracy. E Least Difficult p. 514 Factual 1 Northern Republicans rejected the southern state governments set up under the Johnson Plan because they elected ex-Confederate leaders to political office. jeopardized Republican control of Congress. did not offer full citizenship rights to freedmen. did not control the violence. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 515-516 Analytical 1 Which of the following is characteristic of the post-Civil War southern labor system? Black workers preferred working in gangs as they had done under slavery. The new system of sharecropping evolved. Foreign immigrants were brought in to replace slave laborers. Most ex-slaves purchased land and often employed their former masters. The economy quickly recovered from the ravishes of war. B Average p. 517 Analytical 1 During the Reconstruction period thousands of ex-Confederate leaders were tried, imprisoned, and executed for war crimes. each adult freedman was given "forty acres and a mule." three-fourths of the ex-slaves moved north to take advantage of higher wages there. the illiteracy rate among southern blacks was reduced significantly. most of the ex-slaves moved west. D Average p. 518 Analytical 1 In regard to civil rights, the Fourteenth Amendment greatly expanded the federal government's powers and limited the authority of state governments. extended citizenship to Native Americans (Indians). reduced constitutional protection of minority rights. limited the power of the federal government and expanded the authority of state governments. gave blacks the right to vote. A Average p. 520 Analytical 1 Which of the following is true of Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial? The Senate sat as a court to try Johnson on charges drawn up by the House. All the Republican senators voted for conviction. A three-fourths majority in both Houses was required to remove Johnson from office. The vote against him was unanimous. Johnson voluntarily resigned before he could be removed. A Least Difficult p. 522 Factual 1 The new state constitutions drawn up in the South from 1867 to 1868 specifically prohibited segregated public schools. were created in conventions dominated by northern black delegates. included universal male suffrage. were too conservative for liberal southern voters. were not influenced by Republicans. C Average p. 522 Factual 1 Ulysses S. Grant's presidency is known as an era of honesty and integrity of both state and federal officeholders. military efficiency and discipline in the executive branch of the government. mutual understanding between North and South, Democrats and Republicans, whites and blacks. renewal of civil war. scandal and corruption at all levels of government. E Average p. 525 Analytical 1 The Republican Party in the South was not established there before the Civil War. represented the wealthiest, most powerful elements of society. was supported primarily by poor and middle-class whites. created the most corrupt and inefficient governments in southern history. did not attract the support of the former slaves. A Most Difficult p. 526 Analytical 1 Which of the following is not true of black political activity during Reconstruction? Most black voters were illiterate ex-slaves. More than 50 percent of high state and federal offices were held by blacks. Prominent black leaders were educated and most had been free prior to the Civil War. A majority of black voters were members of the Republican Party. Blacks served in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. B Most Difficult p. 526-527 Factual 1 In the 1870s and 1880s the U.S. Supreme Court strengthened the authority of federal officials in prosecuting individuals who violated the civil rights of blacks. declared the military occupation of the South unconstitutional. banned racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations. ordered the desegregation of public schools in the South. declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. E Average p. 532-533 Factual 1 The primary purpose of the Ku Klux Klan was to prevent blacks from voting. revive slavery. kill blacks. destroy the Republican Party. force the withdrawal of federal troop from the South. A Most Difficult p. 528 Factual 1 The term "bayonet rule" refers to the use of threats and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting. a requirement that all U.S. Army officers carry a bayonet while on guard duty. the use of federal troops to support Republican state governments and black rights in the South. civil rights leaders' call for mass arrests of Ku Klux Klan members. the methods used by white southerners to regain control of their state governments. C Average p. 530 Factual 1 The Compromise of 1877 signified a renewal of federal support for the civil rights of all Americans. the end of Reconstruction. the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the United States. the decline of Democratic Party control of Congress. the end of the spoils system. B Least Difficult p. 535 Analytical 1 Members of Abraham Lincoln's