In the video, communist leaders accused Diem of being a brutal tyrant who killed revolutionary leaders in the South, but thousands of innocent people were arrested, and many -- possibly between three and 15,000 -- were executed by Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnamese communists during the peasant land redistribution program begun after the Geneva Conference of 1954. TRUE The National Liberation Front was a A. coalition of southern forces opposed to the Diem regime B. labeled "the Vietcong" by Diem C. succeeded in understanding the Vietnamese farmer better than the Americans or South Vietnamese government D. all of these answers E. none of these answers The Vietcong used fear and insecurity to control the Vietnamese peasant population. According to the video, they would seize the hamlet chief and then they would cut his head off or shoot him in front of the villagers. They mined the roads so government civil servants, teachers, and agricultural advisors would not venture into the countryside. But video evidence also showed South Vietnamese government officials resorting to fear with the torturing of suspected Vietcong members by electrical shocks and hanging. TRUE According to the North Vietnamese leadership, Everett Alvarez was the first American pilot taken prisoner in Vietnam. He remained a POW in captivity for 9 years. TRUE It is clear from the personal accounts in video footage that mistakes were made by U.S. forces in determining who was an actual Vietcong guerrilla and who were innocent villagers. TRUE The denials by the North Vietnamese leadership that their army was fighting in the South were false. But at least they were abiding by the requirements set for in the Geneva Accords of 1954. FALSE As testimony to the power of the Vietcong, American warplanes faced more resistence when they were bombing targets in North Vietnam than when they bombed targets in South Vietnam. FALSE It is clear from the historical evidence that Operation Rolling Thunder was, in the end, a failure, and that the flow of supplies from North to South along the Ho Chi Minh Trail was never halted or seriously reduced. TRUE It is clear from the evidence presented in the videos that all religious-minded people and academics opposed U.S. involvement in the ware in Vietnam from the start. FALSE When it became clear that members of Congress opposed President Johnson's handling of military matters in Vietnam in 1967, Congress stopped allocating money for the war and actually helped to reduce troop levels. FALSE Most of the televised opposition to the war in Vietnam came to a peak at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, were police battled with demonstrators and Hubert Humphrey was nominated as the Democratic candidate to oppose Republican Richard Nixon. TRUE Richard Nixon accused the Democrats in 1968 of causing all of the following during the last four years, EXCEPT: A. The longest war that America's ever had in its history B. The worst crime wave we've ever had in our history C. The highest taxes we've ever had in our history D. The highest raise in the cost of living that we've had in a generation E. The highest level of respect for the United States of America in our history. ANSWER: E North Vietnam's Premier Pham Van Dong sent a message of friendship to the organizers of a demonstration by the Moratorium, an anti-war demonstration in 1969. Regardless of their intention, American demonstrators were giving comfort and/or encouragement to the communist enemy in Vietnam. At the very least, there was clear evidence that Hanoi was diligently reading U.S. public opinion and demonstrations. TRUE In 1969, which Washington official took the lead in attacking the media, both newspapers and television, in the United States. He claimed that a credibility gap existed when it came to what the majority of Americans wanted and supported and what someone would see if he relied on television for his news. A. Richard Nixon B. Hubert Humphey C. Spiro Agnew D. Robert Kennedy E. Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1968, Tet was the first major offensive of the Vietnam War where American soldiers played a significant role in the ground war. FALSE Which of the following did NOT play a significant role in creating the "credibility gap" between governmental promises and military outcomes, which existed in Vietnam especially after Tet? A. President Lyndon Johnson B. General William Westmoreland C. Gen Earle Wheeler, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff D. Sec. of Defense Robert McNamara E. Sec. of Defense Clark Clifford At the conclusion of the battle for Hue, following the Tet offensive, bodies of South Vietnamese citizens who had been imprisoned and executed by the communists were discovered in