Week 8 - Population and Urbanization

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Thomas Malthus' theories?

Malthus argued that population size normally increases more rapidly than the food and energy resources necessary to support the population.
Malthus argued that population growth occurs geometrically while food supplies only increase arithmetically
Malthus' argument has been proven correct by history, with current population growth far outstripping our ability to feed the population
Malthus' predictions have been shown incorrect by history, with people limiting reproduction and technologies and modern institutions expanding resources rapidly enough to keep up with population growth

2. The number of births occurring during a year in a given population divided by the midyear population is known as

the Malthusian thesis
the basic demographic equation
the crude birth rate
the crude death rate
the crude population growth rate

3. The demographic transition refers to

the change from hunting and gathering societies to modern industrial societies
changes in the numbers of female children born in postmodern societies
the switch from predominantly rural to urban populations
set of major changes in birth and death rates that occurred in urban industrial nations in the last 200 years.

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the demographic transition?

A high growth potential stage, characterized by high death rates, low life expectancy, high fertility rates, and low rates of population increase
A transitional growth stage , characterized by decreasing mortality rates, and continuing high rates of fertility
An incipient decline stage, characterized by decreasing rates of mortality and fertility, with low or even negative rates of increase
A population shrinkage stage, characterized by returning high rates of mortality, low rates of fertility, and high rates of population decrease

5. The urban revolution refers to

social and political revolutions that centered in urban areas
the high rates of crime and racial conflict that exists within many urban areas
the increasing tendency of people throughout the world to live in cities
All of the above
None of the above

6. Urbanization

contributes to lower birth rates, due to the limitations of living space and the need to postpone marriage until newcomers have found jobs
often doesn't produce lower birth rates in less developed countries in Asia and Africa due to the availability of better health care in cities
tends to promote higher birthrates across the world as urban dwellers make more money than rural dwellers, and can afford more children
All of the above
A and B, only

7. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Kornblum says held back the growth of cities until recent times?

Farming methods didn't produce enough surplus food to feed many cities dwellers
Transportation methods were too inefficient to transport necessary goods to cities
Technology was inadequate to transport water to cities in sufficient quanities
A lack of scientific medicine made urban living too dangerous and deadly
Traditional religions commonly believed that evil spirits dwelled in urban areas

8. Which of the following is NOT one of the 'push factors' that encourage rural residents to migrate to cities?

Chain migration
Overpopulation
Lack of opportunity to obtain farmland
Lack of year-round demand for agricultural labor

9. Chain migration tends to lead to

a great diversity of immigrants, spread throughout cities
the formation of small, homogenous communities within cities
high crude death rates in rural areas
low population growth rates in urban areas

10. Park and Burgess' concentric-zone theory of urban development argued that

cities tend to grow up around a central business district
new immigrants tend to become concentrated in segregated areas within inner-city areas
once settled in the inner city, immigrants rarely are able to move to desegregated areas outside the inner city
All of the above
A and B, only

11. Park and Burgess' theory is said to be limited by some critics by

focusing on the commercial and industrial cities of North America, but less able to explain non-North American cities
failing to explain other patterns of urbanization, including the rise of satellite cities and commercial transportation corridors
promoting white flight from cities
All of the above
Both A and B, but not C, above

12. Gary, IN; River Rouge, MI; Forth Worth, TX; and Tyson Corners, VA; are all examples of

megalopolises
central cities
satellite cities
strip development
transportation corriders

13. The tendency for outlying areas of metropolitan areas to grow, even becoming more important than central cities, is known as

the concurrent-zone thesis
the concentric-zone model of development
urbanization
decentralization
the demographic transition

14. Which of the following is NOT true regarding strip development?

It refers to urban development that tends to grow up around strip joints and other sex industry businesses
It's a pattern of urban development that develops along a strip of roads
It explains how smaller communities and towns become incorporated into larger metropolitan areas
It tends to go through an 'automobile convenient' stage where roads are widened, by-pass roads are created, and drive in businesses grow up
None of the above; ALL are TRUE

15. Large multinuclear urban systems, with large populations and systems of several cities (e.g. the Northeastern states) are known as

megalopolises
central cities
behemoths
megacities
gigacities

16. The phenomena where outlying areas of cities become more important at the expense of their central city is known as

strip development
megalopolis
decentralization
urbanization
concentric-zone development

17. According to the video, the --------------, introduced about 1950, has become an integral part of suburban life.

office building
shopping mall
park complex
residential center

18. According to the video, the growth of the suburbs in cities across the U.S. occurred as a result of

new rapid transit systems (e.g. trains)
light rail express systems
intra and interstate highway systems
a 'return to the land' movement (a.k.a. 'traditional gentrificationism')
all of the above

