Employers of female labor during World War II expected that at the war's end * women would no longer work outside the home. women would choose to stay in the work force. women would receive the same wages as men doing the same work. female workers with seniority would have precedence over returning veterans seeking jobs. In response to the Soviet Union's cutoff of western access to West Berlin, Truman took a position of watchful waiting to avoid provoking a confrontation with the Soviet Union. cut of World Bank loans to the Soviet Union. * implemented a massive airlift to keep the city self-sufficient. authorized the construction of a concrete wall between the two Berlins to prevent any future occurrences. The pronouncement of the Truman Doctrine, administration of the Marshall Plan, and signing of the NATO agreement were all elements in the response to the Soviet Union called detente. * containment. brinkmanship. flexible response. When Joseph McCarthy made his Lincoln Day speech to a Republican Women's Club in Wheeling, West Virginia, he claimed * he had uncovered massive Communist infiltration of the State Department. the army itself was soft on Communism. his life had been threatened by Communist agents in the United States. a military takeover of the federal government was imminent. The message delivered to postwar women through the popular media was to seek a professional career. learn to balance career and family. * stay home to nurture the family. fight for equal rights. Among the effects of the Korean War were all of the following EXCEPT enhanced presidential power. expansion of the containment policy to the Far East. a rapid and permanent military buildup. * a sense that we (the U.S.) were winning the Cold War. John F. Kennedy's New Frontier platform in 1960 proposed to reduce government spending for defense and domestic reform. raise taxes to pay for increase defense needs. * revive the reform agenda set in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. give Americans a domestic agenda that would preserve but not extend current reform programs. Rosa Parks' arrest in Montgomery, Alabama happened because she refused to pay her fare up front and then go to the back door to reenter the bus. ride on a blacks-only bus. * give up her seat to a white passenger. sit in the back of the bus. In Brown v. Board of Education the NAACP presented the BASIC argument before the Supreme Court that black taxpayers were not receiving their proportional share of public-supported facilities. * separate facilities by definition denied black people their full rights as citizens. educational systems were not segregated everywhere in the United States, therefore those segregated schools that existed were discriminatory. African Americans were often treated more equitably in European nations than in their own homeland. The guiding principles of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, when founded in 1960 with the help of Ella Baker, included all of the following EXCEPT mass action. civil disobedience. direct confrontation. * centralized authority. One political dilemma that presidential candidate John F. Kennedy faced as he pondered action on civil rights was how to avoid inciting violence in the South. * avoid alienating southern Democrats. change people's minds and hearts on the subject of race relations. punish unrepentant racist southern leaders. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 had little immediate impact on the number of black voters in the South. * outlawed the literacy test and other discriminatory tests that kept blacks disfranchised. authorized the states to supervise all voter registration. required federal observers in voter registration drives in all states. While affiliated with the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached the message of accommodation to white society. full integration into white society. * black nationalism/separatism. creative nonviolence. The Tonkin Gulf resolution * gave the president the authority to use military force in Vietnam. called on the United Nations to seek a negotiated settlement of the Vietnam war. denounced military aggression by the Soviet Union in Vietnam. delayed a response to the Tonkin incident until completion of an investigation into its causes. The Tet Offensive in 1968 had the important effect of crippling the North Vietnamese military effort. tightening American resolve to pursue the war to total victory. demonstrating the capability of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. * shaking the credibility of those who had predicted a quick victory in Vietnam. Richard Nixon defined his working, tax-paying, non-protesting constituency in the election of 1968 as * the silent majority the moral majority the highbrow majority Americans for America World War II internment camps for Japanese Americans were little more than prisons. sanctioned by the Supreme Court. home to both Issei and Nisei. * all of the above none of the above President Truman's domestic agenda for his second term, laid out in January 1949, was labeled the Square Deal * Fair Deal New Deal New Society Dynamic Conservatism During the struggle in China between nationalists and communists after World War II, the United States * continued to support