The “American system” of economics is primarily concerned with which of the following concepts? A. The use of private funds for public projects. B. The use of state funds for internal improvements. C. The use of federal funds for internal improvements. D. The use of private funds for internal improvements. ANSWER: C Which of the following contributed to the development of a robust market economy in early 19th century America? A. production of surplus goods B. loss of internal trade opportunities C. a decrease in the cost of the transportation of goods D. the diminished supply of foreign goods ANSWER: A A free market economy relies heavily on which of the following to succeed? A. availability of gold and silver B. competition C. the lack of competition D. cash-only transactions ANSWER: B The newly burgeoning American market economy depended on many factors including A. an explosion of new patents. B. purchase of trade secrets from England. C. the use of proprietary parts to discourage competition. D. the ability to purchase technology from Great Britain. ANSWER: A Eli Whitney revolutionized the manufacturing of muskets through the use of A. advertising B. advanced metals C. wooden gun handles D. interchangeable parts ANSWER: D What was one of the first American industries to benefit from the technological advancements made by the British? A. the dairy industry B. textiles C. farming D. transportation ANSWER: B How were Americans hindered in their ability to obtain new trade ideas? A. Patents hindered competition. B. The British were forbidden from exporting trade secrets. C. American inventors lacked the investment capital needed to encourage development. D. American laws did not favor new businesses. ANSWER: B Besides his expertise in machinery, what else did Samuel Slater contribute to American manufacturing? A. legal knowledge of patent law B. a vast foreign trading network C. labor management system of organization D. access to investors ANSWER: C What was “revolutionary” about the use of water in the manufacturing process in the early 19th century? A. Water had never been used as a power source. B. Water was used more aggressively as a way to increase the power of machinery. C. Waterways as a means of transporting goods were expanded. D. Water was necessary to encourage settlement and provide a labor force. ANSWER: B The most significant use of technology occurred in the ____________ industry. A. sewing B. cotton C. tractor D. steamboat ANSWER: D Which section of the U.S. had the best sources of available water power? A. Southeast B. Southwest C. Northeast D. Northwest ANSWER: C What year was the first commercial steamboat launched? A. 1800 B. 1807 C. 1815 D. 1826 ANSWER: B What made canals a popular transportation alternative? A. They were cheap to build. B. They required little manpower C. American engineers were well-educated in canal building. D. They connected inland waterways to larger transportation systems. ANSWER: D As the leading advocate for publicly funded transportation systems, U.S. Senator _________ was often opposed by those concerned that the federal government would acquire too much power. A. John Adams B. Henry Clay C. John Calhoun D. Albert Gallatin ANSWER: B Why did President Madison veto the “Bonus Bill”? A. He believed it was unconstitutional. B. It gave too much power to the states. C. He did not approve of bonuses for veterans. D. He did not favor federal assistance to farmers. ANSWER: A The first successful steamboat was known as the A. Memphis Belle B. Savannah C. Mississippi Belle D. Clermont ANSWER: D What state is credited with laying the first miles of railroad tracks? A. New York B. New Jersey C. Maryland D. Pennsylvania ANSWER: C What happened to the everyday lives of workers when they went from independent employment to wage earners? A. Familial relationships remained constant. B. Slaves were not affected because they were considered commodities. C. Power relationships changed. D. Wage earners had more autonomy. ANSWER: C How did the factory system change the production of goods? A. It required the widespread use of machinery. B. Factories needed a highly educated workforce. C. It relied heavily on the concept of ownership and labor organization. D. Workers became more personally involved in production decisions. ANSWER: C How did Samuel Slater contribute to the new system of mechanization? A. He employed only women in his factory. B. He adopted a purely Americanized system of labor management. C. He kept his operations localized to avoid transportation costs. D. He revolutionized the mechanization of cotton mills. ANSWER: D How did American mill workers compare to their British counterparts? A. British factory workers were paid more money. B. British workers were healthier. C. Both American and British mill workers often faced unsafe factory conditions. D. There was little resistance from eihter groups of workers regarding factory conditions. ANSWER: C What was the role of slaves in the new market economy? A. They were classified solely as wage earners. B. Most southerners thought of slaves only as commodities. C. They were