-176604 CHAPTER 15—SECESSION AND CIVIL WAR, 1860-1862 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Symbol Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Who of the following did not run for the presidency in 1860? John C. Breckinridge Stephen Douglas William Seward John Bell Abraham Lincoln C Least Difficult p. 442-443 Factual 1 The main plank of the Republican Party's 1860 platform called for a higher tariff. federal aid for railroad construction. a homestead act. abolishing the slave trade in Washington, D.C. exclusion of slavery from the territories. E Average p. 443 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 are true except he only carried one southern state. received less than 40 percent of the popular vote. won every free state. won by a substantial margin in the electoral college. received more popular votes than Breckinridge. A Average p. 445 Analytical 1 According to the theory of secession, each state gave away its fundamental sovereignty and therefore was permanently subject to the Constitution. no state could legally withdraw from the union. no state had given away its fundamental sovereignty and therefore each could withdraw from the union. no state had ever given away its fundamental sovereignty, but each had to recognize the final authority of the federal government. secession could only be accomplished if a popular vote were held on the issue. C Average p. 446 Analytical 1 The Crittenden Compromise promised to protect slavery in all territories south of 36° 30'. guaranteed more representation to southern states in the House of Representatives. denied the right of slaveholders to be compensated for runaway slaves. argued for popular sovereignty on the slavery question. received strong support in the South. A Average p. 447 Analytical 1 The president of the Confederacy was Robert E. Lee. Alexander Stephens. Jefferson Davis. John C. Calhoun. Stonewall Jackson. C Least Difficult p. 448 Factual 1 The Constitution of the Confederate States of America argued for the sovereignty of the Confederate government over that of the states. specifically denied the right of secession. guaranteed slavery in both the states and the territories. was significantly different from the U.S. Constitution. provided for the gradual abolition of slavery. C Average p. 448 Analytical 1 The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, at Bull Run. Fort Sumter. Fort Wagner. Lawrence, Kansas. Gettysburg. B Least Difficult p. 450 Factual 1 Which of the following slave states did not secede from the United States? Kansas Kentucky Arkansas Tennessee Texas B Average p. 452 Factual 1 Which of the following states entered the Union during the Civil War? Utah Oklahoma West Virginia Colorado Maine C Average p. 452 Factual 1 Which was not a Northern military advantage over the South? large manpower advantages better commanding officers in the field industrial advantages transportation and communications advantages greater bank capital and wealth B Least Difficult p. 453 | p. 455 Factual 1 To achieve victory, the Confederacy felt it had to "bring" the war North in order to demoralize the population there. capture Washington, D.C. defend the South from Northern armies. enlist aid from foreign governments. mobilize the Indians to fight the Union. C Least Difficult p. 455 Analytical 1 The Confederate war effort was financed primarily by war bonds. income taxes. tariffs. treasury notes. charitable contributions. D Average p. 458 Factual 1 The Union war effort was financed primarily by war bonds. "greenbacks." tariffs. income taxes. charitable contributions. A Average p. 458 Factual 1 The essence of "King Cotton Diplomacy" was to cut off the supply of cotton to the North and to force Lincoln to the bargaining table. cut off the supply of cotton to England and gain British recognition of the Confederacy. sell Southern cotton abroad and use it for collateral for loans to purchase war materials. use the lure of cotton exports to win support from France. reopen the African slave trade and increase cotton production. B Most Difficult p. 460 Analytical 1 The Trent Affair almost ended the Civil War before it began. was as close as the South came to winning the war. almost ruptured British-American relations. broke off relations between the South and Britain. prevented the South from shipping cotton to South America. C Average p. 461 Factual 1 The first significant battle of the Civil War took place at Bull Run. Harpers Ferry. Shiloh. Seven Pines. Gettysburg. A Average p. 463 Factual 1 One of the major problems faced by Union armies during the campaigns of 1862 was poor training and inexperience of the troops. inadequate supplies and war materials. resistance to the draft. Lincoln's hesitancy in pressing the war effort. McClellan's reluctance to fight. E Average p. 463 Factual 1 The reputation of General Ulysses S. Grant was established in 1862 because of his brilliant service under McClellan in Virginia. with his stirring victories at Forts Donelson and Henry in Tennessee. with his important victory at Perryville. in defeat, at Bull Run. with his victory at Gettysburg. B Average p. 465 Analytical 1 The appointment of ____ to command Confederate armies in Virginia marked a turning point in the Civil War. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson J. E. B. Stuart Robert E. Lee Joseph Johnston Jefferson Davis C Least Difficult p. 468 Factual 1 At the Battle of the Seven Days, Confederate armies prevented George McClellan from capturing which vital Southern city? Atlanta Charleston Richmond New Orleans Memphis C Average p. 468 Factual 1 In the famous naval battle of 1861, the Northern ship Monitor faced the Southern ironclad, the Virginia. Alabama. Carolina. Georgia. Confederate. A Least Difficult p. 461 Factual 1 One of the most feared Southern raiding ships was the Alabama. Virginia. Merrimac. Carolina. Rebel. A Least Difficult p. 461 Factual 1 Abraham Lincoln's rival for the Republican nomination in 1860 was Salmon Chase. William Seward. Henry Stanton. Charles Sumner. John Brown. B Average p. 443 Factual 1 By the fall of 1860, all of the following national organizations had split into Northern and Southern factions except the Republican Party. the Democratic Party. the Baptist Church. the Methodist Church. several voluntary associations. A Most Difficult p. 441 Factual 1 Abraham Lincoln was nominated for the presidency by the Republican Party in 1860 because he had a reputation as a radical opponent of slavery. his wealthy family funded an expensive grassroots campaign for the nomination. he had the support of southern Republicans. his strong stand on immigration restrictions would attract nativist voters to the Republican Party. he was a moderate whose career exemplified the opportunities possible in a free-labor system. E Average p. 443 Analytical 1 On the issue of secession, most Northerners agreed that the union was a voluntary association and therefore could be dissolved. the Southern states were an economic drain on the nation and so the North would actually profit from secession. secession was unconstitutional, treasonable, and impossible. the issue should be decided by the Supreme Court, not by the president. the issue should be decided by a nationwide referendum. C Average p. 446 Factual 1 Jefferson Davis was chosen president of the Confederacy because he was the most outspoken of the radical secessionists. a nephew of George Washington and would therefore make the Confederacy more legitimate. a moderate who had extensive military and political experience. the only person who wanted to assume the office. from the North. C Average p. 448 Factual 1 South Carolina attacked Fort Sumter when the Union navy blockaded Charleston Harbor. Lincoln announced his plan to peacefully resupply the fort. soldiers from the fort fired on local fishermen. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declared the seceded state "in rebellion." southern sympathizers were executed in the North. B Average p. 450 Factual 1 Robert E. Lee joined the Confederacy because he was offered more money by the Confederacy than he was making in the Union military. owned over two hundred slaves and feared that he would be bankrupted if they were freed. believed the Southern states had a constitutional right to secede from the Union. was anxious to help weaken the North. loved his home state of Virginia and could not fight against it. E Average p. 451 Analytical 1 During the Civil War, the state of Missouri seceded and joined the Confederacy. was invaded by Confederate troops and remained under their military control. was torn by a vicious guerrilla war between Confederate bushwhackers and Union jayhawkers. contributed more men to the Union Army than any other state. attempted to create a western confederacy. C Most Difficult p. 452 Factual 1 Many of the civilized Native Americans in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) owned slaves and thus sided with the Confederacy. ignored the Civil War completely. took advantage of the Civil War by killing all the white people in the area. moved further west to avoid being drawn into the conflict. sued for the right to fight in the Union army. A Average p. 453 Factual 1 At the beginning of the war, the Confederacy benefited from its loyal slaves, many of whom were recruited as soldiers. friendly relations with European countries that gave money and supplies to the "new nation." calm and reasonable leaders who created sympathy for "the cause" among Northern conservatives. rural traditions of hunting and riding that prepared its population for military activities. large numbers of factories. D Most Difficult p. 455 Factual 1 The Civil War is considered the first modern war because it was the first internal rebellion in a major nation. modern weapons such as machine guns and hand grenades were introduced. new forms of communication and transportation played an important role. it affected all segments of society. of the relative lack of bloodship. C Most Difficult p. 457 Factual 1 The first battle of the "ironclads" at Hampton Roads was significant because the Confederate navy lost its only metal-plated ship and never built another. it proved that steam-powered ships were too dangerous to use in coastal waters. it was the biggest Union naval victory of the war. it demonstrated that a new era of naval technology had begun. it proved the effectiveness of submarine warfare. D Most Difficult p. 461-462 Analytical 1 The Anaconda Plan was Secretary of State William Seward's program for ensuring the loyalty