Lincoln's action relative to Fort Sumter in April of 1861 was to    
 send military supplies and naval reinforcements.   
 * send a relief force to take in food only.   
 do nothing and see what the South would do.   
 negotiate behind the scenes.   
    

Both Lincoln and Johnson shared the view that Reconstruction    
 should punish the South for secession.   
 * was a presidential function.   
 needed to be a complete socio-economic transformation.   
 prohibited any real conciliation of North and South.   
    

Which one of the following was NOT a reason for the demise of the huge cattle barons by the late 1880s?    
 overstocked herds that depleted the limited grass supply   
 * constant danger of Indian attack   
 severe summer and winter weather in 1885-87   
 pressure to fence and regulate formerly open land   
    

Vertical integration is to the control of production of a product as horizontal combination is to control of    
 * the market for a product.    
 the labor force.   
 the boards and financiers.   
 all raw materials.   
    

Which one of these would NOT be in a Granger's list of "thieves in the night" or considered a pitchfork in the farmers' backs?    
 railroads   
 farm equipment manufacturers   
 banks   
 * labor unions   
    

The capital of the Confederacy after May 1861 was:    
 Charleston   
 * Richmond   
 Appomattox   
 Baltimore   
    

Which one of the following is NOT one of the three groups that made up the fledgling Republican coalition in the postwar South?    
 African Americans    
 * white redemptioners    
 transplanted northerners - carpetbaggers   
 native southerners - scalawags   
    

Which one of the following is NOT true of the Homestead Act of 1862?    
 It was most successful in the central and upper Midwest.   
 Big-time land speculators gained the most.   
 A person could gain land by settling and improving it over five years.   
 * Most farmers gained their lands this way.   
    

The violence in the Haymarket Square incident was an example of    
 the turmoil in the urban ghettos.   
 racial tensions between African Americans and new European immigrants.   
 hostilities that broke out in large crowds at sporting events.   
 * hostility to labor union organizing.   
    

The Pendleton Reform Act attempted to reform what area?    
 civil rights    
 railroad rates   
 * civil service   
 public education   
    

Riots in the Confederate states were mainly caused by    
 inequities of the draft and urban tensions.   
 * shortages of food and high inflation rates.   
 the draft exemption for wealthy slaveowners.   
 low prices for cotton.   
    

Southern governments used poll taxes and "grandfather clauses" to    
 * limit African-American suffrage.   
 help poor whites buy land.   
 protect tenant farmers.   
 keep all poor people from voting.   
    

Ironically, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was interpreted by the courts to inhibit growth of THIS GROUP rather than the industrial giants it was meant to control:    
 city political machines    
 * trade unions   
 research labs   
 banks   
    

Which one of the following groups would be the LEAST likely to have many populists in it?    
 farmers    
 * business executives   
 workers   
 African Americans   
    

Which one of the following was NOT passed by the U.S. Congress during the war?    
 Morrill Tariff Act   
 Legal Tender Act   
 * Wade-Davis Act   
 Homestead Act   
    

The first big businesses in America were the    
 mining companies.   
 oil companies.   
 * railroad companies.   
 steel mills.   
    

Severe depressions occurred in    
 * 1873 and 18   
 1870 and 18  
 1881 and 18  
 1866 and 18  
    

If you were in favor of soft currency in the 1890s, you would be LEAST likely to support    
 * the gold standard.    
 treasury (paper) notes.   
 free coinage of silver.   
 inflated currency.   
    

The Union act that freed all the slaves was the    
 Emancipation Proclamation.   
 Contraband Confiscation Act   
 * Thirteenth Amendment   
 Sherman Decree of Field Order   
    

Very few of the immigrants in the 1880s went to this region of the United States:    
 * the South    
 the Pacific Coast   
 the Northeast   
 the Southwest   
    

William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic-Populist candidate, won the most support in these states in the 1896 election:    
 New England    
 the Midwest   
 * the West and South   
 the Northeast