both wage earners and commodities. D. The internal slave trade was a very small portion of the southern economy. ANSWER: C Although housing in the U.S. was increasingly segregated by class, one place where social integration occurred was A. in factories. B. on city streets. C. in churches. D. in government. ANSWER: B How did political life change during the growth of the market economy? A. Politics fell under the control of the elites. B. Most people chose not to be involved in the political process. C. Political life became more democratic. D. Fewer people had the ability to influence politics. ANSWER: C What was one of the reasons male suffrage increased after the War of 1812? A. There was more money available, so more men were property holders. B. The Federalist Party died out. C. The rise of a capitalistic economy created a wealthy middle class who were eager to make their mark in politics. D. Americans became more patriotic following the War of 1812. ANSWER: B After 1819, every state admitted to the union except __________ barred all free black men from voting. A. New Hampshire B. New York C. Maine D. Massachusetts ANSWER: C What made the U.S. unique among the countries that had undergone similar democratic revolutions? A. Most other revolutionized countries allowed all citizens the right to vote. B. Property requirements were not a condition of voting privilege in other revolutionized countries. C. More U.S. men could vote compared to other countries. D. In the U.S., freed black women were allowed to vote. ANSWER: C How was the colonization of Texas different from other colonization efforts in North America? A. Texas was run by American citizens with the permission of the Mexican government. B. American colonization of Texas eventually led to peaceful statehood. C. After agreeing to colonization, Mexicans attempted to keep settlers out of the region. D. The American agents who headed the private colonies became puppets of the Mexican government. ANSWER: A How did the expansion of the market economy change Americans’ worldview? A. Americans became self-sufficient. B. Internal markets provided the major incentive for technical advancements. C. Americans became more isolated because there was no need to expand their foreigh trade network. D. Americans were forced to acknowledge their position in a global economy. ANSWER: D Why did whaling become such a lucrative business for America? A. No other countries engaged significantly in the whaling business, so competition was minimal. B. It provided employment opportunities for the large number of experienced American sailors. C. It was safer than working in factories. D. Whaling provided raw materials for a variety of industries. ANSWER: D In order to participate in the new market economy of the 19th century, which of the following was the most important? A. Cities needed internal networks and external access to markets. B. Location on a seaport was imperative. C. Producers needed cash capital. D. A country had to be at peace. ANSWER: A How did an increase in foreign trade affect the rural production of goods? A. Families could specialize in a particular product. B. Rural production ceased. C. Rural industries produced a greater variety of goods. D. People continued to stay in rural areas. ANSWER: A One of the factors pushing the American economy toward capitalism was A. the lack of foreign markets. B. the lack of private capital. C. the lack of competition. D. the intensified movement of people and goods. ANSWER: D Congress authorized funding for the Cumberland Road in A. 1796 B. 1806 C. 1816 D. 1826 ANSWER: B Competition for which of the following increased as manufacturing became more important to Americans? A. land near a water source B. farm land C. European goods D. indentured servants ANSWER: A Who was responsible for implementing significant technological improvements in the cotton industry? A. Eli Whitney B. Oliver Evans C. Cyrus McCormick D. Richard Arkwright ANSWER: A Why was federal funding for roads such a controversial topic? A. It was too expensive. B. Roads were difficult and expensive to maintain. C. The roads would be used by a small portion of the population. D. Some people believed it was unconstitutional. ANSWER: D Which of the following was the first major U.S. canal project? A. Buffalo Canal B. Erie Canal C. Welland Canal D. Hudson Canal ANSWER: B Improvements in transportation pushed Congress to A. create the U.S. Postal system. B. fund the National Road. C. make laws favoring Indian relocation. D. meet more frequently. ANSWER: A Which of the following is a correct statement about economic developments in this period? A. The change to a market economy went smoothly in the U.S. B. Congress did not support any bills that favored capitalism. C. Changes in the economy basically had the same affect on all Americans. D. Wage earning became a dominant factor in the new economy. ANSWER: D The first mechanized cotton mill was established in A. 1790. B. 1800. C. 1810. D. 1820. ANSWER: A Why were women successful employees in the mills? A. They more readily accepted the hierarchy of command. B. They