of the Anaconda Indians during the war. General Winfield Scott's strategy for encircling and squeezing the South into submission. a congressional design for building dams and flood controls on the Anaconda River. the Confederate battle plan for the attack at Bull Run. a Union plan for financing the war effort. B Average p. 463 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding Ulysses S. Grant are not true except he was known as "the young Napoleon" due to his personal style and appearance. was such a perfectionist that he was hesitant to commit his troops to battle. lost fewer men in battle than any other Union general. secretly supported the South. was willing to take risks in victories at Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee. E Average p. 465 Factual 1 About ____ of the Union's wartime revenue came from selling war bonds. two-thirds one-half three-quarters four-fifths nine-tenths A Most Difficult p. 458 Factual 1 The 1860 Republican Party platform called for all of the following except a higher tariff. a homestead act. abolition. federal aid for a transcontinental railroad. federal program to improve river transportation. E Average p. 443 Analytical 1 John Bell won all of the following states in the election of 1860 except Missouri. Kentucky. Virginia. Tennessee. none of the above. A Most Difficult p. 445 Factual 1 The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was drawn up in Atlanta, Georgia. Montgomery, Alabama. Richmond, Virginia. Charleston, South Carolina. Austin, Texas. B Most Difficult p. 448 Factual 1 ____ of the white population in the border states (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) favored the Union. One-quarter One-half Two-thirds Three-quarters Nine-tenths C Most Difficult p. 452 Factual 1 The total Confederate population of 9 million included ____ slaves. 1.6 million 2.1 million 2.9 million 1 million 3.7 million E Average p. 453 Factual 1 George B. McClellan commanded the Army of the Potomac for six months. one year. two years. three years. nine years. B Most Difficult p. 463 Factual 1 William L. Yancey and Edmund Ruffin were prominent secessionists who founded the League of United Southerners. were the first two volunteers from South Carolina when the war started. tried to arrange a compromise Democratic candidate in 1860 who would bridge sectional differences. were early backers of Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860. were members of Lincoln's cabinet. A Most Difficult p. 443 Factual 1 John C. Breckinridge ran for president in 1860 under the banner of the ____ Party. Whig Southern Rights Democratic Democratic Republican American B Average p. 443 Factual 1 Before 1860 southerners had controlled the presidency most of the time. been a majority on the Supreme Court. provided the leadership of the House. provided the leadership of the Senate. all of the above. E Average p. 445 Analytical 1 Lincoln opposed the Crittenden Compromise because he feared that it would lead to southern filibustering to take Cuba and other southern lands. bring the British into the war. surrender all of the western territories to the South. reunite the Democratic Party. cause war with Mexico. A Most Difficult p. 447 Analytical 1 Under the National Banking Act of 1863, national banks issued bank notes based on the amount of gold that they held on deposit. the level of federal taxation. the amount of state bank notes that they held. the foreign exchange rate. the value of U.S. bonds that they held. E Most Difficult p. 458 Analytical 1 The Confederate economy suffered from extremely high rates of inflation. severe deflation. exorbitant income taxes. overproduction. high import duties. A Average p. 458 Analytical 1 The Republican platform of 1860 called for the abolition of slavery. F Least Difficult p. 443 Factual 1 The president who immediately preceded Abraham Lincoln in office was Millard Fillmore. F Most Difficult p. 446 Factual 1 South Carolina seceded from the union in 1860 because the state viewed Lincoln as an enemy to slavery. T Least Difficult p. 446 Analytical 1 All states with slaves seceded from the union between 1860 and 1861. F Average p. 452 Factual 1 Leaders of the Union and the Confederacy both foresaw a long, bloody struggle as war began in 1861. F Average p. 453 Analytical 1 The Democratic Party split into two factions before the election of 1860. T Least Difficult p. 442 Factual 1 The Civil War began when Abraham Lincoln attempted to reinforce Fort Sumter with more Union troops, which was viewed as an act of war by the South. F Average p. 449-450 Factual 1 Maryland and Missouri were the only two slave states that did not secede. F Average p. 452 Factual 1 The Crittenden Compromise essentially repudiated the Republican platform of 1860. T Most Difficult p. 447 Analytical 1 The Seven Days' battles were demoralizing for the South. F Average p. 468 Factual 1 The Battle of Shiloh was a Union victory that hurt Ulysses S. Grant's image. T Most Difficult p. 466 Analytical 1 The delegates at the Southern secession conventions voted unanimously in favor of withdrawing from the Union. F Average p. 446 Factual 1 Southerners defended their withdrawal from the Union by asserting that the leaders of the American Revolution were also secessionists. T