mass graves. Bodies of officials, army officers, priests, and students were found with smashed skulls and arms tied. Others, it was determined, had been buried alive. TRUE According to the video, as a military operation, the Tet offensive had succeeded. The southern Vietcong guerrilla forces were killed or captured in large numbers. After 1968, the war was increasingly fought by North Vietnamese as a conventional conflict. The political goal of forcing President Thieu of South Vietnam to accept a coalition government was also successful. FALSE Which one of the following was not a president or candidate for the presidency of the Democratic Party in 1968? A. Richard Nixon B. Lyndon Johnson C. Robert Kennedy D. Eugene McCarthy E. Hubert Humphrey ANSWER: A More bombs were dropped on North Vietnamese targets than on South Vietnamese targets by the United States during the entire war. FALSE Richard Nixon reduced the number of American troops in Vietnam during his presidency. This also greatly reduced the number of U.S. soldier deaths, by more than half in 1970 alone. TRUE Even if Vietnam, racial problems between white and black soldiers occurred on a regular basis. TRUE Which of the following is NOT associated with being or revealing communists/Vietcong in South Vietnam? A. National Liberation Front (NLF) B. NVA C. pacification D. Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) E. Phoenix Program ANSWER: B The battle that most clearly represented that Vietnamization had replaced Americanization in Vietnam was: A. Hue B. Khesanh C. Tet D. Quangtri E. Saigon ANSWER: D According to one interviewee, the U.S. did destroy a good number of NVA supplies in Cambodia. Therefore, in that very narrow sense, that the operation was probably a success. But of course one must weigh that versus what happened later in Cambodia and what the impact was politically at home in the U.S and places like Kent State. Taking that into consideration, and regardless of President Richard Nixon's claims to the contrary, the expansion of the war into Cambodia was probably, on balance, a failure. TRUE The Nixon Doctrine in Cambodia and how it was violated in Vietnam. The extent of Nixon's secret bombing was not uncovered by Congress until July 1973, four years after it had started. Nixon had waged war in Cambodia without Congressional approval. It prompted angry Congressional reaction and led to the first call for Nixon's impeachment. TRUE America was trying to stop North Vietnam from sending soldiers and supplies to the South, trying to force the Communist leaders in Hanoi to give up their long-held goal of a unified Vietnam. By early 1968, America had dropped almost three million tons of bombs on Vietnam -- twice the tonnage dropped on Germany and Japan in World War II. TRUE In Vietnam, during the first six months of 1969, an average of more than 800 Americans were wounded each week. Each week more than 200 Americans were killed. Each week more than 450 of their South Vietnamese allies died alongside them. Each day more than 500 North Vietnamese and Vietcong were counted dead. These statistics prove beyond any doubt, that the current American experience in Iraq today is much worse and more costly than it was in Vietnam in 1969. FALSE Concerning the North Vietnamese view of the war protests in the United States, ALL of the following points were raised in the video, EXCEPT: A. If 200 people marched on Washington, they said it was 200,000. B. Every protest and anti-war speech discouraged the Vietcong C. Every protest and anti-war speech prolonged the war D. Every protest and anti-war speech worsened the condition of American soldiers and POW's. E. Every protest and anti-war speech cost the lives of more Americans on the battlefield. ANSWER: B According to the United States government, what was the important political breakthrough in the Paris Peace talks in 1972? A. The North Vietnamese dropped their demand for the dissolution of the Thieu government in South Vietnam. B. The decision by Nixon to mine Haiphong Harbor and begin bombing after the Easter Offensive. C. the North Vietnamese offensive that had taken all of the Quangtri Province, forcing refugees and the South Vietnamese Army to flee. D. Nixon's historic meeting with Mao Zedong in China. E. Talks between the United States and the Soviet Union led to the signing of a strategic arms control treaty. ANSWER: A The 11-day Christmas bombings were compared to the atomic blast on Hiroshima in World War II. And the tonnage of bombs dropped on the Hanoi-Haiphong area was actually greater. But since the targets were more dispersed and the deaths were far fewer, totaling 1,318 in Hanoi, comparing these two bombing events inflicted by the United States is not a historically accurate or meaningful exercise. TRUE