The Texas uprising against Mexico was characterized by     
 * an alliance between Americans and Tejanos.    
 hostility between Irish and Spanish Catholics.    
 American adventurers and soldiers of fortune.    
 a Mexican alliance with the Comanches against Americans.    
    

By 1848, the United States had gained all of the following territories  except:    
 California    
 Texas    
 the Oregon Territory    
 * Alaska    
    

One of the most important factors in the exploration of the West was the     
 China trade.    
 * fur trade.    
 search for gold.    
 cattle business.    
    

The Lewis and Clark expedition was financed by     
 * the federal government.    
 the personal fortune of Thomas Jefferson.    
 subscriptions from land speculators.    
 fur traders.    
    

The Rocky Mountains were first explored by     
 Zebulon Pike.    
 Jebediah Springfield.    
 * Major John Wesley Powell.    
 Stephen Long.    
    

American fur traders joined in a yearly trade fair in the Rockies  characterized by the polyglot collection of many nationalities called the    
 Jumping-off places.    
 * Rendezvous.    
 Rodeo.    
 French Prairie.    
    

The justification for the western removal of the Indians was     
 * the Indians needed a space where they could live undisturbed by whites.    
 the Indians could never be civilized.    
 the Indians were misusing the land in the East.    
 to give the Indians much-needed arable land.    
    

Which one of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three?     
 * Karl Bodmer    
 Zebulon Pike    
 Stephen Long    
 John C. Fremont    
    

Americans justified their restless expansion in all of the following ways  except:    
 Americans had a God-given right to bring the benefits of American democracy to  others.   
 The nation's prosperity depended on expansion.    
 It was the Americans' duty to Christianize the Indians.    
 * Canada and Mexico should belong to the United States.    
    

The outcome of Indian removal in the southern part of Indian Territory in  the 1830s-1850s was    
 almost immediate encroachment by whites on Overland Trails.    
 continued fighting among the Indian groups.    
 loss of autonomy and tribal identity.    
 * successful creation of new communities and self-government.    
    

While challenged by other historians, popular opinion supports the view of  frontier historian, Frederick Jackson Turner, who argued that settling new  frontiers   
 * shaped Americans into a uniquely optimistic democratic people.    
 effectively got rid of the "Indian problem."    
 was good for the environment and economic development of natural resources.    
 was America's fate, coining the term "manifest destiny" to describe it.    
    

Pioneers were motivated to move west for all of the following reasons  except:    
 the promise of economic opportunity    
 a desire to experience the unknown    
 * a desire for the ideal home on the part of women    
 the promise of healthy surroundings    
    

All of the following were major causes of death on the Overland Trails  except:    
 * Indians    
 cholera    
 accidents    
 contaminated water and food shortages    
    

Generally, pioneers traveling the Overland Trails in the 1840s and 1850s  were    
 constantly attacked by Indians.    
 likely to experience very little dissension.    
 parts of organized westward moving communities.    
 * traveling in larger groups for safety and for help fording rivers and crossing  mountains.   
    

From the 1780s to about 1810, the dominant industry in the Oregon Territory  was    
 fishing.    
 whaling.    
 * the fur trade.    
 farming.    
    

The United States gained the Oregon Territory south of the 49th parallel     
 * through a treaty with Great Britain.    
 by defeating the British in a war.    
 through a treaty with Russia.    
 by defeating the Mexicans in a war.    
    

The death of which of the following ended peaceful relations between Indians  and white settlers in Oregon:.    
 Jason Lee    
 George Bush    
 John McLaughlin    
 * Marcus Whitman    
    

All of the following were excluded from Oregon except:     
 free African Americans    
 Indians    
 * European immigrants    
 Hawaiians    
    

The exclusionary policy toward Santa Fe changed when     
 * Mexico gained its independence from Spain.    
 the United States signed a treaty with Spain.    
 the United States defeated Mexico in a war.    
 the Comanches were finally defeated.    
    

