-176605 CHAPTER 16—A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM, 1862-1865 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). The prisoner-of-war issue became a serious problem after the Union began organizing regiments of former slaves. during the election of 1864. after the original prison compounds filled up. because of both sides' plans for mass executions of prisoners. when the Union began deporting prisoners to Mexico. A Average p. 501 Analytical 1 Contraband of war referred to military equipment captured by the Confederacy. escaped slaves. shipments of war material from abroad. stolen food. a secret code. B Average p. 476-477 Factual 1 The single bloodiest day in American history took place at what Maryland battlefield? Shiloh Wilderness Antietam Chancellorsville Fort Sumter C Least Difficult p. 480 Factual 1 Which of the following was not accomplished by the Union victory at Antietam? It convinced England to withhold recognition of the Confederacy. Northern Democrats failed to gain control of the House. The Confederates retreated across the Potomac. It led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. It led to the elevation of Robert E. Lee as commander of Confederate forces. E Most Difficult p. 481 Analytical 1 The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in the border states. officially ended slavery in the United States. ended slavery in areas in rebellion. ended slavery in Confederate states under Union occupation. ended slavery only in national territories. C Average p. 482 Factual 1 The foremost Peace Democrat in the United States (eventually banished to the Confederacy) was Clement Vallandigham. Edward Everett. Ben Butler. Horatio Seymour. William Lloyd Garrison. A Average p. 484 Factual 1 In mid-1863, the main problem faced by the Confederacy was poor military and governmental leadership. low morale. threat of slave revolts. food shortages and hyperinflation. inability to dispatch troops to fight the north directly. D Average p. 484 Factual 1 One of the most common denunciations of the Union draft of 1863 was that it made the war a fight to end slavery. that it was a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight." that blacks would be forced to fight to save white lives. that it was illegal. it was too expensive. B Average p. 485 Factual 1 The race riots of the summer of 1863 were a result of the Emancipation Proclamation. the draft. Confederate victories at Chancellorsville. decreasing support for Lincoln. black migration from the South. B Least Difficult p. 486 Factual 1 In what area did women make the most visible impact during the war? war industries taking control of plantations clerical roles medicine the arts D Average p. 487 Factual 1 Initially, black troops were recruited in the North in order to make it clear that this was a war about equal rights. show the ability of black troops. inspire slave insurrections in the South. free up white men for domestic jobs. answer the need for more troops. E Least Difficult p. 496 Analytical 1 The most celebrated black regiment in the Union army was the 10th Maine. 54th Massachusetts. 7th New York. 39th Illinois. Texas 5th. B Least Difficult p. 496 Factual 1 The Thirteenth Amendment gave citizenship to freed slaves. ended slavery. took the vote away from Confederate officials. outlawed segregation. gave women the vote. B Least Difficult p. 507 Factual 1 By 1863, Confederate President Jefferson Davis had become a very popular and heroic figure. had the complete support of Confederate governors. was an able commander-in-chief. had been executed. was losing respect and support throughout the South. E Average p. 497 Analytical 1 Grant's strategy as general-in-chief was to make occasional probes against the enemy and then quickly retreat. take Richmond. make constant attacks against Confederate forces on all fronts. avoid an all-out military showdown. starve the citizens of the Confederacy until they surrendered. C Average p. 497 Analytical 1 Through 1864, Northerners were ____ about the war effort. frustrated suspicious confident confused angry A Average p. 499 Analytical 1 Which of the following battles was not a Union victory? Vicksburg Chickamauga Gettysburg Antietam Chattanooga B Most Difficult p. 481 | p. 491-493 Factual 1 The Democratic candidate for president in 1864 was Abraham Lincoln. Ulysses Grant. Stephen Douglas. George McClellan. James Buchanan. D Least Difficult p. 500 Factual 1 The Southern prison camp where 13,000 Union soldiers died was Shiloh. Andersonville. Franklin. Shenandoah. Chickamauga. B Least Difficult p. 501 Factual 1 The man most often associated with the "total war" is William T. Sherman. Ulysses S. Grant. Robert E. Lee. