1. Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, and Lillian Wald are all examples of this type of reform community: A. Edward Bellamy's "new nation" B. company towns C. settlement houses D. Bohemian radicals E. Answer: C 2. Progressive reformers drew on two primary sources for their work. They were A. Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth. B. pragmatism and individualism. C. Evangelical Protestantism and the social and natural sciences. D. Catholicism and Reform Darwinism. E. Answer: C 3. When Jane Addams talked about the "subjective necessity" of settlement houses, she was referring to A. the opportunities they gave young educated women to do something useful in the real world. B. the overwhelming needs of its patrons. C. the educational opportunities the houses offered to deprived children. D. the financial rewards of operating settlement houses. E. Answer: A 4. Services that the party machine provided its constituents included all of the following EXCEPT A. efficient use of taxes. B. jobs. C. legal assistance. D. personal necessities. E. Answer: A 5. Political progressivism in urban reform aimed its activism at A. luring new businesses into local communities B. cleaning up city government by changing its form C. creating a nondiscriminatory atmosphere for all urban residents D. privatizing municipal utilities E. Answer: B 6. Galveston, Texas first popularized this type of urban reform: A. city manager form of government B. cleanup of machine politics C. ordinance and zoning plans D. city commission form of government E. Answer: D 7. The Wisconsin idea embodied a basic concept behind Progressive thought. It called for A. close ties between business and government. B. non-interference by government. C. using trained experts to solve problems. D. protecting capitalist interests from overzealous reformers. E. Answer: C 8. The "Oregon system" focused much of its attention on A. public educational reform. B. conservation policy. C. civil service reform. D. institutional political reform. E. Answer: D 9. Which of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? A. Lincoln Steffens B. S. S. McClure C. The Jungle D. Richard T. Ely E. Answer: D 10. The first large-circulation magazine in the United States that used "exposure journalism" to both report and moralize on a subject was A. McClure's. B. Cosmopolitan. C. The World's Work. D. The Saturday Evening Post. E. Answer: A 11. The Progressives' "ethical elitism" revealed itself best in which one of the following reforms? A. the eight-hour day movement B. prohibition C. female suffrage D. consumer protection E. Answer: B 12. Out of concern that commercializing leisure activities like movie going threatened the nation's morality, Progressives A. set up censorship boards to review movies. B. passed city ordinances limiting movie house hours of operation. C. zoned cities to keep movie houses out of certain areas. D. appealed to Hollywood directors to police themselves. E. Answer: A 13. The statistics of the labor force from 1900 to 1920 indicated a decline in the number of A. farm workers. B. industrial workers. C. service workers. D. women workers. E. Answer: A 14. Who of the following would be the MOST likely "new" immigrant to enter the United States in 1905? A. a young unskilled Italian male B. a female Asian domestic servant C. a skilled English coal miner D. a German steel worker E. Answer: A 15. The garment workers strike in 1909 that resulted in an emotional mass meeting in New York's Cooper Union Hall demonstrated the A. potential for cooperation between employer and employee. B. role the church could play in negotiating labor disputes. C. power of organizing unskilled workers. D. anti-union position of the federal government. E. Answer: C 16. In the Danbury Hatters Case, a federal court issued a ruling that A. labor's use of the manufacturers boycott violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. B. labor unions were illegal under the Sherman Act. C. picketing within 500 feet of a business establishment violated property rights. D. striking workers could not attempt to recruit strike breakers. E. Answer: A 17. The Industrial Workers of the World challenged the American Federation of Labor's traditional tactics by A. using boycotts rather than strikes. B. focusing most of their recruiting effort in industries already organized by the AFL. C. recruiting all workers, not just those in crafts. D. denouncing the use of violence in labor disputes. E. Answer: C 18. A woman who practiced the ideal of "social housekeeping" during the progressive era would most likely have participated in which of the following activities? A. attending college B. lobbying for protective legislation C. leaving political lobbying to her husband D. starting a social club in her home E. Answer: B 19. The women's club movement in the progressive era played an important role in A. preparing young women for happy marriages. B. providing scholarships to women entering the professional world. C. organizing benevolent assistance to working women and children. D. promoting the "separate sphere" concept for male/female relationship in the household. E. Answer: C 20. Booker T. Washington's message to Progressive Era African Americans urged them to A. focus on economic improvement and self-reliance. B. stand up for their civil rights. C. migrate to the West. D. establish black colleges for professional studies. E. Answer: A 21. W. E. B. Du Bois challenged the Booker T. Washington message on the grounds that it A. set unrealistic standards B. gave hope where no hope existed C. antagonized whites D. accepted the idea of black racial inferiority E. Answer: D 22. President Theodore Roosevelt's support for the Hepburn Act and Pure Food and Drug Act reflected his belief in A. an economy where small businesses freely competed with one another B. an economy untethered by government interference C. the need to regulate big business D. supporting business at the expense of the consumer E. Answer: C 23. Which of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? A. Theodore Roosevelt B. Progressive Party C. William Howard Taft D. Hiram Johnson E. Answer: C 24. The Democrats' New Freedom platform in 1912 A. suggested limited faith in the ability of the federal government to solve social issues. B. mirrored the Progressive party's approach to solving the nation's economic problems. C. presented a detailed plan of reform to solve the nation's economic difficulties. D. concentrated on issues of international rather than domestic importance. E. Answer: A 25. Reform legislation passed in the Wilson presidency included all of the following EXCEPT A. a new antitrust law. B. banking legislation creating the Federal Reserve. C. raising the protective tariff. D. creation of the Federal Trade Commission E. Answer: C 26. Progressivism initially developed as a reform movement A. in national politics B. in state and municipal government C. in the liberal Northeast D. in the conservative South E. Answer: B 27. As a national political movement, Progressivism appealed A. primarily to the industrial Northeast and Midwest B. primarily to the middle classes in the western states C. primarily to rural people in the West, Midwest, and South D. to all geographic regions of the country E. Answer: D 28. President Theodore Roosevelt applied his "big stick" diplomacy to support native forces and promoter Bunau-Varilla in A. mediating the Russo-Japanese conflict. B. fighting in the Spanish-American War. C. gaining canal rights in Panama. D. intervening in the Dominican Republic. E. Answer: C 29. The U.S./Japanese signing of the Root-Takahira agreement affirmed A. an American alliance with the Japanese in the Far East. B. the territorial status quo in Asia and the U.S. Open Door trade policy in China. C. American determination to control Russian expansion in Asia. D. American commitment to promoting Japanese interests in West Coast markets. E. Answer: B 30. Woodrow Wilson advocated a foreign policy that emphasized A. economic links with foreign nations. B. military alliances with Western Hemisphere governments friendly to the United States. C. upholding human rights internationally. D. "big stick" diplomacy. E. Answer: A 31. President Wilson's experience in responding to difficulties created by the unsettled political situation in Mexico revealed the A. strengths of a policy rooted in economic investment and encouragement of democratic ideals. B. contradictions of spreading democratic ideals by using military intervention. C. public relations advantages of describing American international goals in moral terms. D. dangers of using secret government agents to implement policy. E. Answer: B 32. In the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States A. cut off all foreign aid to European nations that interfered in Western Hemisphere affairs. B. announced its intention to protect the territorial integrity of China. C. declared its right to intervene in the Western Hemisphere to assure order and stability. D. ended all military alliances with European nations. E. Answer: C 33. Wilson's intervention in Mexico in 1914 and his 1916 punitive expedition order were based on his view that A. Mexico must be kept from allying with Germany. B. Mexican sovereignty was less important than American business interests. C. the U.S. could lead others to democracy. D. American interests in Panama were also at stake. E. Answer: C 34. Once war had begun in Europe in 1914, America's declaration of neutrality resulted in A. Americans demonstrating little support for one side or the other. B. active trading with both groups of belligerents. C. the prohibition of wartime loans to any belligerent