Average p. 447 Analytical 1 Members of the postwar James/Younger gang were Confederate bushwhackers during the Civil War. T Average p. 452 Factual 1 Citizens of both the Union and the Confederacy believed they were defending their nation, flag, Constitution, and liberty. T Average p. 455 Factual 1 The Battle of Shiloh began with the Union on the attack. F Average p. 465 Analytical 1 The 1860 Democratic platform endorsed popular sovereignty. T Average p. 442 Factual 1 Constitutional Union Party presidential candidate John Bell had no chance of winning the election of 1860. T Least Difficult p. 443 Factual 1 The South's voluntary embargo of cotton exports suggested to British and French diplomats that the Union blockade was at least partly effective. T Least Difficult p. 460 Analytical 1 Southerners considered the Republican pledge not to interfere with slavery in the states meaningless. T Average p. 443 Factual 1 Although Stephen Douglas came in second in the popular vote in 1860, he carried only one state. T Average p. 445 Analytical 1 Abraham Lincoln was president when the first state seceded. F Average p. 446 Factual 1 The crisis at Fort Sumter began while Abraham Lincoln was president. F Most Difficult p. 449 Factual 1 The Confederacy reaped great profits from the sale of the 1861 cotton crop. F Most Difficult p. 460 Analytical 1 Over the course of the Civil War, a larger proportion of the North's male population of military age served in the military than did in the South. F Most Difficult p. 453 Analytical 1 Had the Confederacy lost the war in the spring of 1862, the South might have returned to the Union with slavery intact. T Most Difficult p. 472 Analytical 1 Democratic Party rules in effect gave Southerners veto power over the selection of the party's presidential nominee. T Most Difficult p. 442 Factual 1 Southern Democrats embraced Stephen A. Douglas as a possible presidential nominee in 1860. F Most Difficult p. 442 Analytical 1 Stephen A. Douglas supported a federal slave code for the territories. F Average p. 442 Analytical 1 The 1860 Republican platform was designed to appeal to many groups in the North. T Average p. 443 Analytical 1 The Republican platform in 1860 proved especially attractive to young people. T Average p. 443 Analytical 1 Southern moderates were convinced that secession was not inevitable if Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. F Most Difficult p. 445 Analytical 1 European monarchists and conservatives were distressed at the idea of Southern secession leading to the breakup of the United States. F Least Difficult p. 460-461 Analytical 1 All Republicans insisted that slavery be kept out of all future territories, even if doing so destroyed the Union. F Most Difficult p. 443 Analytical 1 The Crittenden Compromise never had a chance of winning congressional passage. F Average p. 447 Analytical 1 Lincoln instituted a Union blockade of Confederate ports three months after the surrender of Fort Sumter. F Most Difficult p. 459 Analytical 1 Seceded states did not seize federal property within their borders. F Least Difficult p. 449 Factual 1 Lincoln's cabinet advised him not to withdraw the federal troops from Fort Sumter. F Average p. 450 Factual 1 The siege at Fort Sumter lasted for ten days. F Least Difficult p. 450 Factual 1 Lincoln's initial call for military volunteers yielded only half the number of recruits he had requested. F Average p. 450 Factual 1 The vice president of the Confederacy was ____________________. Alexander Stephens Most Difficult p. 448 Factual 1 0 The first state to secede from the union was ____________________. South Carolina Average p. 446 Factual 1 0 The young, heralded commander-in-chief of the Army of the Potomac in 1861 was ____________________. George B. McClellan Average p. 463 Factual 1 0 The victorious forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run were ____________________. Confederates Average p. 471 Factual 1 0 The government measure that modernized the American monetary system was the ____________________. National Banking Act Most Difficult p. 458 Analytical 1 0 A total of ____________________ states passed secession ordinances and joined the Confederate States of America. eleven 11 Most Difficult p. 450 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ was a series of five proposed constitutional amendments that would have protected slavery in the states and in the territories south of 36°30'. Crittenden Compromise Average p. 447 Factual 1 0 The slave states that sided with the Union in the Civil War were called the ____________________. border states Least Difficult p. 451 Factual 1 0 As 1860 began, the ____________________ Party was one of the few national institutions left in the United States. Democratic Average p. 441 Factual 1 0 William L. Yancey and Edmund Ruffin founded the ____________________ . League of United Southerners Most Difficult p. 443 Factual 1 0 As the election of 1860 approached, the Republicans' leading presidential prospect was ____________________. William H. Seward Average p. 443 Factual 1 0 The only state that Stephen Douglas carried in 1860 was ____________________. Missouri Most Difficult p. 445 Factual 1 0 ____________________ refused Southern requests to withdraw federal troops from Fort