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. George McClellan. A Average p. 503 Factual 1 Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia in Petersburg. Richmond. Appomattox. Manassas. Atlanta. C Least Difficult p. 505-506 Factual 1 At the beginning of the Civil War most Northerners hoped to add Mexican territory to the Union. were indifferent to the issues. were divided by the issues regarding slavery. felt that the South should be allowed to secede. agreed they were fighting to preserve the Union. C Average p. 476 Analytical 1 Fredrick Douglass was associated with the 54th Massachusetts Infantry in that he suggested its formation. he was a major in it. it was dedicated to him. he was critical about how its was deployed. two of his sons served in it. E Most Difficult p. 496 Factual 1 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation for all of the following reasons except to quiet abolitionists who were pressuring him to make a strong statement on the subject. because the border states rejected his plan for compensation and gradual emancipation. because he truly believed that the "monstrous" institution of slavery should be outlawed. as a means to save the Union. in order to win British support for the Union. E Most Difficult p. 482 Factual 1 The Twenty Negro Law replaced the three-fifths rule as the method of counting slaves for representation purposes. gave a draft exemption for one white man on each plantation that owned at least twenty slaves. provided that no more than twenty Negroes per week could be liberated by the Union Army. assigned free blacks and fugitive slaves to white military units in groups of twenty or more. required each plantation to sent twenty Negroes to help the army. B Average p. 486 Factual 1 All except which of the following were true of the draft in both the North and the South? It caused protests, violence, and class conflicts. Those who could afford it could hire a replacement and thereby avoid service. The age limit was set at 45. Only poor men were subject to conscription. Both sides resorted to the draft because of a shortage of available troops. D Most Difficult p. 485-487 Factual 1 During the Civil War, Congress created a "blueprint for modern America" with the Homestead Act, which provided 160 acres of free land to those who lived on it for five years. Civil Rights Acts that protected the voting rights of free black Americans. the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation. plans for aid to business. plans for building skyscrapers in northern cities. A Average p. 487 Factual 1 Northern women contributed to the war effort by sitting at home patiently waiting for their men to return. donating money to establish retirement homes for veterans. picketing the White House and demanding that Congress stop the war. working in factories, offices and hospitals. providing entertainment for the troops. D Average p. 487 | p. 489 Factual 1 At Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee ordered the destruction of the town in retaliation for the townspeople's disloyalty. lost fewer men than the Union did. was uncharacteristically hesitant in engaging in battle. was drunk in his tent during the battle. had come to believe in the invincibility of his army. E Average p. 491 Analytical 1 The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was a black regiment that fought bravely and suffered heavy casualties at Fort Wagner. the only black battalion in the Union Army. the honor guard for President Lincoln. commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman at Vicksburg. responsible for the Union victory at Gettysburg. A Average p. 496 Factual 1 The Confederate strategy for winning the war in 1864 included a full-scale invasion of the North in order to take control of the border states. besieging Washington, DC and capturing Abraham Lincoln and his cabinet. the assassination of Lincoln and the leading Union Generals Grant and Sherman. continuing the war until the U.S. presidential election and exhausting the North's will to fight. mobilizing their European allies to fight. D Average p. 497 Factual 1 The peace initiatives of 1864 failed because by this time neither side was willing to compromise on the issues of secession and slavery. the South believed Ulysses S. Grant was an incompetent drunk who could not possibly defeat Robert E. Lee. Lincoln was bitter over the rising Union casualty rate and wanted to kill as many Confederates as possible. the Northern press and public totally opposed any attempt to reconcile with the South. Lincoln was too anxious to compromise with the South. A Most Difficult p. 499-500 Analytical 1 The Confederate government's position on the recruitment of slaves for the Southern armies was never seriously considered. to assign each Confederate battalion one regiment of noncombat black troops to do menial jobs. to finally authorize the recruitment of slaves as soldiers just weeks before the war ended. approved by the Confederate Congress but the bill was vetoed by Jefferson Davis. to use slaves to fight for the Confederacy from the beginning of the war. C Most Difficult p. 502 Factual 1 In both Northern and Southern prisoner of war camps, prisoners were held for an average of five months and then exchanged or released. thousands died from exposure, overcrowding, and malnutrition. at least half of the prisoners were executed for trying to escape. the International Red Cross assured that prisoners were treated humanely. few prisoners were taken and so the camps were unnecessary. B Most Difficult p. 501 Factual 1 General William T. Sherman's tactics included hit-and-run guerrilla attacks