nation. D. a lot of propaganda from both sides. E. Answer: D 35. In the period before American entrance into World War I, groups like the National Security League pressed Wilson to A. build up American military capability. B. strictly maintain American neutrality. C. isolate German aliens and German Americans in the United States. D. increase financial assistance to the Allies. E. Answer: A 36. Incidents involving the Lusitania and Sussex graphically illustrated A. the risks American merchants took in selling contraband to the Allies. B. the Allies' refusal to recognize American neutral rights. C. the difficulty of remaining neutral in the face of German submarine activity. D. the difficulty of protecting American ships in a war zone. E. Answer: C 37. In announcing resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, Germany expected that A. antiwar sentiment in the United States would keep the nation out of the war. B. Americans would not care, since it would not affect American interests. C. the American navy could be destroyed in less than six months. D. the Allies would be defeated before the United States could mobilize. E. Answer: D 38. Under George Creel, the function of the Committee on Public Information was changed from its original function to one of A. coordinating government news. B. selling war bonds. C. aggressively promoting the war. D. promoting German Americans against Germany. E. Answer: C 39. How was the Selective Service Act structured to try to prevent opposition to the draft in World War I? A. Draftees could not purchase a substitute. B. No German Americans were allowed to volunteer. C. All men between 18 and 65 were eligible. D. Army pay and benefits were raised. E. Answer: A 40. African Americans who served in the American Expeditionary Force in Europe A. faced unexpected hostility from French civilians upon their arrival in France. B. served in integrated combat units toward the end of the conflict. C. were relegated largely to menial manual labor. D. were members of the army and marine corps. E. Answer: C 41. A middle class American living in New York during World War I would have experienced each of the following EXCEPT A. public rallies to sell war bonds. B. voluntary campaigns to cut the use of consumer items. C. government rationing of a variety of foodstuffs. D. a personal income tax. E. Answer: C 42. What was one effect of business and government cooperation during World War I? A. an organizational shift toward more small business B. the expansion of the modern bureaucratic state C. a decrease in agricultural production D. a decrease in expansion and profits E. Answer: B 43. During World War I, American labor unions A. benefited from their close association with the government in mobilizing the economy. B. abstained from involvement in labor disputes in the interest of wartime unity. C. lost membership as a result of the successful open shop movement led by business. D. endured government raids on their headquarters in the search for subversive material. E. Answer: A 44. Among the postwar results of the wartime operation of the Women in Industry Service and expanded use of female labor in industry during the war was A. creation of an educational and investigative Women's Bureau in the Labor Department. B. a government campaign for equal wages for equal work. C. the proliferation of job opportunities for women beyond traditional clerical occupations. D. increased union membership for females. E. Answer: A 45. A member of the National Woman's Party would have been more inclined than a member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association to lobby for woman's suffrage by using which one of the following tactics? A. lobbying Congress B. picketing the White House C. linking woman's suffrage to the war fought for democracy D. participating in wartime relief efforts E. Answer: B 46. Two amendments with significant social importance were added to the Constitution in the post-World War I era; the Eighteenth Amendment provided for _____ and the Nineteenth Amendment for _____. A. the income tax; woman's suffrage B. prohibition; woman's suffrage C. African American suffrage; woman's suffrage D. prohibition; the income tax E. Answer: B 47. In Debs v. United States and Abrams v. United States, the Supreme Court handed down decisions that A. upheld the constitutionality of state anti-labor legislation. B. authorized the release of all persons convicted of wartime violations of the Espionage and Sedition Acts. C. endorsed wartime restrictions on free speech. D. criticized the government's coercive actions against the civilian population during the war. E. Answer: C 48. Which of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? A. Espionage Act B. Sedition Act C. Federal Bureau of Investigation D. War Industries Board E. Answer: D 49. What deeper fear on the part of the public and the government seemed to be provoked by post-World War I strikes? A. potential problems with the larger social order B. growing violations of American civil rights C. escalating racial strife D. a concern with the continual violence in American society E. Answer: A 50. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points peace plan called for all of the following EXCEPT A. the creation of new nations from colonial empires. B. restrictive trade agreements. C. armaments reductions. D. a world parliament. E. Answer: B 51. Despite Wilson's best efforts, the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I A. did not include the creation of a League of Nations. B. provided for a mandate system but no new nations. C. levied harsh penalties on the defeated Germany. D. included input from the new Bolshevik state in Russia. E. Answer: C 52. The greatest concern expressed by Wilson's opponents in the Senate treaty debate focused on the immediate issue of A. the war guilt clause. B. Congress's authority to declare war in relation to the League of Nations. C. lack of Republican input in the treaty negotiation process. D. personal animosity between Wilson and Senate Republicans. E. Answer: B 53. United States' involvement in Mexico reflected _____ economic interests. A. very significant B. only minor C. no D. somewhat significant E. Answer: A 54. After initial success, the German offensive of 1918 A. ended in a stalemate. B. pushed onto Paris. C. was met by a successful Allied counteroffensive. D. stopped because the Germans were duped into a phony armistice. E. Answer: C 55. American land operations in World War I proved to be _____ to the Allied war effort. A. very significant B. of little significance C. of no significance D. of some significance E. Answer: A 56. According to President Wilson's speech to Congress, the United States entered World War I in part A. to assert what it claimed were its neutral shipping rights. B. to recoup maritime investment money lost to German U-Boat activity. C. to make money. D. to stimulate its internal economy. E. Answer: A 57. Which one of the following was NOT a collective aspiration or desire being increasingly defined by the Hollywood "dream factory"? A. upward mobility B. rural living C. material success D. remaking one's identity E. Answer: B 58. The Republican presidents who served in the 1920s all exhibited a faith in the A. government's ability to solve the nation's social problems. B. government's responsibility to assist business interests. C. collective American spirit. D. need for government intervention to regulate the economy. E. Answer: B 59. Under the leadership of Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, the income tax burden was A. spread more evenly. B. reduced across the board. C. reduced for the wealthiest of Americans. D. eliminated during the 1920s. E. Answer: C 60. The "associative state" that Herbert Hoover proposed relied on A. voluntary collaboration between business and social groups. B. a government-subsidized economy. C. a government-directed social program. D. American "associates" who volunteered their time to perform civic responsibilities. E. Answer: A 61. Under the impact of the "second industrial revolution," A. industrial output increased without enlarging the labor force. B. American industry focused on the production of producer-durable goods for export. C. wages became the single largest production cost for American business. D. technological innovations displaced workers, and the standard of living declined. E. Answer: A 62. The modern corporation that emerged in the 1920s succeeded in part because A. it concentrated on the production of one product. B. it diversified its production into the consumer area. C. ownership and management remained in the same hands. D. its managers threw out long-term plans to allow it to respond instantaneously to changing market conditions. E. Answer: B 63. To challenge trade unions and collective bargaining agreements, large companies in the 1920s turned to all of the following tactics EXCEPT A. providing benefits packages for employees. B. establishing company unions. C. relying on government assistance to mediate labor disputes. D. launching open shop campaigns. E. Answer: C 64. Henry Ford boldly boosted wages and shortened hours in 1914 primarily because A. the union movement was threatening to organize the auto industry. B. he was genuinely concerned about his workers' welfare. C. the federal government threatened a takeover of his company when a massive strike shook the industry. D. he recognized that consumer durable industries like his own needed buyers. E. Answer: D 65. The clearest example of the revolutionary impact of consumer durables' rise to prominence in the 1920s was in the A. housing industry. B. auto industry. C. clothing industry. D. cosmetics