own party opposed his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction because it promised too much financial compensation to former Confederates. it didn't go far enough to force the Confederacy to pay its debts. it granted too much land to freed people it left the door open to restrictive Southern measures to control former slaves. it punished former Confederates too harshly. D Most Difficult p. 512 Analytical 1 In 1864, Republicans adopted the name Union Party. Victory Party. Reconstruction Party. Peace Party. Lincoln Party. A Least Difficult p. 514 Factual 1 The four southern states remaining under Republican control in 1875 were South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, and Georgia. Louisiana. South Carolina. Virginia. Texas. B Average p. 530 Factual 1 The Fourteenth Amendment did all of the following except define blacks as American citizens. grant equal protection of the laws. guarantee the Confederate debt. disqualify a significant number of ex-Confederates from holding federal or state office. grant due process under the law. C Most Difficult p. 520 Analytical 1 Andrew Johnson's National Union Party included all of the following except border state Unionists. freedmen. Democrats. conservative Republicans. white supremacists. B Least Difficult p. 520 Factual 1 In 1870, The New York Tribune called for an end to sectional strife when it declared "We are all Americans." "Let us reunite." "Come together as one nation." "Save the nation." "Let us have peace." E Least Difficult p. 526 Factual 1 At the height of Reconstruction, blacks held ____ percent of public offices. 15-20 25-30 35-40 45-50 90-95 A Most Difficult p. 527 Factual 1 All the following statement regarding carpetbaggers are true except they often brought considerable capital with them in hopes of investing in a New South. most were Union Army officers. few were college graduates. they sought to modernize the South's social structure and democratize its politics. they hoped to establish the Republican Party in the South. C Most Difficult p. 527 Analytical 1 Congressional laws in 1870 and 1871 did all of the following except empower the president to send in federal troops to suppress armed resistance to federal law. declare that any attempt to deprive another person of civil or political rights became a felony. classify interference with voting rights a federal offense. authorize martial law to guarantee racial harmony. give the president the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. D Most Difficult p. 535 Analytical 1 The majority of southern Republican voters were wealthy planters. poor whites. blacks. women. Native Americans. C Average p. 525 Factual 1 Almost all of the blacks elected to the United States House and Senate during Reconstruction were illiterate. had attended secondary school. were college graduates. were Democrats. had fought for the Confederacy. B Average p. 526 Factual 1 During Reconstruction more than half of the Republican governors of southern states were blacks. were northerners. had been southern Whigs before the Civil War. had been Confederate officer holders during the Civil War. were European immigrants. B Most Difficult p. 527 Factual 1 Before the Civil War many of the Scalawags had belonged to the Whig Party. Ku Klux Klan. Democratic Party. Republican Party. American Party. A Average p. 527 Factual 1 The President could use federal troops to suppress resistance to federal law through the Tenure of Office Act. Civil Rights Act. Voting Rights Act. Force Act. Ku Klux Klan Act. E Most Difficult p. 528 Factual 1 In response to the Hamburg Massacre, President Grant sent in federal troops. withdrew troops from the South. decided not to run for a third term. encouraged the southern states to create their own militia units. organized black militia units. A Most Difficult p. 533 Factual 1 Samuel Tilden was probably the real victor in the disputed election of 1876. T Least Difficult p. 534 Analytical 1 The Wade-Davis Bill granted the franchise to black Americans. F Most Difficult p. 513 Factual 1 The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution gave states the option of enfranchising black males or losing seats in Congress. T Average p. 520 Factual 1 Andrew Johnson was openly critical of the southern planter class. T Average p. 514 Analytical 1 The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into an occupied territory under military command. T Least Difficult p. 520 Factual 1 Bulldozing in several parts of the South during the presidential election of 1876 hurt Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. T Most Difficult p. 533 Analytical 1 Carpetbaggers were southerners who served Republican Reconstruction governments. F Most Difficult p. 527 Factual 1 Blacks held a majority of public political offices in several southern states during Reconstruction. F Average p. 527 Factual 1 The Ku Klux Klan was created by former Confederate soldiers. T Least Difficult p. 528 Factual 1 Under the Johnson Reconstruction Plan, no ex-Confederate state gave