Sumter. James Buchanan Most Difficult p. 449 Factual 1 0 The most lethal weapon of Civil War battles was the ____________________. infantry rifle Average p. 456 Factual 1 0 General-in-Chief of the United States Army Winfield Scott was from ____________________. Virginia Most Difficult p. 462 Factual 1 0 Not until the ____________________ of 1861 would the Union have a larger army than the Confederacy. summer Most Difficult p. 455 Factual 1 0 Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname at the Battle of ____________________. Bull Run Manassas Average p. 463 Factual 1 0 ____________________ captured New Orleans for the Union in April 1862. David G. Farragut Average p. 465 Factual 1 0 Most whites in the South voted for ____________________ in 1860. John C. Breckinridge Average p. 445 Factual 1 0 Major ____________________ commanded the federal garrison at Fort Sumter. Robert Anderson Average p. 449 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the highest-ranking general on either side to be killed during the Civil War. Albert Sidney Johnston Most Difficult p. 465 Factual 1 0 The appointment of ____________________ as commander of what came to be called the Army of Northern Virginia marked a turning point in the Shenandoah campaign. Robert E. Lee Most Difficult p. 468 Analytical 1 0 In the election of 1860, John Bell was nominated by the ____________________ Party. Constitutional Union Average p. 443 Factual 1 0 The conflict at Fort Sumter resulted in victory for the ____________________. Confederacy Average p. 450 Factual 1 0 During the Civil War, the Confederate forces that pushed into New Mexico were made up primarily of men from ____________________. Texas Most Difficult p. 453 Factual 1 0 A new kind of tax authorized by the U.S. Congress during the Civil War was the ____________________ tax. income Most Difficult p. 458 Factual 1 0 The U.S. Secretary of State during the Civil War was ____________________. William Seward Most Difficult p. 449 Factual 1 0 The Union Commander who prevailed at the Battle of Shiloh was ____________________. U. S. Grant Average p. 466 Factual 1 0 The President when the southern states began seceding was ____________________. James Buchanan Average p. 446 Factual 1 0 John J. Crittenden, the man who led the compromise efforts before the Civil War, came from the state of ____________________. Kentucky Most Difficult p. 447 Factual 1 0 Jefferson Davis: moderate secessionist from Mississippi. West Point graduate. Officer in U.S. Army in the Mexican War. Secretary of war for President Franklin Pierce. President of the Confederacy. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 National Banking Act: part of the Republican economic program, rationalized and modernized the American monetary system by issuing stable currency and controlling inflationary state banks. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 George B. McClellan: Union commander, superb organizer and trainer of Army of the Potomac. Reluctant to take risks in the field. Replaced in the fall of 1862 because of his caution and inaction. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 border states: originally four in number. Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland, and Missouri were joined in 1863 by the new state of West Virginia. These states remained loyal to the Union but allowed slavery and were sharply divided at the outbreak of the war. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Crittenden Compromise: compromise proposal put forward by Senator John Crittenden to resolve the secession crisis. Proposed amendments guaranteed that the federal government would not interfere with slavery in the states and protected slavery in the territories south of 36°30'. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Battle of Glorieta Pass: took place in March 1862 in New Mexico. Confederates from Texas invaded New Mexico but were stopped by Colorado miners who marched through the Rockies to save the region. The battle was inconclusive, but the Confederates lost their supplies and had to abandon New Mexico. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 King Cotton diplomacy: Confederate foreign policy based on idea that Britain and other European nations needed Southern cotton so badly that they would intervene to keep Southern ports open. Poor planning and bad judgment doomed it to failure. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Anaconda Plan: Union General Winfield Scott's strategy for defeating the South by blockading the Southern ports and taking control of the Mississippi River. Named after the South American snake that encircles its prey and squeezes it to death. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Trent Affair: diplomatic tussle in the fall of 1861. Occurred when two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell, were forcibly removed from a British mail steamer, arrested, and taken to Boston. The incident sparked outrage in England and demands for an apology and the release of Mason and Slidell. Although calls for war were heard on both sides of the Atlantic, calm was restored when the Lincoln administration distanced itself from the seizures and released the two Confederates. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Robert E. Lee: Confederate commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who brilliantly defended Richmond and won the loyalty of his men. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Examine the election of 1860. What were the issues that divided the two parties? How were these issues resolved? The major issue was slavery. The Republican Party adopted a platform demanding exclusion of slavery from the territories. The Democratic Party was split: the southern wing demanded a federal slave code for the territories; the northern and western wings rejected this and endorsed popular sovereignty. The party broke up and two different Democratic candidates came forward: Stephen Douglas (representing the North and West) and John C. Breckinridge (representing the South). The election turned into a four-way race. Besides the two Democrats, the Republicans endorsed Abraham Lincoln (considered a moderate on race issues), and John Bell, who ran for the Constitutional Union Party (a coalition of former Whigs who found the Republicans too radical). Lincoln won the election with less than 40 percent of the popular vote but a landslide in the electoral college. His election, of course, led directly to the secession of seven southern states. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the diplomatic efforts of both the Confederacy and the Union to enlist foreign support. Which side was more successful? Both North and South felt they needed strong foreign support if their cause was to be successful. The Union simply wanted Great Britain and France to refuse diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy, and also to refuse military aid and loans to them. Very important here was the role played by Minister to Great Britain Charles F. Adams. Adams was particularly important during the Trent Affair, when relations between the United States and Great Britain reached their lowest point since the War of 1812. The Confederacy was less successful in foreign affairs. It needed the support of England (money and material), and attempted to force the issue through "King Cotton diplomacy," hoping to deprive Britain of cotton and force it to aid the Confederate cause, a policy that failed. The Union was more successful, particularly after the Emancipation Proclamation, which appealed to humanitarian sentiments in western Europe. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the various attempts on the part of the Union and the Confederacy to finance their war efforts. The Union and the Confederacy used similar measures to finance their military efforts, but in varying degrees and with different results. The North had a far more powerful and diverse economy, enabling that region to muster greater financial strength. Both used some combination of war bonds (loans), taxation, and paper money. Paper money, the most dangerous because of its inflationary potential, was the primary method employed by the Confederacy (financing 60 percent of its war effort), mainly because it had no choice. This led to a 9,000 percent inflation rate and fiscal chaos. Confederate attempts to finance the war were utter failures. The Union, on the other hand, raised most of its revenue by selling war bonds (66 percent of its finances were raised this way). Taxation and paper money were used in far smaller measures and, as a result, inflation over the war years was "only" 80 percent. In addition, the Union passed the National Banking Act, which helped to rationalize and modernize the American monetary system. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Naval strategies formed an integral part of the early war effort. Describe the goals and strategies of the North and then discuss the Southern response. The major naval strategy of the North was to blockade Southern ports and prevent the export of cotton in return for military supplies as well as prevent the import of other goods. The task was daunting: The Southern coastline covered over 3,500 miles. In 1861, nine of ten vessels carrying Southern exports or foreign imports eluded capture. By 1862, however, the blockade was fairly successful, helping the North to squeeze the Southern economy further, causing shortages and runaway price growth. The South's response to the blockade was limited by several factors (specifically money and ships necessary to run the blockade). The South, however, was able to purchase two vessels from England, (the Alabama being the most feared by the North). These raiding ships inflicted severe damage on Union merchant vessels. But this was ineffectual in lifting the blockade, a factor in the slow destruction of the Confederacy. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the establishment of the Confederacy in 1860. Compare and contrast the new government with that of the Union. At first, the Confederacy consisted of seven Southern states that seceded from the Union following Lincoln's election. The constitution of the new government was a virtual copy of the original U.S. Constitution except for several important distinctions. First, it contained clauses that guaranteed slavery in the territories and in the states. Second, it championed and reaffirmed the idea of states' rights. Third, it prohibited the government from implementing a protective tariff. The presidency was extended to six years, but was limited to a single term. The new government attempted to appeal to moderate influences by electing moderate secessionists, like Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens, to its highest offices. One of the primary problems the new government faced was apparent immediately: the tension between some sort of central control and state sovereignty. Ultimately, this was one of the Confederacy's overwhelming flaws. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the Crittenden Compromise. Why was it rejected by the Republicans? In December 1860, Senator John J. Crittenden proposed a series of compromises that he hoped would halt the secessionist movement. The Crittenden Compromise included amendments protecting slavery in the states, forbidding the prohibition of slavery on federal property, eliminating federal authority over the interstate slave trade, paying slaveowners for their runaway slaves, and protecting slavery in the territories south of the old Missouri Compromise line. The last of the proposals would permit southern slave culture to expand southward into Central America and the Caribbean. Many Republicans considered the compromise an acceptable means of preserving the union. But Lincoln--who had been elected on a free-soil platform--sent word to Republican congressmen to reject any compromise on the extension of slavery into the territories. The compromise therefore failed to pass Congress. In February 1861, a peace convention held in Washington drew up proposals similar to the Crittenden Compromise, but they were also rejected by Congress. The time for compromise had passed. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the first battle of the ironclads and assess its significance. The Union navy was mostly superior to the Confederate, but the Southerners challenged the North in innovation and experimentation. Confederates were pioneers in the effective use of metal-plated ships. The first ironclad was the C.S.S. Virginia, usually referred to as the Merrimac. It was a badly damaged Union vessel that was salvaged, covered with armor, and renamed. The Confederates hoped the Merrimac/Virginia would break open the Northern blockade at Hampton Roads. On the first two days of battle, the ironclad sank two Union ships and ran several aground. The armor plating was impervious to Union shot and shell. The North soon had an ironclad of its own, the U.S.S. Union vessel had a revolving turret and was in better condition than its Confederate counterpart. The Virginia and the Monitor met in a lengthy battle that ended in a draw. Both sides continued building ironclads, thus ushering in a new period of naval technology. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the secession crisis and the various attempts at compromise to avert the dissolution of the Union. Do you believe that secession could have been avoided in 1860? Why or why not? Essay should address several key points: A. Slavery and the territories 1. Role of federal government in legislating slavery 2. Sectional debate on slavery in territories B. Election of 1860 1. Republican platform and territorial slavery 2. Southern fear of Republican victory C. Secession crisis 1. Role of South Carolina 2. Political theory of secession (John C. Calhoun) 3. North's unfavorable view of secession D. Attempts to avert crisis 1. Crittenden Compromise 2. Washington Peace Convention E. Fort Sumter 1. Buchanan and compromise 2. Lincoln and resupplying 3. Confederate attack
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Compare Northern and Southern advantages and disadvantages at the beginning of the Civil War. Essay should address several key points: A. Northern advantages 1. Industrial strength 2. Transportation capabilities a. Twice as many railroad miles b. Economic and military consequences 3. Population advantage a. Three times as many soldiers b. Larger pool of potential workers 4. Financial power B. Northern disadvantages 1. Large-scale offensive war 2. Vague motivation 3. Divisions within North C. Southern advantages 1. Defensive military strategy a. Fighting to protect home b. Home front conditions 2. Patriotic motivation a. Clear cause and purpose b. Sense of nationhood 3. Superior military commanders D. Southern disadvantages 1. Limited industrial capabilities 2. Small number of troop reinforcements 3. Problems in financing war effort
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Explore the early campaigns and strategies of 1861 and 1862. What were the goals of both the Union and the Confederacy? Could the war have ended at this early point? Essay should address several key points: A. Southern military goals 1. Defensive strategy 2. Wear Union down 3. Occasional forays into Northern territory B. Northern goals 1. Early end to the war 2. Capture Richmond 3. Defeat Southern armies in the field C. Early campaigns 1. Southern victory at Bull Run a. Northern disbelief b. Reassessment of war strategy 2. McClellan and command of Union forces a. Superb training of Union troops b. McClellan's reluctance to deploy army 3. Grant and western theaters a. Control of Tennessee b. Shiloh 4. Robert E. Lee and Army of Northern Virginia
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1