industry. E. Answer: B 66. Which one of the following industries did NOT decline in the 1920s? A. agriculture B. textiles C. railroads D. electrical industries. E. Answer: D 67. Among the MOST powerful roles that the mass media played in the 1920s was A. redefining standards of behavior and social expectations. B. introducing different cultures to Americans. C. generating greater interest in politics. D. calling for a return to normalcy. E. Answer: A 68. The key characteristic that distinguished advertising in the 1920s from advertising in previous eras was its A. attention to promoting product quality. B. stuffy quality. C. attention to consumers themselves. D. male orientation. E. Answer: C 69. In the 1920s the movie industry entered a new phase as it introduced the studio system to A. control movie making from production to exhibition. B. expand opportunities for a large number of studios to enter the movie-making business. C. reduce dependence on Wall Street investors and banks. D. alleviate public concern about the control studios exerted over movie stars. E. Answer: A 70. Whether shopping at A&P, watching an MGM movie, or reading a Hearst newspaper, consumers in the 1920s were exposed to more things that A. demonstrated local and regional uniqueness. B. owed their existence to highly competitive small businesses. C. had been produced in and for a national market. D. challenged them intellectually. E. Answer: C 71. One of the enduring images of the 1920s is the flapper. To what degree is this image genuine? A. Most young women of that age were flappers. B. The sensuality she represented became normative for more white middle class women. C. No real changes in sexual behavior occurred but the public perception of it did. D. It was an image created by the suffrage associations to publicize women's needs. E. Answer: B 72. One of the major results of prohibition was A. an actual increase in the amount of alcohol consumed per capita. B. the creation of a high law enforcement bureaucracy to enforce it. C. a drop in reported cases of alcoholism. D. an increase in violent organized crime. E. Answer: D 73. The Immigration Act of 1921 and the Johnson Reed Immigration Act of 1924 were proposed to A. increase the labor supply in American urban centers. B. reduce the number of "undesirable" immigrants to the United States. C. deport illegal aliens more easily. D. reduce the number of years required for naturalization. E. Answer: B 74. During the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan A. lost its appeal in mainstream politics. B. actively recruited new members. C. directed its terrorist activities against blacks only. D. claimed to represent the values of "big city" America. E. Answer: B 75. Which one of the following BEST describes why the KKK experienced a decline in influence and membership after 1925? A. the negative publicity from D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation B. the public outcry and revulsion against its ideology C. the unified efforts of African Americans, Catholics and Jews D. the sordid scandal and resulting disgrace of one of its leaders E. Answer: D 76. In the 1920s the women's movement split over the issue of A. the new morality. B. protective legislation vs. full equality. C. motherhood vs. professional life. D. suffrage vs. consumer legislation. E. Answer: B 77. A woman who joined the League of Women Voters in 1920 probably A. would have supported the Equal Rights Amendment. B. opposed protective legislation for women. C. believed women had a special role to play to improve society. D. focused solely on feminist issues. E. Answer: C 78. Mexicans entered the United States in unprecedented numbers in the 1920s largely as a result of A. ongoing political chaos in Mexico. B. recruitment by American industry. C. flooding that destroyed numerous villages in Northern Mexico. D. opportunities for work in the expanding agricultural Southwest. E. Answer: D 79. This community became the demographic and cultural capital of black America in the 1920s: A. Harlem B. Chicago C. Detroit D. Nashville E. Answer: A 80. Marcus Garvey's teachings promoted a mass black movement that advocated all of the following EXCEPT A. black pride. B. accommodation to white business. C. international unity of black communities. D. economic self-determination. E. Answer: B 81. Which one of the following was NOT an idea associated with the Harlem Renaissance? A. unity of the black community B. the "New Negro" C. a move away from militant activism D. an outpouring of literature celebrating cultural pride E. Answer: C 82. The "Battle of Running Bulls" in Flint, Michigan was a conflict between strikers and A. the National Guard. B. Governor Frank Murphy and his supporters. C. local police and private GM guards. D. townspeople. E. Answer: C 83. Underlying weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s that contributed to the coming of the Great Depression included all of the following EXCEPT A. wages that did not keep up with productivity. B. overproduction in industry and agriculture. C. inequitable distribution of wealth. D. a tight credit policy that limited borrowing. E. Answer: D 84. The MOST powerful sign of the Great Depression was A. low stock prices. B. rising unemployment. C. failing consumer purchases. D. abandoned property. E. Answer: B 85. Two early examples of Hoover's initial response to the Depression, the President's Emergency Commission for Unemployment and the President's Organization for Unemployment Relief, focused on A. encouraging private relief efforts at the local level. B. organizing work relief projects at every level of government. C. coordinating relief efforts at the local and state levels. D. calling an international conference to discuss solutions to unemployment worldwide. E. Answer: A 86. The creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation reflected Hoover's philosophy that the federal government should A. address the problem of underconsumption first. B. restore business expansion to solve the nation's economic problems. C. create agencies to do what competition had failed to do. D. organize work relief programs through private companies. E. Answer: B 87. The FIRST problem area in the economy that Franklin Roosevelt addressed once in office was A. the ailing financial system. B. the falling stock market. C. collapsing relief programs. D. failing agriculture. E. Answer: A 88. One way the Agriculture Adjustment Act assisted farmers was by A. offering cheap loans to buy seed and livestock. B. relocating sharecroppers displaced by foreclosures. C. electrifying impoverished rural areas. D. subsidizing farmers who cut production. E. Answer: D 89. In creating the Tennessee Valley Authority, the federal government broke precedent by A. establishing a public corporation to provide cheap hydroelectric power to states in the Tennessee River Valley. B. setting up work relief camps for young men to work on conservation projects in the Tennessee River Valley. C. establishing model planned community projects for displaced workers in the Tennessee River Valley. D. creating a public agency to undertake an experimental defense project in the Tennessee River Valley. E. Answer: A 90. Which one of the Following has the LEAST in common with the other three: A. Huey Long B. Al Smith C. Harry Hopkins D. Upton Sinclair E. Answer: C 91. The Share Our Wealth Society attacked the New Deal from the left, proposing to A. increase the income tax on well-to-do Americans to 70%. B. limit the size of large fortunes. C. nationalize the banking system. D. redistribute the nation's property according to need. E. Answer: B 92. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided the opportunity for unemployment compensation benefits to A. farmers. B. factory workers. C. domestic servants. D. public employees. E. Answer: B 93. Called "the Magna Carta for labor," the Wagner Act A. guaranteed American workers the right to join or form a union. B. established the first federal minimum wage. C. organized industrial unions into a Committee for Industrial Organization. D. prohibited the use of child labor in businesses involved in interstate commerce. E. Answer: A 94. In contrast to the American Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organizations organized A. males only by skilled craft. B. all workers. C. only in the South. D. rural agricultural workers. E. Answer: B 95. Which of the Following would not fit into the Roosevelt New Deal coalition that appeared in Democratic politics in the 1930s? A. a union member in Flint, Michigan B. a ward boss in Chicago C. an executive with General Motors D. an Italian Catholic immigrant in New York E. Answer: C 96. The disastrous "Dust Bowl" calamity in the southern Great Plains occurred after several years of drought and A. overgrazing by livestock. B. the destruction of native grasses. C. severe winters. D. a series of insect plagues. E. Answer: B 97. Establishment of the Soil Conservation Service indicated the federal government's intention to A. protect the public domain from exploitation. B. alter traditional land use patterns in threatened areas. C. sell land in the public domain only to conservation-minded buyers. D. block farm subsidies unless conservation practices were implemented. E. Answer: B 98. What was the largest of the government water power and irrigation projects during the New Deal? A. Boulder Dam B. Hoover Dam C. Grand Coulee Dam D. Imperial Dam E. Answer: C 99. A prominent style in 1930s cultural expression was A. escape entertainment. B. documentaries. C. movies presenting historical parallels. D. pessimistic moralism on the radio. E. Answer: B 100. A constant theme in many of the works developed