blacks the right to vote. T Least Difficult p. 514 Factual 1 White southerners' main complaint against the Freedmen's Bureau was that it was inefficient. F Average p. 516 Analytical 1 The Fourteenth Amendment encouraged southern states to enfranchise blacks but did not force them to do so. T Average p. 520 Analytical 1 Tennessee was the first ex-Confederate state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in order to be "readmitted" to the union. T Least Difficult p. 520 Factual 1 Under the U.S. Constitution, impeachment by the House removes an official from office. F Most Difficult p. 522 Factual 1 The border between the United States and Canada is the longest hostile border in the world. F Average p. 526 Factual 1 The need to "reconstruct" the South became obvious once the abolition of slavery became a Northern war aim. T Average p. 511 Analytical 1 Abraham Lincoln never encouraged freed people to emigrate to all-black countries like Haiti. F Most Difficult p. 512 Analytical 1 A majority in Congress in 1864 believed that freed slaves should be given the right to vote. F Average p. 513 Analytical 1 The Wade-Davis bill proposed lenient loyalty requirements for Southern whites. F Most Difficult p. 513-514 Analytical 1 Abraham Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis bill after he had won reelection. F Average p. 514 Factual 1 Radical Republicans in Congress initially believed that Andrew Johnson would support their program. T Most Difficult p. 514 Analytical 1 Both major political party presidential candidates in 1876 were reformist governors. T Average p. 533 Factual 1 None of the postwar Southern state governments opposed the abolition of slavery. F Average p. 515 Analytical 1 Nearly all freed slaves continued to work for their former owners after the war. F Average p. 516 Analytical 1 The Southern black illiteracy rate was reduced by more than 20 percent between 1880 and 1900. T Most Difficult p. 518 Factual 1 Andrew Johnson privately characterized his meeting with Fredrick Douglass in hateful and racist language. T Average p. 514-515 Factual 1 The Fourteenth Amendment dealt only with awarding the franchise to African Americans. F Least Difficult p. 520 Factual 1 Andrew Johnson had to relinquish his presidential powers while his impeachment trial was in progress. F Average p. 522 Factual 1 Andrew Johnson advised Southern legislatures to accept the Fourteenth Amendment. F Average p. 520 Analytical 1 The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 embodied a true revolution. T Most Difficult p. 520-521 Analytical 1 By September 1867, blacks registered to vote outnumbered whites in the ten states covered by Reconstruction. T Average p. 521 Factual 1 Andrew Johnson removed Edwin M. Stanton from office because he supported congressional Reconstruction policy. T Least Difficult p. 522 Factual 1 The new southern state constitutions written during the winter and spring of 1867-68 were among the most progressive in the nation. T Average p. 521 Factual 1 During the 1866 congressional election campaign, Republicans made clear that any ex-Confederate state that ratified the Fourteenth Amendment would be considered "reconstructed" and that its representatives and senators would be seated in Congress. T Most Difficult p. 520 Analytical 1 Without black enfranchisement, Ulysses S. Grant would have had a minority of the popular vote in 1868. T Most Difficult p. 525 Factual 1 Politicians at all levels universally embraced civil service reform. F Average p. 525 Analytical 1 The "Southern Question" was the most intractable issue during Grant's two administrations. T Average p. 526 Analytical 1 Most Southern Republicans were poor, illiterate, and property less; most Northern Republicans represented the most prosperous, educated, and influential elements of society. T Most Difficult p. 527 Analytical 1 Blacks held office in many states throughout the South in numbers far exceeding their proportion of the population. F Most Difficult p. 527 Analytical 1 Carpetbaggers held a disproportionate number of high political offices in southern state governments during Reconstruction. T Average p. 527 Factual 1 Disputed election returns in the 1876 presidential election came from Louisiana, South Carolina, and ____________________. Florida Most Difficult p. 534 Factual 1 0 The Democratic Party policy of intimidating black voters to keep them away from the polls was called ____________________. bulldozing Average p. 533 Factual 1 0 Ulysses S. Grant's opponent in the election of 1868 was ____________________. Horatio Seymour Most Difficult p. 525 Factual 1 0 White southerners who joined the Republican Party were called ____________________. Scalawags Least Difficult p. 527 Factual 1 0 The notorious massacre of black militiamen in Louisiana in 1873 was known as the ____________________. Colfax Massacre Average p. 528 Factual 1 0 The agricultural system under which workers farmed land they did not own in return for part of the crop they produced was called ____________________. sharecropping Least Difficult p. 517 Factual 1 0 The removal of ____________________ from the post of secretary of war triggered the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Edwin M. Stanton Least Difficult p. 522 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the first state to reorganize under Abraham Lincoln's moderate reconstruction request. Louisiana Average p. 513 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Act established the modern structure of the civil service. Pendelton Least Difficult p. 525 Factual 1 0 Ulysses S. Grant suffered public criticism for his efforts to acquire ____________________. Santo Domingo Average p. 526 Factual 1 0 About ____________________ percent of southern Republican voters were black. 