American settlers in this community practiced a frontier of exclusion from  the beginnings of settlement:    
 Fort Vancouver    
 the French Prairie    
 Bent's Fort    
 * Austin    
    

In Mexico, people of mixed blood (Indian and Spanish) were called     
 Mulattos    
 Creoles    
 * Mestizos    
 Cajuns    
    

These warriors were considered by many to be the most skilled horsemen in  North America:    
 Vaqueros    
 * Comanches    
 Buckaroos    
 Tejanos    
    

The Mexican government invited settlement into Texas because it     
 * wanted to create a buffer zone between it and the Comanches.    
 could make huge profits from the sale of the land.    
 wanted to create a buffer against the Americans.    
 wanted to create a multi-cultural society.    
    

Stephen F. Austin and his hand-picked fellow colonists in Texas agreed to  Mexican terms that they    
 maintain United States citizenship.    
 bring no slaves into Mexican territory.    
 * accept the Catholic faith.    
 irrigate the land on which they settled.    
    

Austin's Texas colonists most represented what region of the United States?     
 New England    
 * the South    
 the Old Northwest    
 the Pacific Northwest    
    

What ended the fragile balance between the Tejanos, Comanche, and the  American farmers in Texas?    
 * stricter control by the Mexican government    
 violent attacks by the Comanche    
 the mass migration of Americans into Texas    
 Tejano attempts to take over American lands    
    

The early Texas settlers were concentrated in the     
 Trans-Pecos area.    
 Rio Grande Valley.    
 * river bottoms of east Texas.    
 Texas panhandle.    
    

All of the following were reasons why Texans rebelled against the Mexican  government except:    
 The government outlawed slavery.    
 * Mexicans began raising the price of land.    
 The government began to restrict American immigration.    
 The government began to levy customs duties and taxes.    
    

The Texas army defeated the Mexican army under the leadership of     
 Stephen F. Austin.    
 David Crockett.    
 * Sam Houston.    
 William Barret Travis.    
    

The Republic of Texas was not immediately annexed by the United States  largely because of the    
 * fact that Texas would have to be admitted as a slave state.    
 opposition of Stephen F. Austin.    
 fear that there were too many outlaws residing in the republic.    
 isolationist policies of the Democratic Party.    
    

The Liberty Party's showing in the 1844 election was the first political  sign of the growing strength of    
 Tejanos.    
 anti-Spanish sentiment.    
 free African Americans.    
 * antislavery opinion.    
    

How did northern Whigs characterize the Mexican War?     
 unwinnable conflict    
 racist plot against a weaker nation    
 * unnecessary war plotted by the president    
 Mexican scheme to claim disputed gold fields on the Colorado    
    

As commander-in-chief during the war, James K. Polk defined the role of  president by    
 leaving planning and strategy to the military.    
 drawing on his own military training to plan military strategy.    
 visiting battle sites to keep morale high.    
 * coordinating both civilian and military goals and needs.    
    

The Mexican-American War began over     
 * a border dispute.    
 Mexican claims to Louisiana.    
 American claims to California.    
 an unprovoked Mexican attack on San Antonio.    
    

The Americans went to war with Mexico because the     
 * United States wanted Mexican territory.    
 United States felt threatened by Santa Anna.    
 United States feared that the British would take Mexico.    
 Mexicans attacked the Alamo.    
    

Fort Ross is indicative of this trade connection:     
 * Russian-Californian    
 Russian-American    
 English-Russian    
 Russian-Spanish    
    

Most 1840's American immigrants to California made     
 great efforts to ally with and intermarry with Californios.    
 * no effort to conform to Spanish ways or intermarry with Californios.    
 major efforts to convert the Indians from Catholicism to Protestantism.    
 use of Russian connections against the British.    
    