during the Great Depression that were based on eyewitness accounts of Depression-era experiences was A. the bitter sense of loss. B. inconsolable sadness and grief. C. pessimistic concession to defeat. D. suffering but determination to overcome. E. Answer: D 101. Which one of the following was the LEAST likely to be a topic of a 1930s movie or radio show? A. gangsters B. social consciousness C. "screwball comedies" D. serials emphasizing female characters E. Answer: B 102. Which one of the following was NOT a way radio expanded during the Depression? A. talent from vaudeville, ethnic theater and the recording industry B. outlet to advertisers seeking a national audience C. programming that was more regular and professional D. playing current musical hits E. Answer: D 103. Franklin Roosevelt's attempt to restructure the Supreme Court in 1937 A. passed overwhelmingly in Congress. B. cost him some political power. C. resulted in a complete reversal of Roosevelt's New Deal programs. D. delighted conservatives but appalled liberals in Congress. E. Answer: B 104. Eleanor Roosevelt saw her job as First Lady as A. little more than a social position. B. a household organizer and appointment manager. C. a base for independent political action. D. a helpmate for her husband within acceptable public bounds. E. Answer: C 105. Among New Deal agencies, the one that contributed the most to gains made by African Americans during the Great Depression was the A. Works Progress Administration. B. Civilian Conservation Corps. C. Tennessee Valley Authority. D. National Recovery Administration. E. Answer: A 106. Franklin Roosevelt's record on civil rights was limited primarily because he A. opposed civil rights. B. feared alienating Southerners in his own party. C. could not overcome his own racial prejudice. D. did not understand the extent of discrimination against black people in the nation. E. Answer: B 107. In the election of 1932, Roosevelt carried states in A. the Northeast and the Midwest. B. the South and the West. C. the Northeast and the West. D. every region of the country. E. Answer: D 108. The election of 1932 reflected A. strong regional voting patterns. B. a split between rural and urban voting patterns. C. voting patterns based on socioeconomic standing. D. a nationwide pattern of voter disapproval of the Hoover administration. E. Answer: D 109. The New Deal's water policies had a radical effect in the A. West. B. Midwest. C. Deep South. D. Northeast. E. Answer: A 110. Which one of the following was NOT provided by the Tennessee Valley Authority? A. dams and power plants B. cheap fertilizer C. inexpensive electricity D. farm subsidies E. Answer: D 111. Post-World War I public sentiment regarding America's role in world affairs held that the United States A. should expand its "policeman" role throughout the world. B. strongly opposed entanglement in another world war. C. participation in World War I was a noble contribution to world peace. D. should be a member of the League of Nations. E. Answer: B 112. Which one of the following is the LEAST associated with the other three? A. Houston B. zoot-suiters C. East Los Angeles D. Mexican-Americans E. Answer: A 113. Foreboding events in Europe in the 1930s included all of the following EXCEPT A. Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. B. German occupation of the Rhineland. C. German annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia. D. German invasion of the Soviet Union. E. Answer: D 114. Criticism of Franklin Roosevelt's policy of preparedness ended in December, 1941 when A. France fell to German invasion. B. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. C. Germany and Italy became allies. D. Germany occupied Czechoslovakia over Poland. E. Answer: B 115. Franklin Roosevelt responded to Japanese expansion in Far East Asia by A. issuing an ultimatum demanding removal of Japanese troops. B. appealing to the League of Nations. C. attacking the Panay in Japanese territorial waters. D. establishing an embargo on the sale of American goods to the Japanese. E. Answer: D 116. Operation Torch resulted in A. the liberation of France. B. the German defeat at Stalingrad. C. defeat of German and Italian forces in North Africa. D. the naming of George Patton as Supreme Allied Commander. E. Answer: C 117. By the time the United States entered the war with Germany the burden of the European war had fallen on A. France. B. Belgium and Holland. C. the Soviet Union. D. Poland. E. Answer: C 118. D-Day, June 6, 1944, began the Allied operations that A. forced Italy to surrender. B. blunted the last German counterattack. C. opened Berlin to the Red Army. D. liberated France from Nazi occupation. E. Answer: D 119. Described as the bloodiest single American battle since Gettysburg, this battle in December, 1944, halted the last German counterattack. It was the A. Battle of the Bulge. B. D-Day invasion. C. Battle of Ypres. D. Battle of Dunkirk. E. Answer: A 120. The plan that General Douglas MacArthur developed to open a path to Japan in the Pacific was A. fire bombing. B. carrier conveying. C. island hopping D. surrounding and scaling. E. Answer: C 121. Although approximately 350,000 women served in World War II, A. they remained in the United States serving mostly in clerical positions. B. they were barred from combat. C. they were kept out of danger, well outside combat zones. D. they have never been adequately recognized for the heroic victories that all-female infantry units won, especially in North Africa. E. Answer: B 122. The government kept close watch over female armed service members because they feared the spread of each of these kinds of "immorality" EXCEPT A. homosexuality. B. drinking. C. sexual promiscuity. D. suicide. E. Answer: D 123. Approximately one million African Americans served in World War II, enlisting at a rate _____ percent above their proportion in the general population. A. 50 B. 60 C. 75 D. 90 E. Answer: B 124. The majority of African American soldiers served during World War II A. locked in combat in Hawaii. B. as construction or stevedore workers. C. in European foxholes. D. training other soldiers for combat. E. Answer: B 125. Many observers agreed that the decisive factor in the American victory in World War II was A. military power. B. productive capacity. C. military strategy. D. blind luck. E. Answer: B 126. Rising production orders and tightening labor markets during 1941: A. lessened the need and effectiveness of labor unions. B. prompted a militant union movement. C. hurt the war effort as skilled workers remained at home rather than enlist. D. was a short-lived effect of government regulation of retail prices. E. Answer: B 127. Farm production increased significantly during World War II with the introduction of A. free meals at defense plants. B. Food for Freedom programs to feed American's allies. C. a voluntary rationing plan. D. farm equipment furnished by the military. E. Answer: B 128. Employers of female labor during World War II expected that at the war's end A. women would no longer work outside the home. B. women would choose to stay in the work force. C. women would receive the same wages as men doing the same work. D. female workers with seniority would have precedence over returning veterans seeking jobs. E. Answer: A 129. In response to "wildcat" strikes beginning in 1942, President Roosevelt A. gave an executive order to close the mines. B. ordered the seizure of the mines. C. jailed strike leaders for contempt. D. sponsored a bill mandating a wage increase in the coat industry. E. Answer: B 130. Among the experiences that would have been common in World War II era households were all of the following EXCEPT A. cheap housing. B. "latchkey" children. C. single-parent homes. D. strained marital relationships. E. Answer: A 131. Executive Order 8802 A. prohibited marches on Washington in wartime for security reasons. B. ordered the internment of Japanese aliens and Japanese Americans on the West Coast. C. banned discrimination in defense industries. D. ended the segregation of the armed forces. E. Answer: C 132. In Korematsu v. United States the Supreme Court ruled that A. the relocation of Japanese Americans was constitutional for reasons of national security. B. legislation applying only to Japanese Americans violated their civil rights. C. Isei and Nisei internees should be compensated for property losses during their internment. D. sedition cases would be tried outside of the security zone on the West Coast. E. Answer: A 133. On the homefront during World War II one could probably find all of the following EXCEPT which one in a typical household? A. a Wonder Woman comic book B. a radio playing country music C. a book on the Communist "Red menace" D. a recording of "White Christmas" E. Answer: C 134. At the Yalta conference the Big Three A. agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan. B. agreed that plans for a world organization to replace the defunct League of Nations were too ambitious. C. implemented the wartime pledges made in the Atlantic Charter. D. divided Germany and Japan into occupation zones. E. Answer: A 135. The secret program that produced the first successful explosion of an atomic device was A. Operation Torch. B. Operation Overlord. C. the Manhattan Project. D. the Magic Touch Project. E. Answer: C 136. The first American combat units to experience land duty on the European front in World War II did so A. in Africa. B. in France. C. in Italy. D. in the Soviet Union. E. Answer: A 137. Allied Armies occupied which part of the European mainland first in their counteroffensive against Hitler? A. France B. Italy C. Belgium D. Greece E. Answer: B 138. The main effect of