Chiang Kai-shek with money and weapons even when it became clear his cause was lost supported the communist leader Mao Zedong hoping that a communist China friendly to the United States would help stop Soviet aggression supported Ho Chi Minh, a compromise leader intervened militarily to put an end to the struggle In the election of 1948, Southern conservatives, known as Dixiecrats, bolted the Democratic party because they objected to Truman's slow and ineffective domestic policies they wanted to nominate Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the Democratic candidate instead of Truman they resented Truman's confrontational stand against the Soviet Union * they disapproved of Truman's proposed civil rights bill and the pro civil rights party platform During the 1950's, the number of women working outside the home increased, mainly because * many families needed a second income to maintain their desired standard of living feminism became a major force in society suburbs provided a poor environment in which to raise a family, so women had no reason to stay at home many women found that they received pay equal to that of men who did the same work Eisenhower's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles continued to support the Truman administration's containment policy * announced a new policy of "massive retaliation," threatening the use of nuclear weapons to counter and "roll back" communist aggression did not want the United States to become involved in foreign alliances proposed a series of summit meetings between Eisenhower and Soviet leaders to improve relations between the two nations The United States financed World War II by borrowing from Britain confiscating factories engaged in defense production * increasing tax rates and selling war bonds increasing tariff rates none of the above What did not occur as a result of McCarthyism? teachers take a non-communist oath accusations people blacklisted from jobs censorship of books in schools * convictions Which negative event did NOT occur during the Eisenhower Administration? Hungarian revolt * fall of China to Communism Sputnik McCarthyism U-2 incident Who led the Vietnamese, defeating France's imperialistic rule at the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954? * Ho Chi Minh Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Tse-Tung Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee Who presided as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education? John Foster Dulles Strom Thurmond Adlai Stevenson * Earl Warren John Marshall According to the video, what NAACP lawyer emerged during the Luce Case and Little Rock Arkansas education cases, eventually becoming a Supreme Court Justice? Martin Luther King Jr * Thurgood Marshall Earl Warren Orval Faubus George Wallace According to the video, one of the most significant accomplishments of the Montgomery boycott was that it led to the immediate victory over segregation laws concerning public transportation * it led to the elevation of Martin Luther King, Jr., to prominence as a civil rights leader it created the NAACP it caused most Southern whites accepting desegregation with no further resistance The 1955-1956 black boycott of segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama, was essentially started by whom and led to what Martin Luther King/affirmation by the U.S. Supreme Court of a lower-court decision outlawing segregation on buses * Rosa Parks/the voluntary (if forced) concession by white leaders in Montgomery to integrate buses Earl Warren/the collapse of the civil rights movement when black leaders were unable to deliver on their promises of social change Martin Luther King/the collapse of the civil rights movement when black leaders were unable to deliver on their promises of social change Rosa Parks/passage of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the Brown v. Board case In the video, who gave a speech in 1952, later called the "Checkers Speech", which saved his political career, to inform the public of an incident involving $18,000 in illegal campaign funds? * Richard Nixon Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Harry S. Truman William Westmoreland The Great Society and the New Frontier are to be associated with John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, respectively. John Kennedy alone. Lyndon Johnson alone. * Lyndon Johnson and John Kennedy, respectively. The greatest increase in the number of American troops in Vietnam came during the administration of Dwight Eisenhower John Kennedy * Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon. The Tet offensive of 1968 was a (A) political defeat for President Johnson. (B) military victory for the United States. * both a and b neither a nor b "Vietnamization" of the war is to be associated primarily with the presidency of Gerald Ford Lyndon Johnson * Richard Nixon John Kennedy General Westmoreland Who said, "I have a dream that someday people will be judged on the content of their character rather than on the color of their skin."? John Kennedy Lyndon Johnson * Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X Jesse Jackson Who said, "Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country."