The incident between John Orrick and Alex Webb in Greensboro, Alabama,  illustrates this problem in southern communities:    
 a large influx of carpetbaggers    
 the power of the Ku Klux Klan    
 * violent encounters between blacks and whites    
 large plantation owners cheating freedmen out of wages    
    

In 1860, the South held 25 percent of the nation's wealth. By 1870, it  controlled this percent:    
 2    
 * 12    
 15    
 30    
    

Abraham Lincoln's reconstruction program was based on     
 punishing the South as much as possible.    
 confiscating all southern wealth for the federal government.    
 * bringing the seceding states back quickly and generously.    
 achieving a fundamental transformation of southern society.    
    

General William T. Sherman's Special Field Order 15 was intended to     
 revolutionize southern society.    
 * deal with freed refugees following him.    
 destroy the wealth of the white civilian population.    
 set up a guerilla force.    
    

Throughout his political career, Andrew Johnson had championed     
 African Americans.    
 Whig-Republican principals.    
 the planter-elite.    
 * yeoman farmers.    
    

Johnson saw Reconstruction as the province of the     
 * federal executive.    
 individual states.    
 Congress.    
 military.    
    

In order to build a new political coalition of northern Democrats, southern  Unionists, and conservative Republicans, President Johnson used THIS term rather  than "reconstruction":   
 renewal    
 realignment    
 * restoration    
 reconciliation    
    

The premise behind Thaddeus Stevens's view of Reconstruction was that the  South should be    
 industrialized.    
 * populated with black and white yeoman.    
 held hostage and underdeveloped as long as possible.    
 returned to the rule of the planter elite.    
    

The "black codes" were     
 local constitutions drawn up by freedmen to protect themselves.    
 federal military enforced rules limiting white violence.     
 early state-by-state attempts to promote civil rights.                                                                     
 * southern laws designed to restrict the freedom of black laborers.    
    

The conclusion of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction was that     
 * old Confederates were back in power.    
 it was successfully completed.    
 the military governments had subverted it.    
 black codes were needed to ensure equality.    
    

Fearful that their 1866 Civil Rights Act might be declared unconstitutional,  the Radical Republicans    
 passed a series of black codes in each state.    
 worked to gain full black male suffrage.    
 * gained passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.    
 tried to impeach President Johnson.    
    

Republicans found this effective in the 1866 congressional elections:     
 promoting reconstruction as restoration    
 siding with white southerners    
 provoking fear of "big" government    
 * "waving the bloody shirt    
    

The Radical Republican intention with the Tenure of Office Act was to limit  the powers of    
 the planter Democrats.    
 * President Johnson.    
 the Supreme Court.    
 Congress.    
    

President Johnson's acquittal established this precedent about removal of a  president from office:    
 Actual evidence must be collected.    
 * Only criminal actions warrant removal.    
 Political disagreements must have civil evidence.    
 Only treasonous actions are grounds for removal.    
    

One result of the Reconstruction era for women was the     
 * establishment of an independent suffrage movement.    
 weakening of ideas about reforms for women.    
 vote for freed blacks, which made it easier to argue for women's suffrage.    
 fragmentation of state governments that divided radicals.    
    

One of the results of emancipation that struck observers in the immediate  post Civil War era was the freed slaves'    
 tendency to avoid cities.    
 * moving about.    
 continuing deferential behavior toward whites.    
 lack of interest in leaving their homes.    
    

In the aftermath of emancipation, many African American women     
 continued working for white planters as domestic servants.    
 worked in the fields more than before.    
 rarely played the roles white women did.    
 * experienced changes in gender roles.    
    

One of the most lasting African American institutions and the first to be  fully controlled by them was the    
 school.    
 Freedmen's Bureau.    
 * church.    
 state legislature.    
    

In black schools, over one-half of the teachers were     
 * African Americans who had been free before the Civil War.    
 northern white women.    
 northern white men.    
 southern ex-slaves.    
    

The major goal that African Americans pursued after the Civil War was     
 education.    
 legislative influence.    
 high-wage jobs.    
 * economic autonomy.    
    