to harass Southern armies. terrorist bombings and assassinations. destruction of both military and nonmilitary facilities in order to crush the spirit of the civilians. murdering civilians. waiting until the Confederates attack and then fighting back aggressively. C Most Difficult p. 503 Factual 1 All except which of the following were results of the Civil War? Slavery was abolished. The concept of secession was discredited. Power in national politics was transferred from the South to the North. The states' rights philosophy was upheld. The South was left impoverished. D Most Difficult p. 507 Analytical 1 Early in the war, Frederick Douglass argued that the South should be allowed to secede so that the North could become truly dedicated to equality. foreign aid would be necessary to win the war. Union commanders must return slaves to their masters until a decision was made for emancipation. Lincoln should be impeached for his refusal to issue an emancipation proclamation. the North must fight a war against slavery as well as against slaveholders. E Average p. 476 Analytical 1 "Copperheads" were fugitive slaves who came into Union army camps. Republicans who opposed Lincoln because he refused to emancipate the slaves. Peace Democrats. Union army commanders who adopted the tactic of total war the South. abolitionists. C Average p. 484 Factual 1 Once President Lincoln had decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, he delayed hoping for a military victory. expecting the South to surrender. until a new Union commander could be found who would support his decision. until after the election of 1864. until the British entered the war. A Most Difficult p. 478 Factual 1 Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in order to arrest deserters from the Union army. hold fugitive slaves without bail. arrest rioters and antiwar activists. execute Confederate commanders. arrest his political opponents. C Most Difficult p. 478 Analytical 1 Lincoln removed General McClellan from his command because he failed to move aggressively against the Confederate forces. was corrupt. was a Democrat. was a slave owner himself. was a drunk. A Average p. 483 Analytical 1 Once the Emancipation Proclamation had been issued "Copperheads" gave it their full support. demanded its retraction. did not attempt to use it as a political issue. insisted that blacks be given full equality in the North as well as in the South. tried to use it to get the British involved in the war effort. B Average p. 484 Analytical 1 In the North Democrats generally supported the draft. did not take a stand on the draft. pushed for a provision that allowed wealthy men to buy their way out of the draft. supported the draft for blacks but not for whites. opposed the draft. E Average p. 486 Factual 1 Bounty jumpers were men who changed political parties for a bribe. deserted the Confederacy and joined the Union army. enlisted for the bounty and then deserted. were slaves who left the plantations to join the Union army. supported the abolition of slavery. C Most Difficult p. 486 Factual 1 The Morrill Land-Grant College Act established colleges for the freed slaves. created a national university. provided scholarships for poor students. created technical colleges in the North. gave states land to fund colleges. E Average p. 487 Factual 1 As a result of the Confederate victory at Chancellorsville opposition to Lincoln grew in the North. efforts were renewed to gain British recognition of the Confederacy. Lee decided to invade the North. Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 490 Analytical 1 At the Battle of Gettysburg, Pickett's charge resulted in failure and defeat for Lee's army. succeeded temporarily in breaking through the Union defenses. won great acclaim for Lee's battle strategy. stopped Lee's retreat to Virginia. secured an important victory for the Confederacy. A Average p. 491 Factual 1 The victory at Vicksburg was significant because it finally convinced Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. gave the Union control of the Mississippi and divided the Confederacy. stopped Lee's invasion of the North. opened the way for the Union to take Richmond. stopped the Indian raids in the West. B Average p. 491 Factual 1 In 1863 peace candidates in the Confederacy were overwhelmingly defeated. won both houses of Congress. made significant gains. were all arrested for treason. joined the Republican party. C Most Difficult p. 497 Factual 1 With regard to prisoner of war exchanges, Lincoln agreed that black Union prisoners would not be exchanged for Confederate prisoners. insisted that black prisoners of war be accorded equal treatment with white prisoners of war. refused to negotiate any exchanges because he knew that the shortage of manpower hurt the South more than the North. succeeded in negotiating a satisfactory agreement with the South concerning these exchanges. insisted that prisoners of war be tried for war crimes. B Average p. 501 Factual 1 In 1862, Lincoln relied on force to keep the border states in line. F Average p. 477 Factual 1 The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery. F Least Difficult p. 482 Analytical 