When the United States took possession of Mississippi in 1798, Natchez-under- the-Hill became    
 * the most important center of settlement in the old Southwest.    
 a way station for the Underground Railroad.    
 a reservation for the Natchez Indians.    
 a religious commune.    
    

The most important export crops of the American colonial period were     
 cotton, sugar, and rice.    
 sugar, rice, and tobacco.    
 * tobacco, rice, and indigo.    
 indigo, sugar, and sorghum.    
    

An area stretching through western Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi that was  blessed with exceptionally fertile soil was called    
 the slave belt.    
 * the black belt.    
 the fever belt.    
 no man's land.    
    

Indian removal in the early nineteenth century happened because of     
 atrocities committed by the Cherokees.    
 overpopulation of the land by the "five civilized tribes."    
 the Indians' need for a better place to live.    
 * many Americans' hunger for land and profit.    
    

Which one of these is the RESULT of the others?     
 cotton boom    
 * huge increase in internal slave trade    
 Whitney-Greene cotton gin    
 British and Americans ban international slave trade.    
    

What led southern states to ban the importation of foreign slaves?     
 the trend toward gradual emancipation in the North    
 the invention of the cotton gin    
 * the successful slave revolt in Haiti    
 the growing national opinion against the slave trade    
    

Which one of the following is the MOST true of the South in regard to  industrialization?    
 Urban growth kept pace with the North.    
 It failed to recognize industrial and transportation potential.    
 * Southerners chose to concentrate on cotton.    
 It had 75 percent of the nation's railroads to transport cotton.    
    

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the American economy     
 * benefited greatly from the connection between southern slavery and northern  industry.   
 suffered because of the South's slave system.    
 depended primarily on northern industrial production.    
 depended primarily on profits from slave-grown cotton.    
    

The failure of the South to industrialize in the nineteenth century was     
 due to northern opposition.    
 due to a lack of natural resources.    
 because of a shortage of labor.    
 * because they chose to depend upon "King Cotton."    
    

An examination of life expectancy rates in the South by 1850 indicates that     
 there was no difference in life expectancy for whites and blacks in the South.    
 it was not unusual for slave masters to work male field hands to death.    
 slaves in the American South suffered less illness than expected.    
 * the difficulties of slave life resulted in a shorter life expectancy than  whites.   
    

Of all the New World slave societies, the one that existed in the South was  the only one that    
 * grew by natural increase.    
 imported its slaves from Africa.    
 did not import female slaves.    
 never had a slave rebellion.    
    

Both enslaved and free blacks had more opportunity to do skilled occupations  in the South than in the North because    
 * the South failed to attract much immigrant labor.    
 Southerners felt blacks were more intelligent than northerners did.    
 Southern whites wouldn't do them.    
 Southerners preferred their loyalty compared to white laborers.    
    

What percentage of all slaves worked as field hands?     
 * 25%    
 50%    
 75%    
 95%    
    

A common defense of the institution of slavery by slave owners was that     
 * slaves were treated better than northern industrial workers.    
 slave children played with white children.    
 slaves lived better on southern plantations than the natives in Africa.    
 slaves lived much longer than whites.    
    

One of the most noteworthy features of the slave community in the American  South was    
 its acceptance of white paternalism within its own social structure.    
 * the expanded kinship network that developed within it.    
 its refusal to incorporate Christian religious practices.    
 its animosity toward free African Americans.    
    

For many southerners, one of the worst surprises of the Civil War was     
 that most slaves remained loyal to their owners.    
 * the eagerness of their trusted house slaves to flee.    
 that many slaves were willing to take up arms against the Yankees.    
 that slaves paid little attention to the Emancipation Proclamation.    
    

Slave communities provided all of the following except:     
 the possibility of building a family    
 access to African values and attitudes    
 their own form of religion    
 * the opportunity to live in urban areas    
    

The Evangelical religion which spread after the Second Great Awakening     
 * was used by whites as a means of social control over the slaves.    
 was accepted wholeheartedly by the slaves.    
 was totally rejected by the slaves.    
 encouraged many blacks to rebel.    
    

Religion in the slave community     
 * combined African tribal traditions with Evangelical Protestantism.    
 counted for little in the slaves' daily lives.    
 was based entirely upon their African tribal traditions.    
 many times incited slave rebellions.    
    

Slave marriages     
 were expressly forbidden by most slave owners.    
 were considered legal in most southern states.    
 * were encouraged by most owners.    
 encouraged many slaves to rebel.    
    

All of the following were true of African American religion except:     
 It helped slaves to survive.    
 It provided a vehicle for expressing longings for freedom.    
 * It promoted rebellion.    
 It was seen by whites as a means of social control.    
    

For slaves, the ultimate resistance was     
 running away.    
 breaking tools and killing livestock.    
 maiming themselves.    
 * the slave revolt.    
    

When a slave was "sold down the river," it meant that he or she was     
 carried as cargo on riverboats.    
 betrayed by a fellow slave as a conspirator in rebellion.    
 * sold to an owner in the deep South.    
 being punished for trying to escape down the river.    
    

The most successful slave revolt was led by     
 Hinton Helper.    
 * Nat Turner.    
 Denmark Vesey.    
 Gabriel Prosser.    
    

All of the following were part of the black codes except:     
 * no ownership of property    
 no jury trial    
 prohibition from holding office    
 liability to slave criminal penalties    
    

Black codes were     
 * laws limiting the rights of free black people.    
 codes regulating land values in the Black Belt.    
 secret codes used by slaves to organize rebellion.    
 a code of conduct for house slaves.    
    