By 1880, nearly three quarters of black southerners were     
 wage laborers.    
 * sharecroppers.    
 literate.    
 artisans.    
    

In general, freed African Americans in the late 1860s were     
 more interested in jobs than politics.    
 generally apathetic about political activity.    
 * highly involved in political activity.    
 prevented from being too active by dominant Republicans.    
    

If you were a northern soldier who remained in the South after the war, you  were derisively called this by white southerners:    
 scalawag    
 redemptioner    
 tramp    
 * carpetbagger    
    

In which of the following did African Americans accept segregation?     
 * education    
 public transportation    
 public places    
 hotels    
    

The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871     
 made it a crime to belong to the Klan.    
 set up a police force within the Freedman's Bureau.    
 enforced the Civil Rights Act but was almost totally ineffective.     
 * made violent infringement of civil rights a federal crime.    
    

The Slaughterhouse cases, U.S. v. Reese, U.S. v. Cruikshank, and the Civil  Rights cases of 1883 all had the effect of    
 extending legal protection for African Americans.    
 limiting the ability of the Democratic Party to reestablish itself in the  South.   
 * restricting the protections of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.    
 enhancing southern access to public education.    
    

After the Civil War, "King Cotton"     
 became a less popular crop.    
 * became an even more common crop than before.    
 lost out to diversified commercial farming.    
 was less powerful as the South industrialized.    
    

The first big businesses in the United States were     
 textile companies.    
 meat packing enterprises.    
 steel corporations.    
 * railroad companies.    
    

Craccent(e)dit Mobilier was an example of     
 a large transcontinental railroad system.    
 a state banking system in the West.    
 * corruption in railroad promotion.    
 government largesse to mining companies.    
    

Which one of the following statements would a late nineteenth-century  Liberal Republican have agreed with?    
 * Excessive government interference in the economy breeds corruption.    
 Universal suffrage is at the heart of a virtuous republic.    
 Reconstruction of the South for freedmen must go on.    
 The government must actively direct the economy in an industrialized society.    
    

The basic cause of the economic depression in 1873 was     
 the collapse of the stock market.    
 rising farm prices.    
 * over expansion of commercial interests.    
 an excessively high protective tariff.    
    

An electoral crisis developed in the Election of 1876 as a result of     
 the assassination of the Democratic nominee.    
 scandal related to both nominees.    
 widespread voter fraud.    
 * disputed electoral returns from several states.    
    

Rutherford B. Hayes's election to the presidency in 1876 meant the     
 continuation of federal military occupation of the South.    
 beginning of active federal involvement in regulating the economy.    
 * nullification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Civil Rights  Act.   
 Democrats were seriously weakened as a national party.    
    

All of the following occurred in 1865 except:     
 The Freedman's Bureau is established.    
 Black codes begin to be enacted.    
 The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified.    
 * The Ku Klux Klan is founded.    
    

Which one of the following happened in 1870?     
 Suffragists split into moderate and radical groups.    
 * The Fifteenth Amendment is ratified.    
 The "Tweed Ring" is exposed.    
 Federal troops are withdrawn from the South.    
    

1866 is to the first Civil Rights Act as this is to the second one:     
 1870    
 1872    
 * 1875    
 1877    
    

At the beginning of Reconstruction, the South was divided into five     
 * military districts.    
 railroad divisions.    
 federal governmental divisions.    
 Civil Rights areas.    
    

All of the following were differences developed between 1860 and 1881 on the  Barrow Plantation except:    
 Families were distributed individually throughout the plantation area.    
 Black sharecropper families lived on individual plots.    
 * Most blacks stayed near the former white master's home.    
 Blacks had constructed their own schools and churches.    
    

Sharecropping tended to be most common in     
 the Upper South.    
 * the Cotton Belt areas.    
 Texas.    
 the Carolinas.    
    

In the Election of 1876, Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina     
 refused to vote on any presidential candidate.    
 * turned in two sets of electoral votes.    
 illegally replaced Republican electors with Democrats.    
 would not turn over electoral votes until troops were withdrawn.