1 Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by an unstable Confederate supporter. T Least Difficult p. 507 Factual 1 Many Southerners succumbed to defeatism in the winter of 1863-64. T Average p. 497 Factual 1 The Confederate government passed a bill that recruited slaves to fight for the South. T Average p. 502 Factual 1 Throughout 1861, both Southern and Northern leaders attempted to keep the issue of slavery out of the war. T Average p. 476 Factual 1 It was pragmatism more than principle that pushed the North toward black recruitment. T Average p. 496 Analytical 1 Northerners enthusiastically supported Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. F Average p. 496 Analytical 1 The Democratic Party's 1864 platform called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. T Average p. 500 Factual 1 Under Confederate law, the "commutation fee" gave one a permanent exemption from military service. F Most Difficult p. 486 Factual 1 During the Civil War, Lincoln violated the civil rights of antiwar activists by having them arrested and held without trial. T Average p. 478 Factual 1 Andersonville was a notorious Confederate prisoner of war camp in which 13,000 Union soldiers died. T Least Difficult p. 501 Factual 1 The Emancipation Proclamation radically enlarged the purpose of the Civil War. T Least Difficult p. 475 Factual 1 In both the North and the South, thousands of draft age men patriotically demonstrated in favor of the conscription laws. F Average p. 486 Factual 1 In the North, the issue of slavery was deeply divisive. T Average p. 475 Factual 1 As Union forces penetrated the South, a growing number of slaves came over to Union lines. T Average p. 476 Factual 1 Lincoln supported the order of Major General John C. Frémont freeing the slaves of all Confederate sympathizers in Missouri. F Most Difficult p. 477 Analytical 1 Lincoln believed that issuing an emancipation proclamation was a military necessity. T Most Difficult p. 482 Analytical 1 Lincoln's preliminary emancipation proclamation came as a total surprise. F Average p. 481 Analytical 1 The Union's conscription law was designed more to encourage volunteers to come forward than it was to draft men directly. T Most Difficult p. 486 Analytical 1 The Copperheads had no effect at all on Northern morale. F Average p. 484 Analytical 1 Lincoln endorsed the swift arrest and trial of Clement Vallandigham for treason. F Average p. 484 Analytical 1 The North instituted conscription before the South. F Average p. 485 Factual 1 The South's many problems during the Civil War did not include food shortages. F Average p. 484-485 Analytical 1 Northern enlisted soldiers were expected to fight for the duration of the war. F Average p. 486 Analytical 1 The planter class was underrepresented in the Confederate army. F Average p. 487 Factual 1 The state elections in the fall of 1863 were a powerful endorsement of the administration's emancipation policy. T Most Difficult p. 496 Analytical 1 Partisan rivalry between the Democrats and the Whigs continued throughout the entire Civil War. F Least Difficult p. 497 Analytical 1 Jefferson Davis experienced little public criticism in the South. F Most Difficult p. 497 Analytical 1 Several Southern black regiments fought during the Civil War. F Most Difficult p. 502 Analytical 1 Lincoln won a higher proportion of the soldier vote than the civilian vote in 1864. T Average p. 503 Factual 1 The peace terms that Ulysses S. Grant dictated to Robert E. Lee at Appomattox were usually harsh. F Least Difficult p. 506 Factual 1 Lincoln decided in July 1862 to issue an emancipation proclamation. T Most Difficult p. 478 Factual 1 The Confederate incursion into Maryland in September 1862 went well at the start. F Average p. 479 Analytical 1 During the battle of Antietam, soldiers found a copy of McClellan's deployment orders. F Average p. 480 Factual 1 Northern Democrats supported enlisting black troops to serve in the Union army. F Average p. 496 Factual 1 The Union victory at Atlanta improved Lincoln's prospects for victory in 1864. T Average p. 502 Analytical 1 Lincoln won the election of 1864 by a narrow electoral margin. F Average p. 503 Analytical 1 With Lincoln's reelection to the presidency, Confederate President Jefferson Davis began supporting surrender. F Most Difficult p. 503 Factual 1 Sherman's march through Georgia encountered little resistance. T Average p. 499 Factual 1 Between 1860 and 1870 the South's share of the national wealth dropped from 30 percent to ____________________. 