Among the primary reasons that young farm women moved from the farm to work in textile mill towns in the early nineteenth century was to save their families from economic collapse. escape unhappy marriages. pursue career goals. * escape farm life and earn wages. The history of Lowell epitomizes this transition: * self-sufficient farm families to urban wageworkers working class to middle clasS slave to non-slave labor effect of the Erie Canal on manufacturing All of the following were traditional eighteenth-century work habits except: work in or near the home a barter and mutual obligation system * fixed production work schedule family apprenticeship system In the pre-industrial system, a boy who wanted to learn a trade * entered a formal apprenticeship system. was taught by his father or an older male relative. had to labor in a factory first. went to family-oriented trade schools. The organization of a family business in the pre-industrial era was a rigid factory system. equalitarian. * patriarchal. strictly divided between work and leisure. Duncan Phyfe and Stephen Allen are both examples of artisans who defied the apprentice system to learn their trade. invented early factory production systems. were initially tenant farmers moving into urban areas. * became wealthy and upset the social order. If you lived in Boston or Philadelphia from 1790 to 1807 and had accumulated tremendous amounts of capital, it was probably from textile mills. * international shipping. commercial farming. real estate. As an early 1800s Cincinnati merchant, you were most likely to be financing cotton textile manufacturing. canal construction. * steamboat construction. railroads. A crucial aspect of the new putting-out system was * a division of labor. apprenticing. assembly lines. a lack of family ties. Which one of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? ten-footers per-piece wages putting-out system * artisan tradition All of the following were consequences of the putting-out system except: Merchant capitalists controlled production. Merchants thought in terms of national markets. Business owners controlled workers. * Apprenticing became more important. From the point of view of this group, the putting-out system seemed particularly beneficial: * farm families young apprentices artisans middle-class women In New England, these two conditions for rapid industrialization could be found: canals and railroads * swift rivers and wealthy investors education population and shipping commercial farms and mining Which of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? Slater's Mill industrial spying Moses Brown * interchangeable parts Typical textile mills that developed across New England employed primarily male textile apprentices. * women and children. master craftsmen and their sons. unemployed ship workers. Francis Cabot Lowell and Paul Moody changed textile manufacturing with their invention of a/an * power loom. carding machine. assembly line. power sewing machine. All of the following were true of family mills except: Children made up 50 percent of the workers. More than one worker per family was usually a necessity. Almost 50 percent of the workforce left each year. * Rural farming communities welcomed mill communities. The British dubbed this "the American system of manufactures": unionized factories family mills * interchangeable parts precise timekeeping Under the impact of industrialization, the proportion of wage laborers in the United States had risen from 12 percent in 1800 to THIS percent in 1860: 25% * 40% 50% 75% The breakdown of the family work system may have had a liberating effect on free African Americans. * farm women and children. apprentices. wage slaves. Women were often pushed into this occupation because other occupations were considered inappropriate: teaching nursing * garment trade shoemaking The changes caused by the market revolution included closer relations between employer and employee. * the rise of a cash economy. long-term employment by workers in a single mill. a blending of work and leisure. The term "free" labor originally referred to the * right to move to another job. unpaid members of a family doing piecework. labor of apprentices in exchange for training. lure of western lands. Many of the first strikes in American labor history were led by apprentices. middle-class reformers. Irish immigrants. * rural women workers. One of the key protests of the women workers who went on strike at Lowell in 1834 was factory safety. * an attack on their economic independence. the firing of newer workers. the hiring of Irish immigrants. The major transformation in social order due to the market revolution came in the lives of the Brahmins. mechanics and farmers. laboring poor. * middling sort. Due to the market revolution, male children of artisans and farmers were more likely to be * white-collar workers. manufacturers. Brahmins. factory workers. All of the following were expected attitudes and habits of the new economic order except: * employer-worker closeness hard work steadiness and sobriety responsibility The religion that captured the attention of the new middle class in the early 1800s emphasized an intellectual as opposed to emotional experience. convinced its converts that original sin doomed all but an elite to damnation. had its greatest impact on young males. * incorporated an enthusiastic evangelistic approach to religious practice. Charles Finney helped stimulate this response to the market revolution: an artisan family that became Boston Brahmins labor reformers * a religious response to changing economic conditions middle-class transcendentalists In the middle-class industrial household, "home" became an extension of the workplace. * a haven for leisure and relaxation. the site of numerous female home occupations. a school and church for children. Catherine Beevher's book, "Treatise on Domestic Economy," illustrated the need for * helping middle-class women modernize their tasks and family role. scientifically explained methods of birth control. occupational training for working-class and immigrant women. new attitudes on sexuality and child bearing for middle-class women. The unsettling demands of the new industrial order forced changes in middle- class family life that resulted in a less cooperative relationship between husband and wife in making household decisions. less time for the traditional nurturing role for the wife/mother. * fewer children in the average household. the broadening of the "woman's sphere" beyond the household. All of the following were both control practices between 1830 and 1860 except: abstinence * condoms abortion rhythm method What did the reorganization of the middle-class family result in? greater opportunities for women rising divorce rate less education for children * training boys for success The Embargo Act of ________ that banned British manufacturers had a positive effect on American manufacturing. 1790 1809 * 1807 1810 In 1798, Eli Whitney contracts with the government for support of the cotton gin. * producing rifles with interchangeable parts. construction of the first cotton textile factory. a shoe factory based on assembly line production. The first protective tariff in the United States was passed in 1798. 1807. * 1816. 1824. In Boston, how did the percentage of wealth among the top one percent of the population change from 1771 to 1848? * It rose 21%. It rose 40%. It rose 13%. It rose 4%.