Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, because she refused to     
 pay her fare up front and re-enter the bus from the back.    
 ride on a blacks-only bus.    
 * give up her seat to a white passenger.    
 sit in the back of the bus.    
    

Why did Truman issue an executive order barring segregation in the armed  forces?    
 * He did so to attract African American voters for the 1948 election.    
 He was deeply committed to civil rights.    
 Truman was afraid that blacks would vote for Strom Thurmond.    
 Officers in the military were requesting integration.    
    

What two firsts raised the expectations of African Americans?     
 * Jackie Robinson winning Rookie of the Year and Ralph Bunche receiving the Nobel  Peace Prize   
 integration of the military and jazz music    
 anti-lynching legislation and a civil rights division in the Justice Department    
 Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. winning political office and unions accepting blacks    
    

Who sponsored the first "freedom ride"?     
 NAACP    
 SCLC    
 * CORE    
 SNCC    
    

Truman's boldest move and practical contribution to the civil rights  movement was    
 introducing legislation based on the "To Secure These Rights" report.    
 * integrating the armed services by executive order.    
 challenging the segregation laws in Washington, D.C.    
 implementing recommendations from his presidential committee on civil rights.    
    

As early as 1946, Thurgood Marshall, working through the NAACP, obtained the  Morgan v. Virginia ruling that declared that segregation was illegal on/in    
 * interstate buses.    
 federal housing projects.    
 defense industry jobs.    
 colleges.    
    

This African American Nobel Prize winner refused a government appointment  because he did not want to subject his family to humiliating segregation laws in  Washington, D.C.   
 Ralph Abernathy    
 Julian Bond    
 * Ralph Bunche    
 Paul Lawrence Dunbar    
    

A symbolic first, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in     
 the Olympics.    
 the University of Alabama Law School.    
 the Army Officer Corps.    
 * Major League Baseball.    
    

The Greensboro sit-in established the following phase in civil rights  tactics:    
 * activist phase    
 slow legal phase    
 violent resistance    
 working through the Congress and state houses    
    

Why did the new student militancy cause discord within black communities?     
 * Traditional community leaders feared losing their national patronage networks.    
 Traditional leaders felt these student leaders were juvenile delinquents.    
 Traditional leaders feared more violence.    
 Traditional leaders were worried about losing their jobs.    
    

In regard to civil rights, the most important department of the Kennedy  Administration was the    
 * Justice Department.    
 State Department.    
 Health, Education, and Welfare Department.    
 Agriculture Department.    
    

Who was the lead NAACP attorney in the Brown v. Board of Education case?     
 Earl Warren    
 Homer Plessy    
 * Thurgood Marshall    
 Bud Powell    
    

Eisenhower's reason for sending federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, was     
 to endorse desegregation to the public    
 * to uphold federal authority and enforce the law    
 to prevent violence by closing the school    
 to create an incident to showcase the Brown decision    
    

All of the following helped found the Southern Christian Leadership  Conference except:    
 Martin Luther King, Jr.    
 a militant church with both special gospel and personal salvation    
 * Bayard Rustin    
 Ralph Abernathy    
    

Why did civil rights leaders promote the March on Washington?     
 * to pressure Congress into passing JFK's civil rights bill    
 to pressure Kennedy into offering a civil rights bill    
 to pressure southern Republicans into passing the civil rights bill    
 to pressure southern police officers not to arrest African Americans    
    

Lyndon Johnson was not a strong supporter of civil rights for most of his  political life. However, upon becoming president, he changed his mind because he    
 * needed to unite the Democratic Party.    
 did not want Republicans to take the lead in civil rights.    
 feared the loss of southern votes.    
 wanted support for the war in Vietnam.    
    

The goal of the first sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, was to     
 increase black voters.    
 integrate schools.    
 * desegregate lunch counters.    
 support civil rights legislation.    
    

All of the following tested the resolve of SNCC except:     
 * prison terms in southern jails    
 Black veterans resented affluent white volunteers.    
 White volunteers had a difficult time communicating with southern blacks.    
 Sexual tensions between black males and white female volunteers.    
    

In spite of Nixon having a better voting record on civil rights, Kennedy  received this percentage of black votes in the 1960 election:    
 50%    
 * 70%    
 90%    
 99%    
    

Why did African American SNCC members become disillusioned with the  Democratic Party?    
 * They felt Johnson had betrayed the MFDP for political purposes.    
 They felt that Vice President Hubert Humphrey had betrayed them.    
 They felt that the Republican Party had infiltrated the MFDP.    
 They felt that the Democratic Party was controlled by white southerners.    
    

All of the following can be attributed to Malcolm X except:     
 * He was a devout follower of Marcus Garvey.    
 black consciousness    
 black militancy    
 promoting international links for civil rights    
    

The Voting Rights Act provided for     
 * federal supervision of registration in states and counties.    
 the registration of all white southern voters.    
 a declaration of party affiliation.    
 a literacy requirement for voting.    
    