the Red hysteria on college campuses was the A. restraint of free speech. B. decline of enrollments. C. increasing radicalism of students. D. increase in racism on campus. E. Answer: A 139. United States involvement in the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank signaled the nation's primary desire to A. play a role in shaping the postwar world economy. B. isolate the Soviet economy. C. protect American interests abroad. D. establish a network of interdependent economies throughout the world. E. Answer: A 140. The United Nations achieved its greatest early success in A. slowing the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe. B. administering humanitarian relief programs for victims of World War II. C. protecting human rights in the Middle East. D. occupying defeated Japan. E. Answer: B 141. In contrast to Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman exhibited a leadership style that was A. polished and diplomatic. B. stuffy and arrogant. C. tough and defiant. D. diplomatic and feisty. E. Answer: C 142. The threatening situation that compelled Truman's pronouncement of the Truman Doctrine in 1946 was the A. British inability to resolve the crisis in Greece and Turkey. B. blockading of West Berlin. C. building of the Berlin Wall. D. invasion of South Korea by North Korea. E. Answer: A 143. The Marshall Plan for European nations reflected the Truman administration's fear of A. a German resurgence in Western Europe. B. atomic testing in Eastern Europe. C. military confrontation between the two Germanys. D. the political results of economic chaos. E. Answer: D 144. In response to the Soviet Union's cutoff of western access to West Berlin, Truman A. took a position of watchful waiting to avoid provoking a confrontation with the Soviet Union. B. cut of World Bank loans to the Soviet Union. C. implemented a massive airlift to keep the city self-sufficient. D. authorized the construction of a concrete wall between the two Berlins to prevent any future occurrences. E. Answer: C 145. The pronouncement of the Truman Doctrine, administration of the Marshall Plan, and signing of the NATO agreement were all elements in the response to the Soviet Union called A. d�tente. B. containment. C. brinkmanship. D. flexible response. E. Answer: B 146. The United States was to NATO as the Soviet Union was to A. the Warsaw Pact. B. East Germany. C. Operation Vittles. D. containment. E. Answer: A 147. The U.S. effort to shore up the anti-Communist Jiang government in China was complicated by the fact that A. his corrupt government was unpopular with his own people. B. Communist Mao Zedong made his own overtures to the United States for assistance. C. nearby nations aided the Mao forces. D. Communist forces had built an enormous supply network on the neighboring island of Formosa. E. Answer: A 148. Which statement best describes Truman's view of the U.S. monopoly on atomic weapons? A. The U.S. could pressure the Soviets to cooperate. B. He feared a Soviet attack on the U.S. C. He was most concerned about the Germans rebuilding their power. D. He wanted to put control under NATO. E. Answer: A 149. In the postwar economy the Truman administration had to contend with the dual problems of A. inflation and labor disorder. B. falling prices and stalled production. C. high unemployment and soaring crime rates. D. obsolete industry and technological reverses. E. Answer: A 150. With the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, American labor witnessed A. further expansion of protection for labor at the federal level. B. Republican efforts to attract the support of organized labor. C. a reversal of many of the gains won under the New Deal's Wagner Act. D. an end to the Red-baiting, anti-labor rhetoric of the war years. E. Answer: C 151. Among the domestic victories that Truman won in his second term were all of the following EXCEPT A. an increase in the minimum wage. B. expansion of social security coverage. C. passage of civil rights legislation. D. federally funded low income housing. E. Answer: C 152. Elements of the "national security state" that Congress created in the postwar era while the Cold War deepened abroad included all of the following EXCEPT A. creation of the Central Intelligence Agency. B. institution of the Federal Employee Loyalty Program. C. creation of special forces military units. D. passage of legislation to deport immigrants with Communist leanings. E. Answer: C 153. Hollywood became the target of "Red Scare" tactics in a public campaign conducted by the A. Motion Pictures Association of America. B. House Un-American Activities Committee. C. Department of Defense. D. Central Intelligence Agency. E. Answer: B 154. When Joseph McCarthy made his Lincoln Day speech to a Republican Women's Club in Wheeling, West Virginia, he claimed A. he had uncovered massive Communist infiltration of the State Department. B. the army itself was soft on Communism. C. his life had been threatened by Communist agents in the United States. D. a military takeover of the federal government was imminent. E. Answer: A 155. Who of the following would have been the most likely target for a McCarthy attack? A. a marine recruit B. a Jewish labor activist C. a Catholic woman's club member D. a Chamber of Commerce president E. Answer: B 156. Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be found in or around a middle-class household by the end of the 1940s? A. young children B. a new automobile C. a home mortgage D. an integrated neighborhood E. Answer: D 157. The message delivered to postwar women through the popular media was to A. seek a professional career. B. learn to balance career and family. C. stay home to nurture the family. D. fight for equal rights. E. Answer: C 158. Truman saw the North Korean invasion of South Korea as a A. civil war. B. test of United Nations resolve. C. Chinese-inspired act of aggression. D. Soviet test of containment. E. Answer: D 159. Truman fired General Douglas MacArthur from his command in Korea because MacArthur A. had conducted unauthorized discussions with North Korean leaders. B. publicly challenged the United States' official policy in Korea. C. gave poor military advice which led to the president's embarrassment. D. had personally slandered the president in public. E. Answer: B 160. Among the effects of the Korean War were all of the following EXCEPT A. enhanced presidential power. B. expansion of the containment policy to the Far East. C. a rapid and permanent military buildup. D. a sense that we were winning the Cold War. E. Answer: D 161. In the 1952 presidential campaign Dwight Eisenhower projected an image of A. an aggressive anti-Communist who would win a total victory in Korea. B. a moderate but firm candidate who could achieve an honorable peace in Korea. C. a reformer who wanted to remake American society for all Americans. D. a conservative determined to raise defense spending and dismantle the new Deal. E. Answer: B 162. All of the following statements about the success of rock'n'roll in the early 1950s are true EXCEPT: A. It demonstrated the enormous power of teenagers as consumers. B. It caused division among young people and a fragmentation of musical tastes along class and racial lines. C. It embodied a postwar trend that accelerated the integration of black and white music. D. It was an unprecedented cultural phenomenon involving music made largely by and for teenagers. E. Answer: B 163. Of those listed below, the one MOST likely to have received a Federal Housing Administration loan in the post-World War II era would have been A. a home buyer in a white suburb. B. a suburban duplex buyer. C. an inner city single-unit buyer. D. a buyer of an old house requiring repairs. E. Answer: A 164. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 A. stimulated the development of mass transit systems. B. benefited the auto industry and suburban development. C. turned highway system development and management over to the states. D. guaranteed parallel rail service along American highways. E. Answer: B 165. Congress passed the National Defense Education Act in 1958 A. in response to the Soviet Union's successful testing of a hydrogen bomb. B. to give veterans education benefits earned in World War II and Korean War service. C. to strengthen liberal arts programs in American colleges and universities. D. to protect the national security, which supporters linked to educational excellence. E. Answer: D 166. Higher education expanded after World War II because A. government programs helped subsidize college education for qualifying Americans. B. states fully subsidized a college education. C. universities' emphasis shifted increasingly to undergraduate preparation. D. liberal arts training assumed a greater significance in postwar society. E. Answer: A 167. Betty Friedan examined the suburban domestic lifestyle in terms of its effect on women and found it A. a new and exciting way of life that offered stimulation and fulfillment for most women. B. a stifling existence defined by housework, child care, and boredom. C. to have no particularly unique characteristics. D. to be a combination of some of the best aspects of both urban and rural living. E. Answer: B 168. The music that Elvis Presley popularized in the post-World War II era A. combined popular ballads with country music. B. allowed African American singers to record "white" music. C. combined African American blues and white country music. D. narrowed the generation gap because of its popularity with all ages. E. Answer: C 169. Parents, clergy, and many adults in authority generally viewed the teen idols of the 1950s as A. good role models for their children. B. harmless role models