did not complain about hard work. C. They had no other opportunities in the workforce. D. They used skills developed at home. ANSWER: D Which of the following describes the life of a Lowell “mill girl”? A. The work was hard but most were paid a fair wage. B. The company respected women’s right to live independently. C. Most women continued to work after they were married. D. Companies had little interest in the personal lives of their workforce. ANSWER: A How was social class affected as more Americans became wage earners? A. Social class was determined solely by wage income. B. Wage earners identified more with workers in their same trade. C. Wage earners identified more with workers across various trades and industries. D. The gap between the rich and poor closed up as more and more people earned a consistent wage. ANSWER: C Which group of workers were the first to organize a labor protest? A. Mill workers B. Shoemakers C. Agricultural workers D. Shipbuilders ANSWER: B Which of the following cities had the largest population in 1830? A. New York B. Philadelphia C. Chicago D. Baltimore ANSWER: A At the turn of the 19th century, politicians were expected to A. campaign vigorously for office by traveling around the state or country seeking votes. B. pretend a “disinterest” in the office they were seeking. C. campaign through newspapers and pamphlets. D. offer bribes to voters. ANSWER: B How did state voting requirements change after 1815? A. New states did not require voters to own property. B. Most states required voters to practice the religion of their state. C. The restrictions on voters increased. D. Voting was left to the elite members of society. ANSWER: A How was the President determined in the 1824 election? A. by popular vote B. by electoral vote C. elected by the House of Representatives D. elected by the Senate ANSWER: C Why did Calhoun disagree with Adams on the issue of tariffs? A. He considered them an obstacle to northern manufacturing interests. B. High tariffs would hinder trade opportunities for South Carolina. C. He was concerned that high tariffs would promote corruption in the new market economy. D. Supporting the tariff issue would make him unpopular in the industrial states. ANSWER: B Which of the following men was instrumental in changing the way presidential campaigns were conducted? A. John Quincy Adams B. John C. Calhoun C. Martin Van Buren D. Roger B. Taney ANSWER: C What made the election of 1828 different from previous presidential elections? A. It was the first time aggressive campaigning was utilized. B. Jackson and Adams tied the electoral vote. C. Jackson won by a landslide. D. The winner was not from the ranks of the wealthy. ANSWER: A After his election, Jackson celebrated his victory by A. taking a tour of the western territories. B. opening the White House “to the people” for his inauguration. C. granting a tax refund to every American citizen. D. granting land rights to American Indians. ANSWER: B As President, Jackson suggested that A. democracy be limited because the ordinary person was not educated enough to participate in the political process. B. office holding should stay in the hands of the experienced and that loyalty did not matter. C. Congress should use its power to authorize actions that benefitted the majority of Americans. D. his veto power would not be used excessively. ANSWER: C What was the ultimate outcome of Jackson’s fight against the Second Bank of the U.S.? A. Eventually the Bank was re-chartered over Jackson’s objections. B. It was never re-chartered and it died after 1836. C. It was re-chartered for only 10 years. D. The Bank was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. ANSWER: B How did Mexicans react to the issue of slavery in Texas? A. They realized slaves were necessary to meet agricultural demands. B. They relied on the slave trade as a lucrative source of income. C. Most Mexicans owned at least five slaves. D. Slavery was outlawed in 1830. ANSWER: D When did Mexico gain independence from Spain? A. 1815 B. 1821 C. 1830 D. 1843 ANSWER: B How did Jackson make travel between the U.S. and Mexico safer for traders? A. He removed the Indians from the area. B. He supplied traders with weapons for defense. C. He legalized the use of force. D. U.S. infantry troops were employed as escorts. ANSWER: D Who did Jackson appoint as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court following the death of John Marshall? A. Henry Clay B. John Calhoun C. Joseph Story D. Roger Taney ANSWER: D What was the significance of the 1837 Supreme Court decision Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge? A. The decision supported Jackson’s views of federal control over states. B. It placed interstate commerce decisions in the hands of state legislatures. C. It curtailed the power of the courts in legislative matters. D. It curtailed competition between businesses. ANSWER: C Which of the following has the greatest effect on a market economy? A. weather B. politics C. labor force D. supply and demand ANSWER: D The term “corrupt bargain” refers to A. a perceived deal between Clay and Adams regarding