European life in the late 19th Century     
 Changed little from life in the earlier part of the century    
 Was far less prosperous because of the great destruction during the major wars of the 1850's    
 * Saw many changes, from big business to subways to scientific advances such as evolution    
 Was very unhealthy as no progress had been made for a century on the causes and cures for diseases    
    

Between 1870 and 1914 European life and work was drastically changed by all of the following except     
 * Coal replaced oil as the primary fuel for industry    
 Large-scale factories replaced earlier textile mills    
 Steel replaced iron for construction, rails, and ships    
 Department stores displaying large amounts of goods opened in cities such as Paris and Milan    
    

The "Second Industrial Revolution" was characterized by     
 The mass production of steel, replacing iron    
 The development of a chemical industry    
 The appearance of very large, massive factories    
 * All of the above    
    

The "Second Industrial Revolution" occurred primarily in     
 Southern and Eastern Europe    
 India and Vietnam    
 * Britain, Germany, France, and the United States    
 Africa    
    

Transportation and communications were improved during the late 19th century by     
 The opening of the Suez and Panama canals    
 A major growth of railroads around the world    
 Undersea telegraph cables    
 * All of the above    
    

Which of the following was not true of the "Second Industrial Revolution"     
 * The Iron industry replaced the steel industry    
 Wages in Britain doubled, although the very poor benefited only marginally    
 Very large businesses, including monopolies, developed in Germany and in the Untied States    
 The modern department store developed in Paris, much to the delight of shoppers    
    

The major cities of Europe in the late 19th century     
 Were neglected by the governments, so that the poor living conditions and overcrowding of the early 19th century became worse    
 * Underwent major transformations, with new boulevards, parks, subways, and government buildings    
 Were mostly destroyed in the major 19th century wars and had to be rebuilt    
 None of the above    
    

Inhabitants of late 19th century cities     
 Tended to be almost entirely factory workers    
 Were sharply divided between the aristocratic elite and the unemployed poor, with few people in between    
 * Had a full range of social classes-urban elite, upper and lower middle classes, and factory workers    
 None of the above    
    

In late 19th century European cities, working women tended to be part of     
 The aristocratic elite only    
 The upper middle and lower middle classes    
 * Lower middle class and factory working class    
 Factory working class only    
    

European middle classes     
 Were shrinking as the working class grew, demonstrating the accuracy of Marx's prediction    
 Acted as a solid class, with no distinction between an upper and a lower middle class    
 * Became an increasingly larger share of the urban population    
 Merged with the working class to create a situation of revolutionary violence    
    

The late 19th century urban working class     
 Found that for some persons, there was still a demand for the skilled worker    
 Were sometimes criticized by middle and upper classes for having bad habits that brought on their own poverty    
 Often lived at the edges of cities where rents and land were cheaper    
 * All of the above    
    

Family life in the late 19th century     
 Tended to be lived more in public than in the 18th century    
 Tended to prefer the austere life-few material goods in the home and few, if any, servants    
 Generally required that women lead independent lives    
 * None of the above    
    

Late 19th century women     
 Generally were confined to the home    
 Generally had to join the working class    
 Generally were permitted to undertake charitable work    
 * Found their situation dictated by their class, on whether they worked or participated in other public activities    
    

Working class families in late 19th century Europe     
 Paid strong attention to their children    
 Never had the mother work outside the home    
 * Were often forced by economic necessity to adopt patterns of behavior that often deviated from the family ideals of the time    
 None of the above    
    

Victorian sexual morality     
 Assumed that sexual problems should not arise, although doctors were willing to dispense moral advice if problems did    
 Thought that sex with prostitutes was unhygienic    
 Assumed that homosexuality was a serious psychological disorder    
 * All of the above    
    

The general mood of the late 19th century can be described as optimistic because     
 * There was general scientific progress, both in making fundamental discoveries and producing useful inventions    
 Of healthier sexual attitudes caused by Victorian morality    
 Of the decline in alcoholism toward the end of the 19th century    
 All of the above    
    

Charles Darwin     
 Invented the idea of evolution    
 Claimed that humans were exempt from the evolutionary process    
 * Argued that evolution proceeds by means of natural selection    
 All of the above    
    

The ideas of Herbert Spencer and others to apply Darwin's thesis to human behavior is known as     
 Positivism    
 * Social Darwinism    
 Evolutionary Christianity    
 The theory of Relativity    
    

