Indicative of the pressure on Indian Territory, these would-be homesteaders  invaded the area in 1880:    
 * Boomers    
 Soddies    
 Vaqueros    
 Helldorados    
    

By 1907, nearly this percent of the entire population of the United States  lived west of the Mississippi River:    
 10%    
 20%    
 * 25%    
 30%    
    

All of the following pressured Indian tribes to give up land to the United  States except:    
 white settlers    
 prospectors    
 * African Americans    
 railroad entrepreneurs    
    

Before the European colonists reached the New World, the Indians of western  and central North America totaled nearly    
 25,000.    
 250,000.    
 500,000.    
 * 1,000,000.    
    

The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867     
 * crowded many Indian tribes onto reservations in Indian Territory.    
 allowed eastern tribes to move back if they chose to be individual citizens.    
 divided Indian Territory into individual allotments.    
 made corruption involving Indians a criminal offense.    
    

Chief Seattle of the Suquamish Tribe warned whites that,     
 * "Your time of decay may be distant, but it will surely come."    
 "I will fight no more forever."    
 "Your children will be the servants of servants."    
 "We have just begun to fight."    
    

All of the following contributed to the ultimate decline of the Native  Americans except:    
 the slaughter of the buffalo    
 * the Indians' refusal to accept Christianity    
 the reservation system    
 the Indian Wars    
    

Which one of the following has the LEAST association with the others?     
 Bozeman Trail    
 Treaty of Fort Laramie    
 Red Cloud    
 * Cochise    
    

Sand Creek was the scene of a/an     
 * unprovoked massacre of Cheyenne Indians by white civilian "Volunteers."    
 treaty of friendship between the Cheyenne and the citizens of Colorado.    
 unprovoked massacre of white soldiers by the Sioux.    
 Indian victory over the U.S. Seventh Cavalry.    
    

This territorial governor encouraged a group of white civilians to stage  repeated raids through Cheyenne campgrounds:    
 George Armstrong Custer    
 * John Evans    
 Isaac Stevens    
 John Bridgeman    
    

All of the following correctly match the Indian leader with his tribe  except:    
 Black Kettle / Cheyenne    
 * Cochise / Arapahoe    
 Red Cloud / Sioux    
 Crazy Horse / Sioux    
    

To which state was the Nez Percaccent(e) Tribe originally sent after  surrendering?    
 * Kansas    
 Oregon    
 Oklahoma    
 Washington    
    

More than any other industry or commercial enterprise, this group fostered  western expansion:    
 missionaries    
 land speculators    
 * miners    
 farmers    
    

The founder of the Mormons was     
 Brigham Young.    
 * Joseph Smith.    
 Billy Sunday.    
 Joseph Comstock.    
    

The Mormons engaged in the controversial practice of     
 bigamy.    
 miscegenation.    
 * polygamy.    
 monogamy.    
    

The Caminetti Act gave a state the power to regulate     
 labor.    
 Indian reservations.    
 * mines.    
 railroads.    
    

The 1879 case, United States v. Reynolds and the Edmunds Act ruled against  the Mormon practice of    
 communal land holdings.    
 * plural marriage.    
 controlling local elections.    
 coining their own Desert money.    
    

The Santa Fe Ring was a group of land speculators, lawyers, and politicians  who    
 extorted money from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.    
 benefited from the Timber Culture Act.    
 * cheated Mexicanos out of their landholdings.    
 negotiated the Gadsden Purchase for their railroad route.    
    

Beginning in 1868 and lasting nearly two decades, this industry represented  a bonanza in the West:    
 * cattle    
 buffalo hunting    
 cattle rustling    
 sod busting    
    

The appearance of groups like Las Gorras Blancas and El Alianzo Hispano- Americano indicated that    
 most Mexicanos did not lose status and wages after the Mexican-American War.    
 Anglos were not able to exert influence in the Mexicano community.    
 Mexicano and Anglo culture was blending on border areas.    
 * Mexicanos were challenging the rising Anglo presence.    
    

The best paid prostitutes in the old West congregated     
 along the trail side.    
 on the trail drives.    
 * in the dance halls.    
 in the mining camps.    
    

Which one of the following is LEAST descriptive of cowboys in the cattle  industry?    
 One-fifth to one-third were Indian, Mexican, or African American.    
 * Most Anglo cowboys came from the North.    
 The work was difficult, dangerous, and low-paying.    
 The camaraderie of cowboys helped them form unions.    
    

"Range wars" were usually fought between     
 lawmen and outlaws.    
 cowboys and Indians.    
 * farmers and cattle barons.    
 Anglos and Mexicans.    
    

The demise of the cattle barons was brought about largely because of     
 * overgrazing.    
 cattle diseases.    
 cattle ingesting loco weed.    
 the cowboy unions.    
    

The Great Plains were often referred to by early explorers as     
 "the land of milk and honey."    
 "the land of aching monotony."    
 * "the Great Desert."    
 "Hell on Earth."    
    

The Homestead Act granted 160 acres of public domain to any settler who     
 wanted it.    
 was willing to pay $5 an acre.    
 * would live on the land and improve it for five years.    
 was willing to share his or her produce with the government.    
    