the presidential election of 1824. B. an agreement between businessmen and government to fix prices. C. an agreement that certain members of Congress would support presidential tecisions in return for election support. D. The agreement made among southern congressman to block all abolitionist legislation. ANSWER: A Which of the following industries benefitted substantially from water power? A. Agriculture B. Livestock C. Mills D. Cotton plantations ANSWER: C In what year did the first U.S. labor protest occur? A. 1806 B. 1815 C. 1825 D. 1840 ANSWER: A What did industrial cities need for the best chance of survival? A. They had to be located on a seaport. B. They needed proximity to moving water. C. They needed a technical population. D. They needed an agricultural based society to feed a potential labor force. ANSWER: B Which of the following best describes the “American System”? A. A series of laws promoting good citizenship B. A series of laws promoting only transportation advancements C. A series of laws encouraging domestic economic development D. A series of laws encouraging foreign economic development ANSWER: C What did the factory system under Slater have in common with that of Lowell? A. Both systems embraced the British model of labor organization. B. The companies of both men were heavily capitalized. C. Both companies relied primarily on women for their workforce. D. Neither company paid a fair wage. ANSWER: C What made the presidential election of 1824 unique? A. All the candidates were from the same party and had the same political outlook. B. All the candidates were from the same party but had different political outlooks. C. All the candidates were from the original 13 colonies. D. The winner was decided by electoral votes. ANSWER: B Jackson’s policy of anti-elitism led him to veto internal projects such as the _____________ because it would only benefit the citizens of one state. A. Maysville Road B. Cumberland Road C. Second Bank of the U.S. D. Erie Canal ANSWER: A What two bodies of water were connected by the Erie Canal? A. Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico B. Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River C. Lake Erie and Hudson River D. Hudson River and Atlantic Ocean ANSWER: C The ___________ occurred as a result of American’s desire for farm land and mining opportunities in Illinois. A. statehood of Illinois B. peace treaty with the Winnebago C. Black Hawk War D. Industrial Revolution ANSWER: C By the 1830s America’s market economy A. was on the verge of an Industrial Revolution. B. was on par with European economy. C. took a temporary downward trend. D. was showing signs of financial weakness. ANSWER: A What was Jackson’s relationship with the Supreme Court under Marshall? A. He respected the Court’s decisions because the Court supported federal control of commerce. B. He considered it an elitist organization. C. He agreed with most of the Court’s decisions because they favored the common people. D. He encouraged the Court to consider allowing states to print their own money. ANSWER: B One opponent of the “American system” was A. James Madison B. Henry Clay C. John Calhoun D. James Monroe ANSWER: A How did steam power change the manufacturing environment? A. It purified drinking water. B. Manufacturing no longer had to be near a water source. C. It kept manufacturing out of the southern states. D. It hindered the development of diesel engines. ANSWER: B Who was initially responsible for patenting a high-pressure steam engine? A. Robert Fulton B. John Fitch C. Oliver Evans D. Cyrus McCormick ANSWER: C Why was Jackson adamant in his rejection of a Second Bank of the U.S.? A. It only benefitted small farmers. B. It diminished the value of gold and silver, thus reducing the profitability of western mines. C. He was concerned it would gain too much power and eventually control the government. D. Most Americans did not want the Bank so it was in his best political interest to reject it. ANSWER: C Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the financing of internal improvements? A. State governments did not want to contribute to internal improvements. B. State and federal governments both participated in contributing to internal improvements. C. The federal government believed internal improvements should be left to the states to finance. D. Both federal and state governments required private capital investments for all internal improvements. ANSWER: B “Clinton’s big ditch” refers to which of the following internal improvement projects? A. Irrigation project for the Great Plains B. Erie Canal C. The construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway Project D. The expansion of east coast water sources to encourage the development of grain mills ANSWER: B How did the Industrial Revolution in England affect American trade? A. The British imported more food products from the U.S. B. Trade decreased because the British were producing more goods for their internal consumption. C. The British no longer needed raw materials from the U.S. D. The U.S. trade with England ground to a halt. ANSWER: A