Week 9 - Social Change

19. Which of the following is NOT an example of individuals helping to bring about social change?

People working to improve their self image
People working for equality in South Africa
People working as volunteers to upgrade housing
People working in the environmental movement

20. Social change that results from forces building within a society is responding to

endogenous forces
exogamous forces
homogenous forces
heterogeneous forces

21. Which of the following is an example of an exogenous force for social change?

The effects of the Supreme Court striking down the 'separate but equal' doctrine
The effects of the institutionalization of medical insurance on medical care
The effects of U.S. foreign-aid policies on less developed countries
The effects of mass production of the automobile on public transportation

22. Which of the following terms includes each of the others?

Urbanization
Modernization
Industrialization
Bureaucratization

23. Kornblum concludes that social change

is more often than not positive or 'progressive' development
is more often than not negative or 'regressive' development
is by definition perfectly balanced between positive and negative consequences, since society is a "zero-sum game" where when someone wins, someone else loses
often causes both positive change and negative results and disruption, but no one can say for sure whether it's on balance positive or negative

24. The term "modernization" should be used cautiously because

implications that life in modern societies is better or more satisfactory than life in developing nations may be inaccurate.
sociology has only recently begun to use the term and it is yet to be defined properly.
modern societies are in a better position to care for themselves than are developing nations.
measures of modernization are still in the developmental stage

25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modernization process?

Change from subsistence farming toward the commercial production of agricultural goods
Transition from the use of human and animal power toward industrialization
Tendency toward the formation of urban concentrations
Trend toward a more humane and satisfactory way of life

26. ----------- occurs when one of two parts of culture, both of which are correlated with each other, change before, or in greater degree than, the other part does, thereby causing less adjustment between the two parts than existed previously.

Postmodernism
Social Change
Cultural lag
Cultural lead

27. ------------ argues that science, rationality, and all the 'isms' of the modern world (e.g. capitalism, socialism, behaviorism) deprive human lives of spirituality, mystery, myth, and diversity of expression.

Postmodernism
Evolutionism
Conflict theory
Functionalism

28. Which of the following is NOT an example of an antimodernist social movement?

Fundamentalist religious movement in Islamic countries
Conservative groups working for a return to traditional values
The Civil Rights movement
Radical groups advocating a return to self-sufficient communities

29. Andre Gunder Frank argues that the development of one-crop economies in many parts of Central and Latin America

transforms peasantry into a class of landless laborers.
results in affluence, but also undermines family ties.
represents the first stage of industrialization.
accelerates the process of modernization.

30. Consider the following scenario: El Salvador and Nicaragua supply the United States and Japan with basic natural resources and labor but have not developed an industrial base of their own.

In Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory, El Salvador and Nicargua would be classified as

developing nations.
peripheral areas.
core nations.
semiperipheral areas.

31. Modern evolutionary theorists refer to earlier models of social evolution as

bilinear.
monolinear.
multilinear.
unilinear.

32. Pitrim Sorokin argues that social change originates in a society's culture, which alternates between ideational and ------------- orientations.

materialistic
pleasurable
sensate
idealistic

33. Consider the following scenario: Ralph believes that the basic nature of all societies is to maintain a balance among the various parts. Every time a change does occur, society's institutions respond by restoring the balance and allowing things to operate smoothly, allowing the society to return to equilibrium.

Ralph's view is an example of the ----------------- theory of social change.

conflict
interactionist
cyclical
functionalist

34. According to Karl Marx, "the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of

evolution."
class struggle."
homeostasis."
consensus."

35. From a functionalist perspective, social change occurs as a result of such factors as

population growth and changes in technology.
improvements in the means of production.
fluctuations between sensate and ideational periods in a culture's history.
the rising up of previously oppressed segments of the population.

36. The technical sociological term for people born in the same time period is

age group
cohort
generation
legion

37. Which of the following segments of the U.S. population were NOT identified as a benefactor of World War II in the video?

African Americans
Women
White men
None of the above, since ALL benefitted.

38. According to George Ritzer in the the video lesson, the U.S. has changed from a country defined by -------------, to one defined by ------------.

consumption; production
production; pleasure-seeking
production; consumption
consumption; spending

Week 10 - Social Action

39. Collective behavior refers to

any behavior among people in groups.
unusual or non-routine behaviors engaged in by large numbers of people.
regularized interactions and behavior occurring among people in routine social relationships.
response of primary groups to events occurring in secondary groups.

40. Which of the following is NOT an example of collective behavior?

Bureaucracies
Crowds
Panics
Riots

41. Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Lofland's typology of spontaneous collective behaviors?