The people who benefited most from the Homestead Act were the     
 homesteaders.    
 * land speculators.    
 cattle barons.    
 sheep ranchers.    
    

While there were many European ethnic groups, this group's Great Plains  communities outnumbered all other immigrants:    
 Norwegians    
 * Germans    
 Czechs    
 Russians    
    

European immigrants to the Great Plains tended to     
 * form tight-knit, ethnically distinctive communities.    
 look for secluded areas to form colonies.    
 add to the violence and instability of the West.    
 settle as individual families isolated on a solitary homestead.    
    

All of the following were changes in the lives of Great Plains families and  communities by the late nineteenth century except:    
 * less joining of exclusive clubs and organizations    
 greater use of cash transactions    
 concentration on a single cash crop    
 better roads and free rural mail delivery    
    

Native-born American settlers of the Great Plains tended to     
 form tight-knit, distinctive communities.    
 look for secluded areas to form colonies.    
 * settle as individual families isolated on a solitary homestead.    
 add to the violence and instability of the West.    
    

The predominant crop of the Great Plains was     
 cotton.    
 * wheat.    
 rice.    
 tobacco.    
    

The greatest threat to the small farmer and the main factor that reduced his  numbers was    
 * foreclosure by the money interests.    
 crop diseases.    
 epidemics of small pox.    
 Indian raids.    
    

The Timber Culture Act of 1873 was     
 favorable to homesteaders.    
 successful in restoring forests.    
 * not very successful but restored some forests.    
 part of the revival of the Great Plains wildlife such as antelope.    
    

John Deere is famous for inventing a     
 reaper.    
 * steel plow.    
 disease-proof strain of wheat.    
 synthetic fertilizer.    
    

Which one of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three?     
 * Edward Zane Judson    
 Rocky Mountain School    
 Alfred Bierstadt    
 Surreal earthscapes    
    

What state became the model for agribusiness?     
 Nebraska    
 Florida    
 Texas    
 * California    
    

Alice Cunningham Fletcher's Indian Education and Civilization was one of the  first statements on    
 the Indian point of view on Custer's attack at Little Bighorn.    
 Indian family or kinship patterns.    
 * the overall status of Indian peoples.    
 the mistreatment of the Indians.    
    

Under human use, the ecology of the West     
 prospered and grew.    
 evolved into a "Garden of Eden."    
 * was destroyed or significantly reduced.    
 produced abundant new species of plant and animal life.    
    

The first national park in the United States was     
 Yosemite.    
 * Yellowstone.    
 Glacier.    
 Big Bend.    
    

The Dawes Act was basically successful in     
 establishing Indians as homesteaders.    
 * undermining tribal sovereignty.    
 reinstating and protecting reservations.    
 reaffirming the integrity of Indian cultural institutions.    
    

Basically, the Ghost Dance of Paiute prophet Wovoka was a/an     
 attempt to organize all Native Americans in warfare.    
 * belief in a millennial day of judgment favorable to Indian peoples.    
 warning to whites of tribal retribution.    
 way to assimilate into white culture through blending Christian and native  religions.   
    

Pima cooperation with white settlers brought them     
 to extinction anyway.    
 more favorable status and treaty lands.    
 * little but impoverishment.    
 exclusion from the Dawes Act.    
    

Which one of the following has the LEAST to do with the others?     
 "Dinaccent(e)"    
 "Long Walk"    
 * "Potlatch"    
 Navajos    
    

Which one of the following did NOT happen in 1890?     
 * The Dawes Severalty Act is passed.    
 The Census Bureau proclaims the end of the frontier.    
 The Lakota Sioux are massacred at Wounded Knee.    
 The Sioux Ghost Dance movement begins.    
    

In 1897, the Forest Management Act gave authority to this group to manage  forest reserves:    
 the states    
 * federal government    
 private companies    
 Indian tribes    
    

Edward Zane Carroll Judson set off the "Wild West" publishing craze with  Buffalo Bill, the King of the Border Men in    
 1862.    
 1866.    
 * 1869.    
 1873.    
    

From 1885 to 1887, which of these problems plagued the western cattle boom?     
 range wars    
 * drought and severe winters    
 grasshopper attacks    
 low prices    
    

Which of the following western states had no Indian reservations?     
 * Texas    
 Kansas    
 Montana    
 Nevada    
    

The largest areas of Indian Reservations by 1900 were in these states and/or  territories:    
 Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma    
 * North/South Dakota, Arizona, and New Mexico    
 California and Nevada    
 Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah    
    

Which one of the following is not a state permeated by Mormon settlement  from their core area of Utah territory?    
 Nevada    
 Idaho    
 Colorado    
 * Oklahoma    
    

In which year did the Texas cattle drives begin?     
 * 1867    
 1876    
 1850    
 1873    
    

How many hours were saved by using machines in wheat production?     
 35    
 12    
 * 58    
 59    
    

How much money was saved in labor by using machines in wheat production?     
 * $2.89    
 $1.33    
 $2.11    
 $2.66