80 Average p. 526 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Party won control of the House of Representatives in 1874 for the first time in 18 years. Democratic Average p. 530 Factual 1 0 Congress passed the ____________________ imposing loyalty requirements on southern whites that were intended to disenfranchise them, but it was vetoed by President Lincoln. Wade-Davis Bill Least Difficult p. 513-514 Factual 1 0 President Johnson's Reconstruction policies were intended to empower ____________________ in the South. yeoman whites Average p. 514 Analytical 1 0 The ____________________ Amendment gave blacks the right to vote. Fifteenth 15th Least Difficult p. 522 Factual 1 0 Johnson restored political and property rights to most former Confederate leaders by granting them ____________________. pardons Average p. 514 Factual 1 0 The agency created to oversee relations between former slaves and their former masters during Reconstruction was the ____________________. Freedman's Bureau Least Difficult p. 516 Factual 1 0 In the northern Congressional elections of 1866 the ____________________ Party won sweeping victories. Republican Least Difficult p. 520 Factual 1 0 The congressional acts that divided the former Confederate states (except Tennessee) into five military districts, enfranchised black men, disenfranchised some Confederates, and called for new constitutional conventions were the ____________________. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Least Difficult p. 520 Factual 1 0 In order for a Southern state to be declared reconstructed and its delegates seated in Congress, the state had to ratify the ____________________ Amendment. Fourteenth 14th Average p. 520 Factual 1 0 Women suffrage leaders who opposed the Fifteenth Amendment were ____________________ and ____________________. Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony; Elizabeth Cady Stanton Average p. 522 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was a construction company for the Union Pacific Railroad that gave congressmen stock in return for land grants and loans from the government. Credit Mobilier Average p. 525 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Brotherhood was a secret society of Irish Americans who conducted raids across the U.S. border into Canada. Fenian Most Difficult p. 526 Factual 1 0 A terrorist organization that attacked blacks and set out to destroy the Republican Party in the South was the ____________________. Ku Klux Klan Least Difficult p. 528 Analytical 1 0 Republicans dissatisfied with Grant's administration who nominated Horace Greeley for President in 1872 called themselves the ____________________ Republicans. Liberal Average p. 530 Factual 1 0 The financier whose pyramid schemes collapsed in 1873 and helped touch off an economic collapse was ____________________. Jay Cooke Average p. 530 Factual 1 0 The Republican governor of Mississippi who asked Grant to send troops to control whites' violent intimidation of black voters in that state during the election of 1875 was ____________________. Adelbert Ames Most Difficult p. 531 Factual 1 0 In ____________________, South Carolina, a battle between a black militia and the white Red Shirts led to the murder of several militiamen. Hamburg Most Difficult p. 533 Factual 1 0 In the 1876 presidential election the Democrat ____________________ appeared to have won the election when the results were first in. Samuel Tilden Least Difficult p. 534 Factual 1 0 After the election of 1876 the Reconstruction Republican governments collapsed in the last two southern states, ____________________ and ____________________. Louisiana; South Carolina South Carolina; Louisiana Average p. 535 Factual 1 0 Credit Mobilier: railroad construction company that inflated building costs and bribed congressmen. Reflective of corrupt business activities of the Gilded Age. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Andrew Johnson: seventeenth president; opposed Radical Republicans on various Reconstruction issues. Impeached by the House of Representatives but ultimately acquitted by the Senate. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Jay Cooke: northern businessman who helped finance the Union war effort; his financial collapse precipitated the Panic of 1873. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Whiskey Ring: network of collusion among distillers and revenue agents that deprived the government of millions of tax dollars. Active during the presidential administration of Ulysses S. Grant. Contributed to the perception that the administration was corrupt when Grant's private secretary was alleged to have ties to the ring. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 universal male suffrage: a system where all adult males have the right to vote. Became a feature of the new state constitutions written in the South during 1867 and 1868. Amounted to a true political revolution. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Carpetbaggers: northerners who moved to the South to live and/or to participate in Reconstruction governments. Most were Union Army officers who stayed on after the war as Freedmen's Bureau agents, teachers in black schools, or business investors. Many brought investment capital to the South in a sincere effort to rebuild and modernize it. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Black Codes: a series of post-Civil War laws that established second-class status for freed people. Passed by southern state governments beginning in the fall of 1865, these laws excluded blacks from juries and the ballot box, prevented blacks from testifying against whites in court, banned interracial marriage, and punished blacks more severely than whites for certain crimes. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Freedmen's Bureau: officially called the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Created by Congress in 1865 to supervise black-white relations in the South. Sought to ensure that blacks were paid for their labor, distributed food to the poor, and established schools throughout the South for freed slaves. Southern whites opposed the Bureau, for obvious reasons. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Liberal Republicans: emerged to challenge Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1872. Believed that conciliation of Southern whites rather than continued military intervention was the only way to achieve peace in the South. Nominated Horace Greeley for president. He urged his fellow northerners to put the issues of the Civil War behind them. (Greeley was also nominated by the Democrats.) TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Compromise of 1877: agreement that settled the disputed election of 1876 by giving the Republican Rutherford Hayes the presidency in return for Hayes' agreement to support federal aid for economic development in the South, his support of a southern postmaster general, and his commitment to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the South. Marked the end of Reconstruction. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Compare and contrast the Lincoln Reconstruction plan with the Wade-Davis Bill. The Lincoln plan, a fairly lenient attempt to reconstruct southern society, called for 10 percent oath of allegiance to the Union from the white male population; the acceptance of all wartime acts of Congress; the right of some black males to vote; and abolition of slavery. The Wade-Davis Bill went further in attempting to punish certain groups in southern society. Although it did not call for black enfranchisement, it did impose such stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites that few of them could take the required oath. Essentially, this bill was suspicious of white southerners' interest in restructuring their society. Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto, angering many northern Republicans, hastening action on more radical plans for dealing with the South. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the attempt to impeach President Andrew Johnson. Explore the various reasons that Congress wanted to impeach him (both implied and expressed) and the reasons for their ultimate success or failure. Congress, controlled by Radical Republicans, had been at odds with the president over the proper method of reconstructing southern society. Andrew Johnson had vetoed several important parts of congressional Reconstruction plans, but these vetoes were overturned. Although Johnson was ineffectual in office, he was still responsible for implementing acts of Congress. Johnson was impeached by the House on eleven counts, most connected to his violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The real reason he was impeached was his defiance of Congress. The proceedings failed in the Senate--one vote short of the necessary two-thirds majority. Many senators voted not to convict Johnson because of their fear of his successor, Radical Republican Benjamin Wade. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the attempts to help the recently freed former slaves. What were the goals of the federal government for these freed men and women? How successful was the government in achieving those goals? The Freedmen's Bureau, created by the federal government, had as its primary goal to oversee relations between former slaves and masters. This agency also issued food to 150,000 whites and blacks during 1865. Freedmen's aid societies established schools for former slaves and thereby reduced illiteracy dramatically. In addition, Congress, through the Fourteenth Amendment, began to protect the civil rights and liberties of black Americans. The Fifteenth Amendment granted black males the franchise. Other measures included disenfranchising segments of the white population, passage of laws (for example, the Ku Klux Klan Act) to stop racist attacks against blacks, and the use of federal troops to maintain order in the South. Ultimately, many of the government's attempts to help freedmen were unsuccessful. Southern white racism toward black Americans and resistance to the presence of federal troops undermined much of the government's agenda for Reconstruction. In addition, northern racism and lack of concern for southern blacks further weakened the government's hand. Finally, the inability to attend to economic concerns adequately (redistribution of property) and political concerns (violation of Fifteenth Amendment) left the government's goals virtually unfulfilled. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine both the achievements and failures of the Grant administration. Keeping his two terms in context with the larger political and social backdrop that was Reconstruction America, would you assert that his administration was a failure? Although personally honest, President Ulysses Grant and his administration were plagued by scandals: the "Whiskey Ring," Credit Mobilier, and a variety of lesser, though important, scandals. Grant tended to be a supporter of radical Reconstruction, but he used his powers with restraint. He was, however, successful in breaking the power of the Klan in the Deep South. The successes of the Grant administration tended to be in two areas: foreign policy and fiscal affairs. Grant's able secretary of state, Hamilton Fish, negotiated the Washington Treaty, finally settling the Alabama claims. Also, relations with Britain over the status of Canada were resolved. In financial issues, Grant steered the nation toward a "sound money" footing. He strongly supported the Specie Resumption Act and opposed western paper money supporters, but the long-term results of these actions have caused much debate. All in all, Grant probably was not completely up to the job of being president, and he certainly showed lapses in judgment when appointing important government officials. But his administration should be viewed within the context of the times, the so-called Gilded Age. Corruption in government and business was widespread, having much to do with the expansion of government contracts and bureaucracy during the Civil War. Even a stronger president than Grant would have found conditions formidable. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the election of 1876. Who were the candidates? What were the issues? What were the results? In many ways, there was little choice between New York Democrat Samuel Tilden and Ohio Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. Both were honest politicians who strongly supported civil service reform, and both held similar views on economic and financial issues. What was striking about the election was the real potential for a Democratic victory--the first in twenty years. The election results seemed to support a Tilden victory, except for disputed returns in three southern states (the last three under federal military supervision). The votes in these states were disputed at several levels. For example, in many counties, black Republicans were prevented from voting by southern officials. In addition, Republican government officials in these states sent in returns that gave the election to Hayes. State officials sent in returns that gave the election to Tilden. Congress was faced with determining the winner, but found that the Constitution offered no clear solution to the problem. Eventually, a fifteen-person committee (drawn from Congress and the Supreme Court), controlled by Republicans, determined Hayes to be the winner. Hayes was inaugurated, however, only after a series of compromises were worked out between northern and southern interests in 1877. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the southern Democrats' attempts to limit opportunities and to control the activities of the freedmen during the Reconstruction period. Beginning in 1865, southern state governments followed the lead of white supremacist President Andrew Johnson in establishing a Reconstruction process that excluded freedmen from the political system. None of the ex-Confederate states enfranchised blacks and all passed laws that established second-class citizenship for the freedmen. These so-called Black Codes limited job opportunities, freedom of movement, and political activities of black southerners. African Americans could not serve on juries, vote, marry outside their race, or lease land. Vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan were organized to intimidate Republican Party organizers and black voters. The Klan and other similar groups terrorized freedmen who sought economic advancement or who tried to exercise the rights of citizenship. The congressionally controlled military Reconstruction system was designed to counteract ex-Confederate resistance to the Radical Republican vision of an integrated southern society. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Why is the period from 1863 to 1877 called the "Reconstruction" era? Describe the conditions that existed in the post-Civil War South that necessitated a reconstruction process. The designation of the postwar era as a period of Reconstruction is literally accurate. During the Civil War property was destroyed, traditional agricultural production was disrupted, and hundreds of thousands of people were killed or injured. The South was devastated and had to be rebuilt physically, politically, economically, and socially. Ex-Confederate state governments had to be reorganized; political ties with the union had to be re-established; and the status of approximately four million southerners (the freedmen) had to be determined. Since the antebellum southern economy was based on slave labor, emancipation necessitated the restructuring of the entire system and the establishment of a free labor workforce. Social relationships between whites and blacks also could not remain static. Southern state governments were faced with the difficult tasks of rebuilding what the war had destroyed and of creating new policies that addressed the legal and social changes that resulted from losing the war. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 One recent historian has called America's Reconstruction a "splendid failure." What do you think was meant by this statement? Evaluate the goals, successes, and failures of those who attempted to reconstruct southern society. Do you think that the historian's statement is an accurate assessment of the postwar years? Essay should address several key points: A. Overview of various Reconstruction plans 1. Lincoln-Johnson plan 2. Wade-Davis plan B. Goals of congressional Reconstruction 1. Defense of civil rights of freedmen a. Fourteenth Amendment b. Fifteenth Amendment 2. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 a. Ten southern states under control of Congress b. Impact on nation as a whole 3. Humanitarian goals a. Freedmen's Bureau b. Education c. Limited attempts at property distribution C. Success or failure of Reconstruction 1. Return of white Democratic control 2. Mississippi Plan a. Bulldozing of black vote b. White control 3. Removal of federal troops 4. Election of 1876 TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Explore the Compromise of 1877. Explain the participants in the agreement, the goals of each group, and the details of the final compromise. Essay should address several key points: A. Election of 1876 1. Presidential candidates 2. Sectional support 3. Rebirth of the Democratic Party 4. Disputed election B. Compromise of 1877 1. Bipartisan commission 2. Demands of "Whig" South a. Federal money for internal improvements b. Removal of federal troops c. Cabinet post 3. Republican Party concessions 4. Southern congressmen do not block Rutherford B. Hayes's election 5. Election of Hayes TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Compare southern society in 1860 with that of 1877. Describe the similarities and differences, as well as adaptations and changes that took place during the Civil War and Reconstruction years. Was the "New South" a very different place after Reconstruction than it had been before the war? Essay should address several key points: A. Southern society before the war 1. States' rights 2. Social relations (slavery, plantations) 3. Economy: agriculture, cotton B. Changes in southern society: 1860-1877 1. Rise of racist Democratic Party 2. Rise of "New South" C. The South after Reconstruction 1. Decline of states' rights and reintegration (political) of the South into the nation 2. Social relations (racism, segregation) 3. Economy a. Crop lien system b. Beginnings of industrialization and internal improvements TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 The Reconstruction period is one of the eras most often portrayed in literature and films. Analyze and evaluate the accuracy of the popular conceptions of the character of southern society between 1865 and 1877 and contrast the myths with the realities of that time period. Essay should address several key points: A. Myths 1. "Bones and banjoes conventions" 2. White Republicans; carpetbaggers 3. Africanized governments 4. Incompetent, abusive, corrupt policies B. Realities 1. State constitutional conventions, racial and political characteristics 2. Northern and southern white officeholders 3. Freedmen, voters and officials 4. Educational and political reforms, economic policies C. Evaluation 1. Negative aspects of Reconstruction 2. Positive aspects of Reconstruction TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1