The late 19th century scientist who developed the Periodic Table of chemical elements was     
 * Mendeleev    
 Ranke    
 Huxley    
 Holmes    
    

A new intellectual discipline, founded by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, was     
 Geography    
 * Sociology    
 History    
 Philosophy    
    

Numerous advances in medicine occurred during the 19th century. The basic discovery that permitted those advances was     
 * Pasteur's discovery of bacteria    
 Einstein's discovery of relativity    
 Darwin's demonstration of evolution    
 Crick and Watson's demonstration of the structure of DNA    
    

Pasteur's discovery of bacteria led to     
 Safer foods    
 Remedies for diseases    
 Safer surgical procedures    
 * All of the above    
    

The word that is most often used to describe late 19th century European literature is     
 * Realism    
 Classicism    
 Renaissance    
 Postmodernism    
    

The word that describes much of the important art of the late 19th century is     
 Scientism    
 * Impressionism    
 Postmodernism    
 Classicism    
    

Claude Monet     
 Was an Impressionist painter whose works remained virtually unsold during his life    
 Was the foremost sculptor of the late 19th century    
 * Was an impressionist painter who became recognized as France's premier artist, with his works commanding high prices    
 Was an important late 19th century scientist    
    

The discoverer of relativity was     
 Newton    
 * Einstein    
 Planck    
 Galileo    
    

The father of psychoanalysis was     
 Planck    
 * Freud    
 Einstein    
 Darwin    
    

Sigmund Freud argued that     
 Human behavior is totally rational    
 * Much of human behavior was irrational, unconscious, and instinctual    
 Children did not develop sexual conflicts    
 None of the above    
    

The popularity of such late 19th and early 20th Century thinkers such as Nietzsche and Bergson indicated     
 That scientific modes of thinking had triumphed in Europe    
 * That there was growing disenchantment with the optimistic bourgeois society of the time    
 That male society was beginning to accept feminist ideas    
 None of the above    
    

A 19th century thinker who demonstrated great disenchantment with the optimism of the bourgeoisie of his time was     
 * Nietzsche    
 Einstein    
 Darwin    
 Monet    
    

The late 19th -early 20th century artistic movement that led to subjective and abstract art is called     
 Classicism    
 Neo-Classicism    
 Romanticism    
 * Expressionism    
    

The technological changes in Europe between 1870 and 1914 are sometimes called the "Second Industrial Revolution."    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A major problem of the late 19th century was a rise in food prices, causing real wages for workers to fall.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Of the major late 19th century European cities, only Paris underwent a major rebuilding program.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Some of the most important developments in the late 19th century cities took place underground.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

By shrewd investments and strategic marriages with wealthy bourgeoisie, many of the traditional aristocracy maintained their social and economic position among the late 19th century elite.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Middle class men permitted women to practice professions, but objected to their participation in philanthropic work.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Married lower middle class women found numerous job opportunities in the late 19th century.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The ability of persons in the lower middle class to rise socially and economically tended to decrease after 1870.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Although urban workers between 1870 and 1914 tended to be better off than they were in 1850, they were still often threatened by the possibility of falling into poverty.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The families of late 19th century Europe tended to live much more of their life in public, avoiding the home.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The ideal late 19th century middle class household was managed by the woman, not by the man.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Birth control was seldom practiced in the 19th century.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Even at the end of the 19th century, there was little public discussion of sexual problems, and almost no books on the subject.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Herbert Spencer attacked Darwin's idea of evolution.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The basic originality of Darwin's idea lay not in evolution itself, but in the mechanism of "natural selection" to explain it.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The Periodic Table of elements was developed by James Clerk Maxwell.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur disagreed about the bacterial causes of disease.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

By applying the discoveries of Pasteur to surgery, Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of infection after operations.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Literary Realists of the late 19th century included Gustave Flaubert, Charles Dickens, and Leo Tolstoy.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Gustave Courbet, a French painter, was one of the founders of the Impressionist movement.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Claude Monet's painting, Impression: Sunrise, gave its name to the Impressionist movement.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Einstein's idea of relativity radically rearranged scientific concepts of space, time, and motion.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Sigmund Freud rejected the idea that much of human behavior was irrational, unconscious, and instinctive.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Nietzsche denounced not only democracy and liberalism, but also Christianity for permitting the weak and the mediocre to triumph over the strong and the creative.    
 * True   
 False