All of the following were major battles in the Mexican-American War except:     
 Mexico City    
 * El Paso    
 Buena Vista    
 Veracruz    
    

Levi Strauss illustrated that     
 intermarriage was more acceptable on the frontier.    
 * the real money was in services to the forty-niners.    
 Chinatowns were economically viable.    
 settling on a farm brought more "gold" than mining.    
    

The first outsiders to penetrate the isolation of Spanish California were  the    
 British.    
 French.    
 * Russians.    
 Americans.    
    

After 1849, California attracted thousands of settlers because of     
 cheap land.    
 the beautiful climate.    
 * the discovery of gold.    
 the discovery of the Comstock Lode.    
    

In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed that     
 military appropriations to conduct the Mexican-American War be terminated.    
 * slavery be banned from any territory acquired from Mexico.    
 the United States acquire Cuba from Spain.    
 the United States incorporate all of Mexico into its borders.    
    

In general, free-soilers were     
 * anti-black.    
 anti-expansion.    
 pro-annexation of Texas.    
 pro-abolitionist.    
    

The doctrine of popular sovereignty meant that     
 * free labor in the West could not compete with slave labor.    
 northern values of freedom and individualism could not survive if slavery  spread.   
 banning slavery from the territories meant keeping out blacks in general.    
 the African foreign slave trade reduced the opportunity for fair competition.    
    

Louisiana slaveholder General Zachary Taylor, who ran for the Whig Party and  won,    
 * privately opposed the expansion of slavery.    
 openly supported the Wilmot Proviso.    
 pushed the solution of popular sovereignty.    
 promised to add Mexico south to Yucatan to U.S. territory.    
    

Which one of the following lists the explorations in chronological order?     
 Lewis and Clark, Long, Pike, Fremont    
 * Lewis and Clark, Pike, Long, Fremont    
 Pike, Lewis and Clark, Long, Fremont    
 Long, Lewis and Clark, Pike, Fremont    
    

Mexico seizes independence from Spain and the Santa Fe Trail subsequently  opens in    
 1803.    
 1813.    
 * 1821.    
 1848.    
    

Which one of the following events related to Texas is NOT correctly matched  to the year in which it took place?    
 Stephen Austin becomes the first American impresario-1821.    
 * Texas revolts against Mexico-1833.    
 Texas becomes a republic-1836.    
 Texas is annexed to the United States as a slave state -1845.    
    

Which one of the following did NOT happen in 1846?     
 The Mexican-American War begins.    
 The Oregon question is settled peacefully.    
 The Bear Flag Revolt takes place in California.    
 * The Cayuse Wars begin in Oregon.    
    

Which territory was jointly occupied by the United States and Great Britain?     
 Texas    
 * Oregon    
 California    
 Santa Fe    
    

Which of the following later developed into the city of Sacramento?     
 * Sutter's Fort    
 Fort Boise    
 Fort Bridger    
 Fort Walla Walla    
    

The two modern states that made up much of the Indian Territory were     
 North and South Dakota.    
 * Kansas and Oklahoma.    
 Missouri and Iowa.    
 Texas and Arkansas.    
    

If you passed Ft. Kearney, Ash Hollow, and Independence Rock, you were on  this trail:    
 * Oregon    
 Santa Fe    
 Old Spanish    
 Mormon    
    

The state of Texas gained its current familiar shape     
 as part of the Mexican province Coahuila y Texas.    
 as the independent republic of Texas.    
 when it was annexed to the United States.    
 * as part of the Compromise of 1850.    
    

All of the following were significant battles in the Mexican-American War  except:    
 Palo Alto    
 Buena Vista    
 * San Jacinto    
 Veracruz    
    

All of the following were states or parts of one added by James K. Polk in  keeping his campaign promises except:    
 Utah    
 Nevada    
 * Texas    
 Oregon    
    

What was the goal of the Wilmot Proviso?     
 expand slavery to all territories    
 take over Oregon by force    
 * ban slavery in territories gained in the Mexican-American War    
 negotiate the purchase of Oregon