LONG from wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington Lewis Adams and other organizers of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama found the energetic leader they sought in 25 year-old Booker T. Washington. With the strong recommendation of Hampton University founder General Samuel C. Armstrong, they hired Washington, although such positions had typically been held by white men until then. The new school opened on July 4, 1881, initially using space rented from a local church. The next year, Washington purchased a former plantation, which became the permanent site of the campus. Under his direction, his students literally built their own school: constructing classrooms, barns and outbuildings; growing their own crops and raising livestock, and providing for most of their own basic necessities. MEDIUM from http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/idabwells.html inserted into middle of 3rd paragraph SHORT from http://www.naacp.org/about/history/dubois/ first 2 sentences of paragraph 4