Desert farmers like the Pima and Yuma     
 * lived in dispersed settlements called rancherias.    
 were highly communal apartment dwellers.    
 remained semi-nomadic in the Southwest.    
 exported high-quality flint hoes.    
    

The center of the development of the practice of farming among Indian peoples was the     
 Great Basin.    
 Great Plains.    
 * Highlands of Mexico.    
 Plains of Peru.    
    

A major achievement of the Hohokams involved     
 the building of communities of cliff dwellings.    
 * the development of the first system of irrigation in America.    
 the importation of grains like maize into North America.    
 their refusal to engage in religious practices.    
    

Pimas, Pueblos, and Apaches were found in this region in 1500:     
 * Southwest    
 Great Basin    
 Northwest    
 Great Plains    
    

According to the Asian migration hypothesis, the last peoples to migrate about 5,000 years ago were the      
 * Inuits and Aleuts.    
 Athapascans.    
 Folsom hunters.    
 Cordillerans.    
    

The people generally recognized as the first to develop a settled farming way of life in the Southwest were     
 * the Hohokam.    
 the Mogollon.    
 the Pimas and Papagos.    
 the Skoaquik.    
    

A consequence of Native Americans' increasing reliance on agriculture was     
 a decrease in the need for military forces.    
 * a new division of labor and, ultimately, the emergence of classes.    
 higher levels of disease.    
 a lesser role for religion in their lives.    
    

Why did some Indian peoples in the Pacific Northwest believe farming was a waste of time?     
 The climate was too harsh.    
 * Salmon fishing provided an abundant source of food.    
 Gathering wild rice provided an abundant source of food.    
 The land was not fertile enough.    
    

How many regions have anthropologists divided North America into?     
 6    
 12    
 * 9    
 5    
    

Today, the narrow land connection between Asia and North America is      
 the Yamchatka Peninsula.    
 * under the Bering Straits.    
 the Yukon plain.    
 a glacial corridor.    
    

Among the confederacies of the South like Cherokee, life was controlled by     
 the Great Sun.    
 * both male and female members of matrilineal clans.    
 living in highly dispersed settlements to limit feuds.    
 the Longhouse Council of patrilineal clans.    
    

Athapascan migrations to America began in 5000 B.C.E. They arrived in the Southwest by     
 250 B.C.E.    
 500 C.E.    
 1000 C.E.    
 * 1300 C.E.    
    

Which one of the following was a characteristic of Mississippian culture?     
 semi-permanent communities    
 strong devotion to mortuary cults    
 * mound-building    
 democratic social order    
    

All of the following were true of the community of Cahokia on the Mississippi except:     
 It was the most urban complex north of Mexico.    
 High quality flint hoes were a major export.    
 * Written records from nobility have survived.    
 They had intensive farming supporting the urban population.    
    

Archaeologists have discovered that a central feature of the Hopewellian culture was     
 apartment-like living structures called cults.    
 simple religious rituals and burial practices.    
 * an elaborate trade network throughout North America.    
 city-states.    
    

All of the following were members of the Iroquois Confederacy except:     
 Mohawk    
 * Delaware    
 Seneca    
 Oneida    
    

The Hopewell peoples mobilized a large trading network to obtain supplies to support their     
 Great Sun.    
 * mortuary cults.    
 tribal warfare.    
 Rancherias.    
    

Early Indian communities in North America typically      
 developed around stable agricultural economies.    
 * demonstrated increasing levels of complexity.    
 had little knowledge of even the simplest forms of technology.    
 remained socially and communally primitive.    
    

Which one of the following is associated with the Anasazi?     
 etching shells with animal designs    
 long distance irrigation systems    
 * multistoried apartment complexes    
 using digging stick for cultivation    
    

The classification of Northeast Indians as Iroquois or Algonquin is based upon     
 ethnicity.    
 culture.    
 territorial residence.    
 * language.    
    

Oral traditions of many Indian people seem to support     
 the Yukon Basin village beginnings at 50,000 B.C.E.    
 that most migration was along the Pacific coastline.    
 large scale migration of whole cities from Asia.    
 * a long journey from a distant place.    
    

Which of the following influenced Indian peoples to adopt farming?     
 rejection of the Archaic tradition    
 the presence of water    
 * a favorable climate    
 scarce game and plant life    
    

1200 C.E. marks the high point of these two cultures:     
 Athapascans and Hopewell    
 Hohokam and Adena    
 Iroquois and Algonquian    
 * Mississippian and Anasazi    
    

What does the resisted revolution refer to?     
 * the rejection of agriculture by some Indian peoples    
 the rejection of gender division of labor by the Haida    
 the rejection of some Indian peoples to organized warfare    
 the rejection of sedentary communities by the people of Central Mexico    
    

The combined effects of warmer climate and increased hunting in America led to     
 Clovis technology.    
 increased Asian migration.    
 * Pleistocene Overkill.    
 settled villages.    
    