Collective behavior occurs in two kinds of settings: crowds and masses.
Collective behavior is driven by three kinds of basic emotions: fear, hostility, and jealousy.
Lynch mobs are an example of a collective behavior by a crowd driven by hostility.
The Salem witch hunts is an example of a collective behavior by a mass driven by fear.

42. Which of the following is NOT true of social movements?

They are intentional efforts by groups in a society to create new institutions or reform existing ones.
They can resist change.
They have brought about far-reaching changes in social institutions.
They usually begin within bureaucracies as a response to pressures from organized interest groups.

43. Which of the following is NOT part of Gustave LeBon's explanation of strikes, riots, and other crowd behavior?

They were led by agitators and despots
The members were caught up in a mob mentality
They were becoming more common because recent immigrants to cities were cut off from the traditional village social institutions, creating a mass of strangers, who were easily (mis)led and caught up in the crowd
None of the above; ALL are part of LeBon's theory.

44. An example of the way demands of social movements are institutionalized can be seen in the

division of labor of bureaucracies.
jailing of streakers.
right to join unions and to bargain collectively.
pleadings of a defense attorney for his or her client.

45. The punk movement is an example of what type of social movement?

Expressive
Reactionary
Reformist
Revolutionary

46. A movement that seeks partial changes in some institutions and values, usually on behalf of some segments of society, is what type of social movement?

Revolutionary
Expressive
Reformist
Reactionary

47. Revolutions that sweep away the old order and bring about basic changes in social stratification, culture, and productive capacities are known as

reformist revolutions.
political revolutions.
expressive revolutions.
social revolutions.

48. According to Theda Skocpol, the American Revolution is an example of a

reformist revolution.
political revolution.
expressive revolution.
social revolution.

49. According to Theda Skocpol, the outcomes of social revolutions depend primarily on

the goals of its leaders
the ideology of its proponents
the kinds of coalitions formed among revolutionary parties and larger social classes
the forms of opposition it runs into

50. Which of the following is NOT part of Marx's expectations for why capitalism would inevitably lead to a socialist revolution.

The whole world would become capitalist, and would be dominated by capitalist monopolies.
Workers and people in colonized countries would rebel in mass social movements and revolutions
A new classless society would be created in which the workers would own the means of production
None of the above (since all were part of Marx's expectations)

51. According to relative deprivation theory, social revolutions (e.g. the French Revolution) occur when economic conditions are in a

severe decline, because people tend to rebel when their objective conditions worsen.
period of rapid growth, when some people judge their conditions to be worse compared to others.
stable period, when people think that change won't upset the economy too much.
None of the above, since revolutions can occur anytime any people feel deprived.

52. Sidney Tarrow theorized that waves of protest that arise in society are often due to

boredom
frustration
major social shocks
social inequality

53. The institutionalization of a movement, as well as the eventual recruitment of new charismatic leaders, are examples of

subversion.
resistance.
repression.
co-optation.

54. "Sets of beliefs and interpretations of events that inspire and justify social movements" (e.g. Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto and Mao's 'Little Red Book') is the definition for

collective action frames
ideologies
manifestos
charismatic literature

55. A ---------- leader appears to possess extraordinary 'gifts of the body and spirit' that mark him or her as specially chosen to lead.

revolutionary
spiritual
charismatic
militant

56. Some sociologists argue that when social movements become successful and institutionalized in society, their former leaders tend to become part of the system they had opposed. This is called

social movement metamorphosis
indoctrination
co-optation
the free-rider problem

57. The public sphere of social activity comprising of nongovernmental, nonbusiness groups and organizations is called

civil society
the private sphere
social movements
anarchy

58. The free-rider problem refers to

the tendency of many people to offer their support for movements, but not their resources (they're cheap)
the tendency of many people to offer their resources for movements, but not their support (they do so only out of guilt)
the tendency of many people to not lend their support or resources to a social movement, but to reap the rewards anyway
the problem buses and trains have in making sure all riders pay their fare

59. Large populations (regional or national) of potential spectators or participants who engage in collective behavior are called

collective behavior
mass publics
crowds
mobs

60. William Gamson's research on the origins of celebrity concluded that it

is rooted in the celebrity's charisma
is manufactured by the entertainment industry, just like any other product
is a result of American's narcissism
occurs naturally, and thus can't be explained by sociologists

61. According to the video, the Civil Rights Movement is an example of a

revolutionary
reformist
conservative
reactionary

62. According to Victor Ayala in the video lesson, sociologists

should never become personally involved in social issues, so that they can remain neutral and scientific
should encourage their students to become socially involved, but should never do so themselves
should become socially involved themselves, but should never encourage their students to do so
have a social responsibility to promote social change