? Lyndon Johnson * John Kennedy Barry Goldwater Richard Nixon Robert Kennedy Which is NOT true of the Bay of Pigs incident? The plan was originally President Eisenhower's idea The United States' CIA backed invasion was a failure Kennedy accepted full responsibility for the event * After this incident, the Soviets lost all respect for Kennedy and found him vulnerable All of the above are true What was NOT a provision of or associated with the 1954 Geneva Agreements? * Vietnam was divided into North and South at the 38th Parallel The agreement was signed after the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu Ho Chi Minh was to lead Communist North Vietnam An anti-Communist government was established in South Vietnam Free elections were scheduled to be held in 1956. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis can best be described with which term. containment * brinksmanship New Look flexible response Monroe Doctrine When Secretary of State Dean Rusk said, "We were eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just blinked," what incident and person was he talking about? Bay of Pigs/Fidel Castro * Cuban Missile Crisis/Nikita Khrushchev Berlin Wall/Nikita Khrushchev Cuban Missile Crisis/Fidel Castro Bay of Pigs/Nikita Khrushchev The general in command of American forces in Vietnam from 1964-1968, and who later added to the credibility gap when he stated that "the end of the war was in sight" was Douglas McArthur Maxwell Taylor Curtis LeMay General Luan * William Westmoreland "Operation Rolling Thunder" was the code name for the landing of the first combat troops in Vietnam * American bombing raids on North Vietnam the airlift of food to the blockaded city of West Berlin the plan to assassinate South Vietnam's president, Ngo Dinh Diem the black activist movements in the South, ie. boycotts, sit-ins, voter registration drives What event did NOT occur in 1968? Tet offensive Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated * students killed by national guard at Kent State Univ. Robert Kennedy assassinated LBJ announced his decision not to run for re-election To what extent did Lyndon Johnson succeed in bringing about his Great Society, and why? All the legislation proved to be no more than gigantic boondoggles because the programs were ill-conceived and under-financed * Some of Johnson's programs significantly improved the quality of American life, but the major thrust to provide economic opportunity for all was derailed by the war in Vietnam Because of the sweeping Johnson programs, poverty was reduced to less than 5 percent of the population for the first time in American history Because Congress was generally hostile to most features of Johnson's program, it refused to approve anything more than minimum appropriations, thereby crippling and dooming the programs from the start He didn't succeed because he was a Texan and a Democrat At Kent State University in May 1970, campus radicals ambushed National Guard Troop G, wounding eleven and killing four Ohio governor James Rhodes ordered the National Guard to shoot down all campus radicals * National Guard troops panicked and fired at a crowd of students, wounding eleven and killing four campus police fired into a women's dormitory, accidentally killing two male students who were in the midst of a panty raid Joe Escobar graduated as valedictorian with highest honors Nixon engineered a dramatic turnaround in American relations with this country in 1972, finally ending 22 years of non-recognition. * People's Republic of China Panama Chile Kampuchea Laos The 1973 War Powers Act gave the president the power to declare war compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia * required the president to report to Congress and get approval for any commitment of American troops ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army strengthened the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution According to the video, how did MOST Americans react to the campus convulsions of 1970? * They, the silent majority, criticized campus protesters for undercutting the nation's foreign policy They blamed the Nixon administration for widening the war, and they applauded the goals of the campus demonstrators They retreated from traditional American policies and sought new answers in mystic cults, communes, or the ecology movement They became increasingly radicalized and in the November election voted for radical or left-wing Democratic candidates none of the above President Nixon's policy of "New Federalism" was designed to revamp the federal government so that there would be no duplication of effort * shift power from Washington to the states and communities bolster the taxing and regulatory powers of the federal government move the capital of the United States to a newly constructed metropolis in the heart of the Sunbelt repeal gains made in the New Deal and the Great Society What did the "White House tapes" reveal? that the burglary at Democratic headquarters was simply a third-rate caper, and that no one on the White House staff had been involved * that President Nixon had ordered a cover-up in the Watergate affair that President Nixon had been having an affair with his secretary for three years that President Nixon had attempted to halt the "dirty tricks" of his supporters but had failed