Based on studying the modern Shoshoni and the Ute communities, which one of the following peoples have archaeologists found to have accepted innovative practices and made complex adjustments to their harsh surroundings?     
 the Inuits of the Arctic coast    
 old copper people of the western Great Lakes    
 Clovis bands in New Mexico    
 * desert culture in Utah and Nevada    
    

All of the following were Mississippian cultural patterns that still existed among the peoples of the South on the eve of European colonization except:     
 organization into confederacies of farming towns    
 class-based society    
 * peaceful existence among neighboring tribes    
 ceremonial mounds    
    

The oldest continuously occupied town(s) in the United States are home to the     
 Cherokees.    
 * Pueblos.    
 Navajos.    
 Iroquois.    
    

The population of America north of Mexico was     
 between 7 and 10 million.    
 25 million    
 60 to 70 million.    
 * under 5 million    
    

Historians believe the Iroquois Confederacy was probably founded to     
 * control the violence that characterized the existence of the five Iroquois nations.    
 fight the European invasion of Iroquois lands.    
 control Iroquois trade with the French in Canada.    
 undertake the conquest of Algonquian-speaking tribes in the Northeast.    
    

The Four Corners refers to the meeting point of     
 * Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado.    
 the Arthapascans, Aleuts, Apaches, and Anasazi.    
 the trading center between the Great Basin and the Great Plains.    
 the major confederacies of the Southwest.    
    

Which of the following was true of desert cultures?     
 * They were based on small game hunting and intensified foraging for plant foods.    
 The emphasis was on individual accumulation of food surpluses.    
 They lived in permanent communities along river banks.    
 This way of life disappeared before the Europeans arrived in North America.    
    

Eastern Woodland tribes subsisted by     
 * gathering, hunting, and cultivation.    
 fishing and farming.    
 fur trading and tobacco production.    
 dry farming and small game hunting.    
    

All of the following were part of the increasing social complexity of Indian farming communities except:     
 families grouping into clans for social, political, or ritual functions    
 clans grouping into a tribe with councils of leaders    
 separate social groupings of men and women    
 * private ownership of land and other resources    
    

Early Spanish observers of New World Indians     
 rarely thought about the origins of these people.    
 believed they must have originated in some part of the New World.    
 * proposed a migration hypothesis that suggested the Indians had come from Asia.    
 asserted the superiority of Indian lifestyles and culture compared to those of Europeans.    
    

Which of the following was a characteristic of an Indian farming culture?     
 * elaborate systems of kinship    
 the disappearance of clans    
 simple means for distribution of material goods and possessions    
 little social conflict and warfare    
    

These carbohydrate sources contributed much to the Indian food supply and still contribute the most to the world's supply of staple foods:     
 * maize and potatoes.    
 yams and beans.    
 maize and beans.    
 wheat and rice.    
    

Which of the following was a distinctive feature of Archaic Indian forest communities?     
 early agriculture    
 * the growth of chiefdoms    
 the practice of burning the land to stimulate the growth of plant foods and animal grazing    
 no division of work according to gender    
    

Which of the following characterized the Poverty Point culture?     
 * concentric, semicircular earthen mounds    
 bow and arrow    
 underground kivas    
 mortuary cults    
    

Which of the following was a cause of warfare among farming confederacies?     
 systematic raiding by small bands    
 trade disputes    
 the introduction of the bow and arrow    
 * competition for additional lands for cultivation    
    

All of the following were Indian groups found in the South on the eve of colonization except:     
 Choctaw    
 Cherokees    
 Natchez    
 * Miami    
    

Which one of the following contributed to the decline of Anasazi communities?     
 overpopulation    
 * drought    
 warfare with the Hohokam    
 destruction of the environment    
    

On the eve of European colonization, remaining Mississippian cultures in the South included the     
 Pimas.    
 Apaches.    
 Mimacs.    
 * Natchez.    
    

Which one of the following communities is correctly matched to the types of artifacts and features an archaeologist might find at a site?     
 * Clovis-three- to six-inch fluted stone points and bones of large mammals    
 Forest efficiency-fiber baskets, fish nets and traps, and pinons and acorns    
 Desert culture-pit houses, digging sticks, maize, and woven cotton    
 Folsom-copper bells, irrigation systems, and ball courts    
    

The Anasazi and Mississippian cultures shared which characteristic?     
 an artistic tradition    
 * mound-building    
 democratic social forms    
 writing system    
    

Which of the following was a location of a complex urban civilization supported by highly productive farming around the first millennium C.E.?     
 California    
 Great Basin    
 * Valley of Mexico    
 present-day Clovis, New Mexico    
    

All of the following were introduced in the Northeast by 650 C.E. except:     
 bow and arrow    
 flint hoes    
 * potatoes    
 Northern Flint corn    
    

All of the following were part of the social and political structure of a Mississippian community such as Cahokia except:      
 hierarchical chiefdoms    
 leadership class    
 public works    
 * minimal warfare