Only a few hours after Kennedy's June, 1963, speech on civil rights, this  Mississippi NAACP leader was killed:    
 James Meredith    
 * Medgar Evers    
 John Lewis    
 John Chaney    
    

Operation Wetback     
 * rounded up legal and illegal immigrants and sent them back to Mexico.    
 increased border patrols.    
 allowed illegal immigrants to enter southern states.    
 curbed abuses against aliens and Mexican Americans.    
    

Puerto Rican families were substantially poorer than the general population  because    
 * of a substantial decline in manufacturing jobs, particularly in the garment  industry.   
 the only jobs available to them were often menial and low-paying.    
 blacks held all of the better jobs.    
 they could not speak English.    
    

Mississippi Freedom Summer was successful in     
 reaching the coalition ideal of the beloved community.    
 registering black voters with minimal violence.    
 using white volunteers to minimize violence against their cause.    
 * focusing attention on racism.    
    

One of the consequences of the termination bill was     
 * an increase in poverty and alcoholism among Indians.    
 Indian tribes gained greater independence.    
 the U.S. Supreme Court forced the federal government to pay Indian tribes for  lost land.   
 the federal government removed tribes to their own land.    
    

The National Congress of American Indians took a cue from the civil rights  movement and    
 * used the courts to gain rights.    
 assimilated into the mainstream culture.    
 separated from mainstream Americans.    
 declared that only Indians could declare termination.    
    

The new Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965     
 * abolished national origin quotas.    
 limited the number of Asians that could enter the United States.    
 enforced an alien land law.    
 allowed for confiscation of illegally held land.    
    

In the late 1940s, the Supreme Court ruled in Mendez v. Westminster that     
 * segregation of Mexican Americans was unconstitutional.    
 the separate but equal doctrine applied to Mexican Americans.    
 Mexican Americans could not be excluded from jury lists.    
 use of literacy tests for voters was illegal.    
    

How did Operation Wetback affect Mexican Americans politically?     
 It stimulated voter registration drives.    
 It led more Mexican Americans to seek office.    
 * It estranged them from politics.    
 It convinced many Mexican Americans to vote Republican.    
    

The great migration from 1945 to 1964 signified by East Harlem was made up  of    
 African Americans.    
 * Puerto Ricans.    
 Native Americans.    
 Mexicans.    
    

U.S. government policy from 1954 to 1962 was dominated by House Concurrent  Resolution 108 which stressed    
 * termination of tribes as a legal entity.    
 limited sovereignty.    
 relocating Indians to reservations.    
 the concept of ethnic Indians as opposed to tribal identity.    
    

Which one of the following groups is NOT correctly matched to its  description?    
 LULAC / a Latin American group that pursued legal cases    
 CORE / group wanting racial equality through interracial nonviolent action    
 SNCC / black student activist group    
 * NCAI / Japanese American group that sought to change immigration laws    
    

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded in     
 1941.    
 1953.    
 * 1957.    
 1960.    
    

Which one of the following has the events listed in the correct order?     
 Mississippi Freedom Summer, Freedom Rides, Albany Movement, Greensboro sit-in    
 * Greensboro sit-in, Freedom Rides, Albany Movement, Mississippi Freedom Summer    
 Albany Movement, Freedom Rides, Greensboro sit-in, Mississippi Freedom Summer    
 Freedom Rides, Mississippi Freedom Summer, Albany Movement, Greensboro sit-in    
    

Which one of the following did not occur in 1963?     
 The SCLC begins campaign to desegregate Birmingham, Alabama.    
 Medgar Evers is assassinated.    
 * The Civil Rights Act is passed.    
 The March on Washington takes place.    
    

The Selma, Alabama, voter registration campaign, Malcolm X's assassination,  and the Voting Rights Act happened in    
 1960.    
 1961.    
 1963.    
 * 1965.    
    

Jackie Robinson became the first African American in Major League Baseball  in    
 1941.    
 1946.    
 * 1947.    
 1952.    
    

The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case dealt with Oliver Brown, who was  attempting to overturn a segregated school law in    
 Little Rock, Arkansas.    
 * Topeka, Kansas.    
 Selma, Alabama.    
 Albany, Georgia.    
    

Montgomery, Birmingham, Annistan, and Selma were all civil rights movement  sites in    
 Georgia.    
 Virginia.    
 Mississippi.    
 * Alabama.    
    

The destination for Freedom Summer volunteers was     
 Alabama.    
 Georgia.    
 * Mississippi.    
 Tennessee.    
    

The famous sit-in activism began at a Woolworth's lunch counter in  Greensboro,    
 * North Carolina.    
 Mississippi.    
 Georgia.    
 South Carolina.    
    

Before the Voting Rights Act, the southern state with the greatest  percentage of black registered voters was    
 * Tennessee.    
 Texas.    
 Virginia.    
 Arkansas.    
    

After the passage of the Voting Rights Act, the state that had the lowest  percentage of black registered voters was    
 * Mississippi.    
 North Carolina.    
 Tennessee.    
 Alabama.