Prior to the Civil War, only this fraction of white families owned slaves:     
 2/3    
 3/4    
 * 1/3    
 1/10    
    

The word "yeoman" was often applied to     
 * independent farmers who lived on family size farms.    
 large plantation owners.    
 slaves who worked on the riverboats.    
 slaves who had families.    
    

In 1830, only this percent of white people owned slaves:     
 2.5%    
 10.2%    
 27%    
 * 36%    
    

The largest group of slave owners was comprised of     
 * small yeoman farmers.    
 poor white tenant farmers.    
 rich plantation owners.    
 middle class professionals (e.g., doctors, lawyers, and merchants).    
    

Southern politics was largely controlled by     
 the slave-owning elite.    
 * the smaller slave owners.    
 the professional class.    
 southern land speculators.    
    

The planter elite consciously worked to create a lifestyle that resembled the     
 French aristocracy.    
 Creole aristocracy.    
 * English aristocracy.    
 Spanish Grandees.    
    

All of the following were true of the plantation mistress except:     
 She supervised the house slaves' daily performance.    
 She was responsible for the health of the slaves.    
 She was in charge of plantation hospitality.    
 * She ruled the plantation with an iron hand.    
    

This was one of the most common violations of the southern paternalistic code  of behavior:    
 cruelty to house servants by plantation mistress    
 * sexual abuse of female slaves by their masters    
 defiance of their husbands by plantation mistresses    
 cheating poor whites    
    

All of the following were used as a southern defense of the institution of  slavery except:    
 * the Bible    
 the histories of Greece and Rome    
 the U.S. Constitution    
 the views of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson    
    

Southern apologists for slavery linked slave uprisings to     
 * northern antislavery opinion.    
 the operation of the Underground Railroad.    
 free blacks in the North and South.    
 excessive restrictions on slaves.    
    

Which one of the following had the LEAST to do with the aggressive defense of  slavery that developed in the South in the early 1830s?    
 the appearance of The Liberator    
 Virginia's slave revolt    
 * the Nullification crisis    
 British emancipation of slaves in the West Indies    
    

In 1831, the South began to close ranks in defense of slavery for all of the  following reasons except:    
 hysteria over the Nat Turner rebellion    
 the publication of William Lloyd Garrison's "The Liberator"    
 the British abolition of slavery in the West Indies    
 * the Portuguese abolition of slavery in Brazil    
    

All of the following expressed antislavery opinions except:     
 * George Fitzhugh    
 James G. Birney    
 Angelina Grimke    
 Hinton Helper    
    

A major reason for the reduction in the number of slave owners in the South  prior to the Civil War was    
 * the rapidly increasing price of slaves.    
 a rapid decline in slave birth rates.    
 the abolition of slave markets in the United States.    
 increased competition for available slaves from the West Indies.    
    

The cotton gin, an invention that made cotton growing profitable and  entrenched slavery, was developed in    
 * 1793.    
 1795.    
 1798.    
 1801.    
    

Partly as a result of this 1800 revolt, Virginia tightened laws on granting  freedom to slaves in 1806:    
 * Prosser    
 Turner    
 Vesey    
 Gullah Jack    
    

As provided in the Constitution, the Congress prohibited U.S. participation  in the international slave trade in    
 1800.    
 * 1808.    
 1820.    
 1825.    
    

Both Nat Turner's rebellion in Virginia and Garrison's publishing of "The  Liberator" happened in    
 1800.    
 1816.    
 1822.    
 * 1831.    
    

"Flush Times" refers to a wave of westward expansion by southerners from     
 1790 to 1800.    
 1816 to 1820.    
 * 1832 to 1838.    
 1840 to 1845.    
    

In 1836, Congress passes the "gag rule" to prevent discussion of     
 * antislavery petitions.    
 the international slave trade.    
 successful escapes of slaves.    
 free black suffrage.    
    

Hinton Helper's 1857 work, "The Impending Crisis," was a/an     
 attack on northern abolitionists and manufacturers.    
 * Southern attack on slavery.    
 Northern defense of slavery.    
 protest to the congressional "gag rule."    
    

In 1835, southerners tightened these to protect the slave system:     
 manumission laws    
 gag rules    
 migrations    
 * Black Codes    
    

Which one of the following is NOT one of the three new southern states added  after 1821?    
 Arkansas    
 * Missouri    
 Florida    
 Texas    
    

In general, cotton production spread in this direction, especially in 1840  and 1860:    
 south    
 southeast    
 * west    
 northwest    
    

Which state dominated the production of sugar?     
 * Louisiana    
 South Carolina    
 Mississippi    
 Texas    
    

Which one of the following had slaves but very little cotton production?     
 * Maryland    
 South Carolina    
 Tennessee    
 Florida    
    

Slaves were NOT generally used in growing this staple yeoman crop:     
 tobacco    
 hemp    
 wheat    
 * corn    
    

This percent of slaves in the south worked in mining, lumbering, industry and  construction:    
 5%    
 * 10%    
 12%    
 18%    
    

In these two states, the enslaved African American population outnumbered the  white:    
 North and South Carolina    
 Mississippi and Louisiana    
 * South Carolina and Mississippi    
 Georgia and Florida    
    

This was NOT one of the southern states that had at least 40 percent slaves:     
 Alabama    
 Louisiana    
 Georgia    
 * Kentucky