Of course, clickers are not the pedagogy (in this specific math example), but what do they add? Description of Teaching Differences The contribution of clickers is more on the teach- ing side than on the learning side of the educational equation. (meaning what? if the teacher is able to use class time more effectively, and class data more easily, won't the teaching, and therefore the learning, be positively affected?) For instance, whereas flashcards require taking class time to tabulate responses or estimate answer distributions, clickers allow instructors to automatically get precise real-time student feedback. A few other differences can be identified between clickers and flashcards such as: the ability to archive student responses, the appeal of technology, and insti- tutional expense. Previous users of clickers in university classrooms have reported benefits such as increased rates of attendance and decreased rates of attrition.4 However, no data were found in this study to support the claim that clickers increase conceptual learning or exam performance.