for their children. C. threats to middle class values. D. fleeting fancies for their fickle children. E. Answer: C 170. Situation comedies on television by the late 1950s presented stories centered on A. ethnic urban families. B. working class families. C. farming communities. D. affluent suburban families. E. Answer: D 171. The staple show of early television until the late 1950s was the A. sporting event. B. working class families struggling in the consumer society. C. affluent suburban WASP middle class family situation comedy. D. documentary. E. Answer: B 172. Television showed its power by making THIS senator a national figure with live coverage of his 1951 Senate investigation into organized crime: A. Richard Nixon B. Joseph McCarthy C. Estes Kefauver D. John Kennedy E. Answer: C 173. Which of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? A. Jack Kerouac B. On the Road C. the Beats D. "Ozzie and Harriet" E. Answer: D 174. The Beats produced a literature that A. challenged virtually every element of mainstream 1950s culture. B. expressed faith in Americans' ability to retain their individualism. C. warned of the divisive impact of multi-cultural artistic expression. D. condemned the 1960s counterculture. E. Answer: A 175. The "New Look" policy in the 1950s A. relied heavily on America's nuclear superiority. B. preached peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union. C. complemented Eisenhower's forceful approach to responding to crises in Eastern Europe. D. opened up the number of options available to deal with a variety of international problems. E. Answer: A 176. Hopes for a reconciliation with the Soviet Union were dashed in 1960 when A. Stalin died and Nikita Khrushchev assumed power in the Soviet Union. B. American protesters roughed up the Soviet delegate to the United Nations. C. the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane. D. the Soviet Union launched its first successful satellite into outer space. E. Answer: C 177. President Eisenhower determined that the government agency best designed to conduct the new "spy-wars" approach to Cold War strategy was the A. Federal Bureau of Investigation. B. Central Intelligence Agency. C. Psychological Strategy Board. D. House Un-American Activities Committee. E. Answer: B 178. U.S. involvement in Iran and Guatemala in the Eisenhower administration became powerful examples of what approach in U.S. Cold War policy? A. the use of CIA-sponsored covert paramilitary operations B. granting unprecedented sums of American economic assistance to needy nations C. collaborative problem-solving efforts between the United States and the Soviet Union D. cultural exchange programs E. Answer: A 179. Dwight Eisenhower's Vietnam policy A. committed thousands of troops to aid the Diem government. B. left the South Vietnamese government to fend largely for itself. C. sanctioned the signing of the Geneva accord that ended French control there. D. committed advisors and economic aid to South Vietnam. E. Answer: D 180. John F. Kennedy's New Frontier platform in 1960 proposed to A. reduce government spending for defense and domestic reform. B. raise taxes to pay for increase defense needs. C. revive the reform agenda set in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. D. give Americans a domestic agenda that would preserve but not extend current reform programs. E. Answer: C 181. Among the successes of Kennedy's New Frontier program in the thousand days of his presidency were all of the following EXCEPT A. creation of the Peace Corps. B. an increase in the minimum wage. C. passage of the Equal Pay Act. D. passage of a voting rights act. E. Answer: D 182. The 1963 Kennedy Presidential Commission headed by Eleanor Roosevelt helped revive the issue of A. national health insurance. B. the U.S. membership in the United Nations. C. segregation and equal education. D. women's rights. E. Answer: D 183. The creation of elite special forces such as the Green Berets demonstrated Kennedy's desire to practice a foreign policy that A. would complement United Nations police actions. B. allowed flexibility and independent action in conducting foreign policy. C. encouraged individual effort as well as cooperative efforts within the soldiers' ranks. D. reduced the need for conventional weapons build-up in a crisis. E. Answer: B 184. Truman's Marshall Plan was to Western Europe as the Alliance for Progress was intended to be for A. Africa. B. Eastern Europe. C. Latin America. D. Vietnam. E. Answer: C 185. In return for the Soviets removing their missiles from Cuba, President Kennedy agreed to A. remove all military personnel from Cuba. B. purchase the Soviet-made missiles that had been installed in Cuba. C. remove American missiles form Western Europe. D. respect Cuba's sovereignty. E. Answer: D 186. In the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis, American foreign policy moved toward A. improving relations with the Soviet Union. B. isolating the Soviet Union in international relations. C. building up nuclear stockpiles. D. allying itself against the Soviet Union with nations in theaters of potential conflict. E. Answer: A 187. What was the significance of President Eisenhower's warning about the "military-industrial complex"? A. He prepared the nation for the next stage of the Cold War where nuclear weapons and their production would become the primary focus of both domestic and foreign policy. B. He cautioned the nation about the growing power of an unchecked military force that could threaten democracy and become capable of great injustice both at home and abroad. C. He warned of "misplaced power" in the hands of foreign nations capable of destroying the United States. D. It was a call for a renewed effort to stop the Soviet Union from endangering "our liberties and democratic processes." E. Answer: B 188. What Latin American country did the CIA intervene in 1954 to overthrow the Arbenz government? A. Cuba B. Nicaragua C. Venezuela D. Guatemala E. Answer: D 189. Rosa Parks' arrest in Montgomery, Alabama happened because she refused to A. pay her fare up front and then go to the back door to reenter the bus. B. ride on a blacks-only bus. C. give up her seat to a white passenger. D. sit in the back of the bus. E. Answer: C 190. The major practical contribution that President Truman made to the advancement of civil rights for African Americans in his administration was A. proposing civil rights and voting rights legislation. B. integrating the armed services by executive order. C. challenging segregation laws in Washington, D.C. D. implementing the recommendations made by his Presidential Committee on Civil Rights. E. Answer: B 191. As early as 1946, the Supreme Court in Morgan v. Virginia declared that A. segregation on interstate buses was an undue burden on interstate commerce. B. all white primaries violated the Fourteenth Amendment. C. states could not legally disfranchise voters using literacy tests. D. discrimination in federal housing projects was unconstitutional. E. Answer: A 192. By the late 1940s, only this approximate percentage of eligible southern blacks voted: A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 25 E. Answer: B 193. In cases such as Missouri v. exrel. Gaines and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, the NAACP's primary strategy was to A. launch a massive frontal assault on the old Plessy decision. B. embarrass public officials involved in the passage of segregation laws. C. force Congress to pass a legislative remedy for segregation. D. make segregation so expensive that states would dismantle the system. E. Answer: D 194. In Brown v. Board of Education the NAACP presented the BASIC argument before the Supreme Court that A. black taxpayers were not receiving their proportional share of public-supported facilities. B. separate facilities by definition denied black people their full rights as citizens. C. educational systems were not segregated everywhere in the United States, therefore those segregated schools that existed were discriminatory. D. African Americans were often treated more equitably in European nations than in their own homeland. E. Answer: B 195. As President Eisenhower's response to the crisis in Little Rock in 1957 indicated, he A. heartily endorsed desegregation. B. intended to uphold federal authority and enforce the law. C. wanted an incident to showcase the problems blacks encountered in white society. D. hoped to make a campaign issue out of the issue. E. Answer: B 196. Ministers who created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 hoped to A. infuse the King-led establishment movement with a militant "black power" approach. B. make the southern church the leader in the mass nonviolent protest movement. C. shift leadership of the black movement from the religious leaders in the besieged South to legal experts in the Northeast. D. fulfill their dream of a self-sufficient black separatist movement in the South. E. Answer: B 197. In 1960 the first of a series of "sit-in" demonstrations to protest white-only eating arrangements at a Woolworth's lunch counter occurred in A. Houston, TX. B. Atlanta, GA. C. Greensboro, NC. D. Memphis, TN. E. Answer: C 198. The guiding principles of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, when founded in 1960, included all of the following EXCEPT A. mass action. B. civil disobedience. C. direct confrontation. D. centralized authority. E. Answer: D 199. One political dilemma that presidential candidate John F. Kennedy faced as he pondered action on civil rights was how to A. avoid inciting violence in the South. B. avoid alienating southern Democrats. C. change people's minds and hearts on the subject of race relations. D. punish unrepentant racist southern leaders. E. Answer: B 200. Which one of the following is the result of the others? A. Alabama governor George Wallace blocks admission of African American students to the state university B. NAACP, SCLC and others 1963 March on Washington C. Kennedy personally endorses civil rights law D. Mississippi NAACP leader Medgar Evers murdered E. Answer: B 201. The strategy that civil rights leaders pursued in Birmingham to keep up the pressure on the city after Martin Luther King Jr.'s confinement in a local jail was A. Freedom Rides to Birmingham. B. demanding access to the city's parks and swimming pools. C. recruiting young students to demonstrate. D. a voter registration drive. E. Answer: C 202. Primary goals of the Freedom Summer project in 1964 included all of the following EXCEPT A. protesting segregation laws. B. registering black voters. C. establishing "freedom schools" for black children. D. infiltrating and controlling the local Democratic party. E. Answer: D 203. Which of the following has the LEAST in common with the other three? A. "sit-ins" B. "Bloody Sunday" C. Selma to Montgomery march D. Voting Rights Act of 1965 E. Answer: A 204. The idea of initiating and supporting local, community based activism emerged from the founding of what organization? A. the Nation of Islam B. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee C. Black Panthers D. Freedom Summer Project E. Answer: B 205. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 A. had little immediate impact on the number of black voters in the South. B. outlawed the literacy test and other discriminatory tests that kept blacks disfranchised. C. authorized the states to supervise all voter registration. D. required federal observers in voter registration drives in all states. E. Answer: B 206. The emphasis of Mississippi Freedom Summer was A. desegregation on interstate facilities. B. voter registration. C. college admissions. D. job opportunity. E. Answer: B 207. Which one of the following was NOT a reason for choosing Mississippi as the focus of Freedom Summer? A. Less violence was expected there. B. It was the poorest state in the nation. C. It had been untouched by the freedom struggle. D. Fewer than 5 of the 42 percent black population could register to vote. E. Answer: A 208. The MFDP illustrated the problem of THIS group truly supporting civil rights: A. the 1964 Democratic Presidential Convention B. the 1964 Republican Presidential Convention C. SNCC and other younger student groups D. white college students E. Answer: A 209. The phrase "Bloody Sunday" in the civil rights movement refers to the A. gang of white toughs who attacked white ministers demonstrating in Selma, Alabama. B. killing of white college students working in the Mississippi voter drive. C. police attack on marchers near Pettus Bridge as they went from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. D. Bull Connor's tactics to break up the Birmingham anti-segregation campaign. E. Answer: C 210. As a result of both the registration campaign and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, black registration in Mississippi went from 7 percent of the state's black population to what percent? A. 17 B. 29 C. 34 D. 59 E. Answer: D 211. "Operation Wetback" was designed to A. register and naturalize Mexican-Americans who were living in the United States illegally. B. recruit Mexican farm workers to work as temporary agricultural labor. C. establish reservations on which Mexican-Americans would be allowed to live during their assimilation. D. curb the flow of undocumented aliens from Mexico. E. Answer: D 212. In 1970, what percent of New York City's population was Puerto Rican? A. 3-5 B. 6-8 C. 9 D. more than 10 E. Answer: D 213. While affiliated with the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached the message of A. accommodation to white society. B. full integration into white society. C. black nationalism. D. creative nonviolence. E. Answer: C 214. Which one of the following was NOT a success of groups like SDS and ERAP? A. College students realized their political potential. B. They encouraged poor neighborhoods to be more politically activist. C. They set a style of activist politics. D. They continued powerful political alliance with liberal Democrats. E. Answer: D 215. The Tonkin Gulf resolution A. gave the president the authority to use military force in Vietnam. B. called on the United Nations to seek a negotiated settlement of the Vietnam war. C. denounced military aggression by the Soviet Union in Vietnam. D. delayed a response to the Tonkin incident until completion of an investigation into its causes. E. Answer: A 216. By 1965 the United States had committed another 150,000 troops to defeat the Viet Cong because A. Viet Cong activity in the South had escalated dramatically. B. the French withdrew all military and economic assistance. C. Chinese and Soviet troop levels there had risen. D. political and military leadership was weak in South Vietnam. E. Answer: D 217. Johnson's popularity began to wane after 1966 because A. American military leaders expressed serious disagreement among themselves over the conduct of the war. B. media coverage raised questions about Johnson's credibility. C. reports surfaced that Cambodia and Laos had formally allied themselves with North Vietnam. D. World War II and Korean war veterans publicly criticized U.S. use of chemical warfare. E. Answer: B 218. The community of young people who rejected American mainstream culture in the 1960s and embraced freer sexual behavior and the use of drugs became known as the A. "beats." B. Greenpeace movement. C. Woodstock Generation. D. Weathermen. E. Answer: C 219. The most successful and popular offshoots of the Community Action Program were the so-called national emphasis programs. These included all of the following EXCEPT: A. Legal Services Program. B. Head Start and Follow Through. C. Workfare. D. Upward Bound. E. Answer: C 220. An example of the black cultural nationalism advocated by Stokely Charmichael and Charles V. Hamilton is A. rejecting "slave names" in favor of African ones. B. agitating for greater federal aid directly to neighborhood welfare programs. C. rejecting university education entirely. D. seeking diplomatic relations with foreign nations as a separate nation within the borders of the United States. E. Answer: A 221. The Tet Offensive in 1968 had the important effect of A. crippling the North Vietnamese military effort. B. tightening American resolve to pursue the war to total victory. C. demonstrating the capability of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. D. shaking the credibility of those who had predicted a quick victory in Vietnam. E. Answer: D 222. By the time of his death in 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. A. openly opposed the Vietnam War. B. had abandoned his nonviolent philosophy. C. had little hope that American society would change. D. had relinquished control of the movement to younger lieutenants. E. Answer: A 223. With Johnson out of the picture, what candidate took up the Johnson message to become the Democratic party candidate for president in 1968? A. George McGovern B. Hubert Humphrey C. Eugene McCarthy D. Robert Kennedy E. Answer: B 224. A presidential commission later characterized the violence that erupted in Chicago near the 1968 Democratic Party convention hall as a A. police riot against demonstrators. B. media-inspired riot of draft dodgers. C. spontaneous political demonstration by counterculture activists. D. staged violent demonstration by political radicals. E. Answer: A 225. Richard Nixon defined his working, tax-paying, non-protesting constituency in the election of 1968 as A. the silent majority. B. the moral majority. C. the highbrow majority. D. "Americans for America". E. Answer: A 226. In 1970, to deliver the "knock-out blow" to the North Vietnamese, Richard Nixon A. launched his Vietnamization plan. B. ordered the bombing and invasion of Cambodia. C. announced a cease-fire in Laos and Cambodia. D. launched Operation Rolling Thunder over Hanoi. E. Answer: B 227. Nixon's foreign policy resulted in A. renewed Cold War animosity between the two superpowers. B. a multilateral d�tente policy that improved relations between the two superpowers. C. a USSR-US alliance against the People's Republic of China. D. the reduction of the American presence in Latin American countries. E. Answer: B 228. The most dramatic foreign policy move of the Nixon presidency involved A. the signing of a Middle East accord between Israel and Egypt. B. opening diplomatic relations with Cuba. C. opening relations with the People's Republic of China. D. signing an atmospheric test ban treaty with the Soviet Union. E. Answer: C 229. Nixon surprised conservatives with a domestic program that included all of the following EXCEPT A. creation of the EPA and OSHA. B. subsidized housing for the poor. C. deficit spending. D. school busing. E. Answer: D 230. American government officials were receptive to Margaret Sanger's plan to educate women in contraceptive and sexual freedom. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 231. Much of the anti-vice rhetoric that Progressives employed to fight the excesses of the city often assumed a xenophobic tone. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 232. People used ethnic lodges, kin networks, churches and synagogues to maintain traditional forms of community in company towns. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 233. The Colorado Fuel and Oil Company was open to unions and receptive to their concerns and opinions. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 234. The effect of Debs and his Socialist Party strength was to push both Roosevelt and Wilson toward the left. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 235. U.S. trade with the Allies and the subsequent economic boom were barriers to true neutrality of the U.S. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 236. In his message to Congress asking for a declaration of war, Wilson emphasized the role that he expected the United States to play in the conflict-avenger of men, women, and children who had died because of German aggression. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 237. More soldiers died of diseases in World War I than in combat. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 238. One of the most serious failures of the Wilson administration during World War I occurred in the poorly organized effort to mobilize the economy for wartime. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 239. The one experience that revolutionized women's role in society and contributed to women receiving the right to vote was their contribution to America's fight for democracy in World War I. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 240. Contrary to public opinion, "Silent Cal" Coolidge was a hard-working president with energy for his office equal to Teddy Roosevelt. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 241. During the 1920s mergers and consolidation centralized the economy with the result that a few large producers could control the market for a product. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 242. Studies indicate that attitudes about sexual behavior in the 1920s had changed little from attitudes typical in the early 1900s. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 243. Many Americans were hostile to the "new immigrants" in the 1920s, most of whom came from Asia. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 244. The introduction of an Equal Rights Amendment in Congress in 1923 prompted a storm of controversy among women's groups, most of whom opposed the amendment. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 245. Franklin Roosevelt's "brain trusters" shared the progressive dream of re-creating an ideal business community of small producers. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 246. With the formation of the CIO, the labor movement gained a secure place in mass production industries in the United States. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 247. Despite appeals from Great Plains farmers destroyed by the effects of the 1930s "Dust Bowl," the federal government instituted no programs to offer them immediate relief. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 248. Few intellectuals in the United States flirted with communism in the 1930s because of fears of retribution from government agents who administered the government's funding of writer and theater projects. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 249. Despite all of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal activism, he did little to alter fundamental structures of property or wealth distribution. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 250. The Tennessee Valley Authority dramatically improved the social and economic welfare of an underdeveloped region. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 251. The primary purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority was to put people back to work. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 252. The Dust bowl was caused by severe drought and destruction of native grasses followed by high winds. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 253. The Dust Bowl started in 1935, but erosion was halted by 1938. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 254. The German failure in early 1943 to hold Stalingrad shifted the war's momentum and gave Allied leaders the first glimmer of victory. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 255. Despite segregationist military policy during World War II, the armed services experience served as an "Americanizing" force for many and broadened individual perspectives. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 256. By 1943, a great majority of Americans knew of Hitler's systematic murder of European Jews and others. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 257. Popular music, movies, radio programs, and advertisements encouraged a sense of personal involvement in the war effort by those who stayed at home. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 258. As a result of higher wages and the availability of jobs, virtually no labor disputes complicated labor management relations in the years immediately before or during World War II. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 259. The Soviet Union proved to be a great help to Hitler and the Nazis during World War II, establishing the basis for the subsequent Cold War. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 260. The heaviest fighting and highest number of casualties in World War II occurred on the Russian Front. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 261. Implementation of the Marshall Plan proved to be one of the least successful and most criticized containment actions that Truman took in his administration because of the financial drain it caused in the United States. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 262. The creation of NATO in 1949 established the mechanism for military enforcement of the policy of containment. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 263. Adding to Cold War fears was the Soviet Union's gaining of the atomic bomb earlier than U.S. military analysts expected. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 264. Joseph McCarthy directed his attacks not only at the politically vulnerable but at members of the eastern-born, New Deal-era diplomatic elite whom McCarthy and his fellow campaigners deeply resented. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 265. In the postwar years a college education was more available to the average American, particularly females, with the result that the percentage of college graduates who were female rose significantly. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 266. As a politician, President Eisenhower preferred to devote himself to principle rather than to conciliation and compromise. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 267. When television began accepting advertisers, advertising practices shifted from company-sponsored entertainment program development to the production of slick ads for 30-second advertising time slots. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 268. In his farewell address to the nation before his retirement from office, President Eisenhower warned Americans about the danger of ignoring the need for an expanded military and defense industry to protect American interests. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 269. Despite its good intentions, the Alliance for Progress plan benefited the upper class the most and failed to result in much social change in underdeveloped countries on the continent. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 270. The most serious confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War era was the Berlin Crisis that resulted in the construction of the Berlin Wall. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 271. The new student militancy evident in the sit-in movement not only threatened whites but also local African American elites who had learned survival through racial accommodation with the white establishment. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 272. Freedom Riders who traveled across the South in 1961 to protest segregation on interstate bus lines encountered minimal violence because of well-coordinated justice Department efforts to maintain full protection for the protesters. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 273. The jail experiences of the Freedom Riders turned many young blacks into committee leaders of the student movement. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 274. The Albany Movement illustrated that white violence toward black demonstrators would upset enough whites to pressure Congress to change discriminatory laws. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 275. SNCC was the major organizing group of the 1963 March on Washington. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 276. The Johnson administration pursued a policy of attrition in Vietnam based on the premise that continued bombing would eventually exhaust the North Vietnamese. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 277. The Stonewall Riot occurred after police raided a well-known gay bar in San Francisco. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 278. Like many other elements of American society, even the women's liberation movement in the 1960s was not free from ethnic and racial conflict that resulted in the formation of splinter groups. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 279. The least effective diplomatic foray in the Nixon administration involved efforts to mediate Chinese-Soviet disputes. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B 280. Urban tensions that resulted in riots often reflected African American frustration over powerlessness in their own communities. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: A 281. The number of Indian reservations in 1968 constituted a just settlement for native Americans as a result of their legal and political protests. A. True B. False C. D. E. Answer: B