12 percent Most Difficult p. 507 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Act granted a farmer 160 acres of land after he had lived on it for five years. Homestead Average p. 487 Factual 1 0 The commander of the Union Army who "marched to the sea" was ____________________. William Sherman Average p. 503 Factual 1 0 Those Northerners who favored peace with the South at almost any cost were referred to as ____________________. Copperheads Most Difficult p. 484 Factual 1 0 An order issued by a judge to law enforcement officers requiring them to bring an arrested person before the court to be charged with a crime is called a writ of ____________________. habeas corpus Average p. 478 Factual 1 0 Northern men who joined the army to collect the enlistment fee and then deserted were called ____________________. bounty jumpers Average p. 486 Factual 1 0 ____________________ applied the term "contraband of war" to slaves who came within Union lines. Benjamin Butler Most Difficult p. 477 Factual 1 0 The Battle of Antietam was referred to as ____________________ by the Confederates. Sharpsburg Average p. 480 Factual 1 0 ____________________ replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Ambrose E. Burnside Average p. 483 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1864. George B. McClellan Average p. 500 Factual 1 0 The Army of Tennessee was largely destroyed in the Battle of ____________________. Nashville Most Difficult p. 503 Factual 1 0 The case of ____________________ raised questions about martial law and the use of military courts in areas where civil courts were functioning. Clement L. Vallandigham Average p. 484 Analytical 1 0 The New York draft riots were led mostly by ____________________. Irish Americans Average p. 486 Factual 1 0 Copperhead opposition to the Lincoln administration intensified after the Union defeat at ____________________. Chancellorsville Average p. 490 Factual 1 0 ____________________ advised Robert E. Lee against attacking the Union forces at Gettysburg. James Longstreet Most Difficult p. 491 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was a black abolitionist whose sons fought for the Union in the Civil War. Frederick Douglass Average p. 496 Factual 1 0 ____________________ issued an order freeing the slaves of Missouri in 1861. John C. Fremont Most Difficult p. 477 Factual 1 0 Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation came after the battle of ____________________. Antietam Most Difficult p. 481 Factual 1 0 The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was led by Colonel ____________________. Robert G. Shaw Average p. 496 Factual 1 0 ____________________ led the siege that ultimately defeated Vicksburg. U. S. Grant Average p. 491 Factual 1 0 The most serious economic problem for the South was ____________________. inflation Most Difficult p. 484 Analytical 1 0 In the North the conscription law required that all men between the ages of ____________________ and ____________________ had to enroll for the draft. 20; 45 Most Difficult p. 486 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Act granted land and loans to build a transcontinental railroad. Pacific Railroad Most Difficult p. 487 Factual 1 0 The founder of the American Red Cross was ____________________. Clara Barton Most Difficult p. 487 Factual 1 0 The most important voluntary association of the Civil War that provided nursing care for soldiers and that became an adjunct of the Union army's medical bureau was ____________________. United States Sanitary Commission Average p. 487 Factual 1 0 The Confederate hero of Chancellorsville who was accidentally wounded by his own men was ____________________. Stonewall Jackson Average p. 490 Factual 1 0 Twelve Confederate generals were killed in the Battle of ____________________. Franklin Most Difficult p. 503 Factual 1 0 Black Union soldiers were murdered as they tried to surrender at ____________________. Fort Pillow Most Difficult p. 501 Factual 1 0 The Union commander who took Atlanta was ____________________. William T. Sherman Least Difficult p. 502 Factual 1 0 The man who assassinated President Lincoln was ____________________. John Wilkes Booth Least Difficult p. 507 Factual 1 0 Emancipation Proclamation: executive order that freed all slaves in the states in rebellion, but not those that remained loyal to the Union. Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862. It went into effect at the beginning of 1863. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 greenbacks: paper money issued by the federal government to help finance the war. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Battle of Gettysburg: Lee's second major unsuccessful attempt to invade the North, generally considered the turning point of the war. Occurred in 1863. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Robert E. Lee: celebrated commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Noted for his aggressive leadership and the devotion of his men. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 conscription: drafting men for fighting in the armies. Conscription acts were passed in the South (1862) and in the North (1863). Widely seen as unfair, these acts led to riots in several Northern cities. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 54th Massachusetts Infantry: first black Union regiment; commanding officer was abolitionist Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. Two of Frederick Douglass's sons were in the regiment. It suffered 50 percent casualties in the Battle of Fort Wagner. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Ulysses S. Grant: Union general who achieved success in taking Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee and Vicksburg in Mississippi. Quiet, determined, bold, willing to take risks. Outflanked Lee in Virginia and accepted Lee's surrender at Appomattox. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Twenty Negro Law: enacted by the Confederate Congress in October 1862. Exempted one white man from the draft on every plantation with twenty or more slaves. Designed to keep up agricultural production and prevent slave uprisings. Generated opposition from nonslaveholders and led to widespread draft-dodging and desertion. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 United States Sanitary Commission: established by the Women's Central Association for Relief and became the most powerful voluntary association of the Civil War. Focused its efforts on providing more efficient, humane care for sick and wounded soldiers. Most of its volunteers were women. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 "blueprint for modern America": phrase used to describe three measures passed by the 37th Congress. The Homestead Act granted 160 acres of land to farmers who lived on and improved it for five years. The Morrill Land-Grant College Act gave each state land for the establishment of colleges. And the Pacific Railroad Act granted land and loans to railroad companies to spur the building of a transcontinental railroad from Omaha to Sacramento. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 What was the purpose of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation? In what ways was the proclamation both important and successful? The proclamation had several purposes. First, in a practical sense, by ending slavery in the rebellious states, Lincoln undermined the wealth and labor of the South. Slaves were a capital investment for planters and were an important labor resource. Their work fueled the Southern economy. In addition, the proclamation led to increased runaways in the South and black troop enlistments in the North. Second, and more symbolically, the proclamation changed the goal of the war. What had been a fight to restore the old union was abandoned and was replaced with a war to create a new, different nation: a nation without slavery. The importance of the proclamation lay in several areas. Although not universally popular in the North, it changed the very meaning of the war for those who fought it. Some saw it as mere revenge against the old plantation aristocracy. By 1862, however, others began to see the war in much the way Lincoln did, as a war against the "monstrous injustice" of slavery. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the Northern military strategy after Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief. How was the strategy different from that of previous Union commanders? Union military strategy before Grant tended to be disjointed and disorganized. The main goal of Union military commanders had been to capture Richmond, but they rarely used auxiliary forces in any concerted way to help in this endeavor. Historically, once Union campaigns against Richmond failed, the army would retreat and allow Confederate forces to regroup and resupply. In contrast, Grant's strategy was different. His reputation in the West was based on "unconditional surrender," and this concept shaped his thinking in the eastern theater as well. His main plan coordinated strong Union armies to prevent the Confederacy from moving supplies and troops from one front to another. In addition, Grant believed in "total war": continued military assaults (even if this meant heavy casualties) that destroyed the Southern countryside that supplied Lee's army. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the reasons for, and the general reaction to, the enlistment of black troops into the Union armies. Clearly, one goal of enlisting black troops in the Union effort was symbolic: Fighting for the Union would advance blacks in the move toward equal rights with whites. This was one reason that some whites protested black enlistment. Other goals were far more pragmatic, however. The Emancipation Proclamation deprived the South of black labor, leaving an untapped workforce in its wake (runaway slaves). Enlisting those slaves either for labor support for Union armies or as soldiers themselves was an obvious way to utilize that workforce. This was especially popular as white enlistments began to decline in 1862. Black troops had been used in some war zones before 1862 (primarily as support troops or garrison duty), and the Emancipation Proclamation simply legitimized this use. Reaction to black troops was varied, much like the reaction to emancipation itself. The Confederacy asserted that it would execute all captured black troops as if they were participants in a slave insurrection. The border states also were resistant to the idea, since slavery still flourished within their borders. The greatest criticism, however, came from the Democratic Party in the North, which argued that the idea was a plot to establish equality between the races. Many white Union soldiers bristled at the idea that they now would be serving with black troops. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the outbreak of class tensions in both Northern and Southern society during the Civil War. Class tensions, always present in the United States, were exacerbated during the Civil War. Wartime deprivations suffered by both regions, particularly in the South, were most severe among the poorest sectors of society. This led to a belief among these groups that they were bearing the largest brunt of the war. Tensions increased with the implementation of the draft in both the North and the South. Although men from every social stratum could be drafted equally, a drafted man could hire a substitute, but at a price that the ordinary farmer or worker could not afford. This led to the argument that the conflict was a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight." These tensions were not just rhetorical, however, since they led to some of the worst urban violence in American history--the draft riots of summer 1863. Over a hundred people were killed (most were black and many were lynched) in the worst of the riots in New York City. This violence also spilled over into labor strife, such as in the Pennsylvania coal industries. Federal troops were used in both areas to quell the violence. The South also witnessed class riots--usually less violent and without the racial or ethnic overtones. These were the food and bread riots, usually led by women, that occurred in several Southern cities. The most notable was in Richmond in 1863 in which President Davis made a personal appeal to the rioters to disperse. Overall, although the violence that broke out was very real, what stands out in both regions is unity in purpose among social and class divisions. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the military importance of the year 1863. In what ways was this a "turning point" in the war? 1863 began well for the Confederacy; it still held portions of the Mississippi River, and its armies won important engagements over Union troops in the eastern theater, particularly at Chancellorsville. Lee decided to use his recent victories on the field to his advantage and ordered a second military invasion of the North, feeling that a victory there would disillusion Northerners and, perhaps, persuade foreign governments to recognize the Confederacy. Lee was stopped at Gettysburg, however, in the most important battle of the war, effectively ending any chance the South had for military aggression. In addition, on the same day as the military defeat at Gettysburg, the Confederacy lost control of the Mississippi River with the fall of Vicksburg to Ulysses S. Grant, a second crushing blow. The reputation of Grant soared, leading to his transfer to the eastern theater--changing the Northern military strategy to one of "total war." TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the role of women in the Civil War. During the Civil War women stepped in to fill the factory and farm jobs left vacant when the men joined the military. More and more females were hired as teachers, civil servants, and clerks. The success of women in government positions opened opportunities in the private sector as well. In the years following the war, many office jobs such as bookkeeping and typing were available for females. Women also helped organize and administer volunteer groups such as hospitals and Soldiers' Aid Societies. The United States Sanitary Commission was organized by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female M.D. in the United States. This volunteer group set up thousands of local auxiliaries that provided nurses for army hospitals. Clara Barton served as a Union Army nurse and later founded the American Red Cross. Many husbands, fathers, and traditionalist army surgeons opposed the inclusion of women in the battlefield medical profession. The prejudicial attitudes of the pre-Civil War era rated nursing as an "unsuitable job for a woman." The dedication and hard work of the volunteer nurses raised the respectability level of the nursing profession. The momentum gained from the activities of working women in the war carried over into the women's rights movement and contributed to the founding of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and others reasoned that females who made sacrifices and successfully shouldered responsibilities in wartime should also participate in the political process in peacetime. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the conditions in the prisoner-of-war camps and examine the prisoner exchange controversy. At the beginning of the war, the Union and the Confederacy readily exchanged prisoners. Large prison camps were not necessary because the exchanges took place fairly quickly. Once the Union organized black regiments that contained not only free blacks but also ex-slaves, however, the South declared that it would not treat those soldiers as prisoners of war. Instead, the Confederacy announced its intention to execute the captured black troops and their white officers. There were some incidents such as the notorious Fort Pillow maneuver in which surrendering Union soldiers were murdered. Lincoln stopped the prisoner exchanges in 1863 and refused to resume the process without Southern assurances that whites and blacks would be treated equally. By 1864, the number of prisoners held by both sides was in the thousands and the prison camps were inadequate to meet the needs of the inmates. Captured soldiers lived and died in crowded, unsanitary facilities. They were underfed, deprived of good medical care, and exposed to the elements. More Union soldiers died in Confederate camps than Confederates in Union camps. The South lacked the resources necessary to provide food, shelter, and medical care for the prisoners. Despite the loss of life and the horrendous conditions, the ban on exchanges continued because the North continued to demand and the Confederacy continued to refuse equal treatment for black soldiers. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast the economic effects of the Civil War on both Northern and Southern societies. Essay should address several key points: A. Northern and Southern economies in 1860 1. Northern economy a. Industrial and commercial b. Poised for economic expansion 2. Southern economy a. Agricultural and staple crops b. Centrality of slavery B. Economic mobilization for the war 1. Northern advantages a. Labor b. Industry c. Capital investment 2. Southern disadvantages a. Food shortages b. Blocked ports c. Hyperinflation C. Conclusion 1. Northern economy grew dramatically during the war a. Significant production of materials and supplies b. Growth in capital investments (railroads and factories) 2. South remained behind
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast the military strategies of the Union and the Confederacy. Begin with plans at the start of the war and show how these strategies changed over time. Essay should address several key points: A. Strategies of both regions at war's commencement 1. Southern strategy a. Defensive war, fought in South i) Extend Union supply lines ii) Protect Richmond b. Hoped to wear down Union and make war lengthy 2. Northern strategy a. Use overwhelming strength to push back Confederate forces in Virginia i) Take Richmond ii) Split the Confederacy in half b. Northern forces rarely were used in massive numbers nor were they used very aggressively (for example, McClellan) B. Changing strategies, 1862-63 1. Southern strategy a. The Confederacy now attempted advances into the North (Antietam, Gettysburg) b. Hoped to affect Northern sentiments on the war 2. Northern strategy a. By late 1863, Union strategy (now under the command of Grant) changed as well b. "Total war" (in both East and West) i) Massive numbers of Union troops were to be used to destroy Confederate armies ii) Supply areas (Shenandoah), and Richmond
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine both Northern and Southern politics from 1861 to 1865. In what ways did the internal political opposition faced by each government help or hinder the war effort? Essay should address several key points: A. Northern political situation in 1861 1. Analysis of Lincoln's plans for fighting the war a. Opposition to these plans within Congress b. Role of Democratic Party ("Copperhead faction") i) Role of Supreme Court ii) Role of border states 2. Reluctance of many in Republican Party to support Lincoln's initiatives a. Emancipation Proclamation b. Conscription Act c. black recruitment 3. Heated election of 1864 with McClellan a. General consensus behind Lincoln in late 1864-1865 B. Southern political situation in 1861 1. General consensus behind war effort and Jefferson Davis during the first years of the war a. Military successes were plentiful and economic problems were small b. After military reversals-serious economic and financial difficulties 2. Anti-administration party emerged and made significant gains in 1863 elections a. In some states (for example, North Carolina) a strong peace group emerged C. Effects of opposition had on various administrations 1. Lincoln and the Democratic Party a. Dealt effectively with opposition b. Enjoyed great wartime powers and regularly employed them 2. Davis and the anti-administration faction a. Had virtually no powers in a government system that favored states' rights b. Had great trouble quieting critics
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Discuss the major military aspects of the war from 1862 to 1865. Essay should address several key points: A. The war in 1862 1. Antietam a. Lee invades Maryland b. McClellan moves cautiously c. Bloodiest day in U.S. history d. Confederates retreat 2. Vicksburg and Murfreesboro a. Confederates fortify Vicksburg b. Grant launches a two-prong attack c. Rosecrans defeats Bragg at Murfreesboro B. The war in 1863 l. Chancellorsville a. Stonewall Jackson surprises Union troops b. Lee drives Union across the Rappahannock c. Jackson dies from battle-wound complications 2. Gettysburg a. Lee invades Pennsylvania b. Union settles in at Gettysburg c. Pickett's charge d. Lee "limps back to Virginia" 3. Vicksburg a. Grant's troops ferry across Mississippi River b. Nine-week siege c. Vicksburg surrenders C. The war in 1864 1. The Atlanta campaign a. Sherman besieges Atlanta b. Hood abandons the city c. Sherman's march to the sea 2. The Virginia campaign a. Spotsylvania stalemate b. Grant loses seven thousand men in one hour
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1