SOC 206 Telecourse Exam 2 - Spring 2006


1. Power that is institutionalized and exercised according to norms and statuses of organizations is the definition of
 dominance.
 leadership.
 influence.
 authority.
 

2. Johnny has convinced his friends that he will hurt them if they do not play the game he wants to play, and they reluctantly go along with him. This is an example of the exercise of
 power.
 authority.
 influence.
 leadership
 

3. Political institutions require legitimacy because
 use of force or coercion eventually will be insufficient to govern a society.
 power cannot be exercised without it.
 their leaders like to think they are loved.
 All of the above
 

4. Which of the following is an example of traditional authority?
 Jesus Christ
 The absolute monarchs of Europe (e.g. Kings and Queens)
 George Bush
 Bureaucrats
 

5. Charismatic authority finds its legitimation in people's belief that their leader
 has been duly elected by the people and represents their ideas and interests.
 embodies their traditions and customs and thus has a right to lead.
 has a right to lead because of his or her ability to govern efficiently and rationally.
 has God-given or superhuman powers to lead them in new directions.
 

6. Leaders who use personal charisma and political symbols to manipulate public opinion are called
 demagogues.
 charismatic leaders.
 lobbyists.
 loyal opposition.
 

7. The belief of a people that they have the right and duty to constitute themselves as a nation-state is called
 statism
 nationalism
 patriotism
 ethnicism
 

8. Which of the following is NOT one of the rights of citizenship, as defined by T.H. Marshall?
 Civil rights
 Political Rights
 Social Rights
 Economic Rights
 

9. Wright Mill's power-elite thesis argues that
 'democratic' political institutions are not, in fact, democratic
 political decisions are controlled by an elite of rich and powerful individuals at the top of the military, government, and corporate structures
 efforts to overthrow the power elite would require both the working and the middle classes working together
 All of the above
 

10. The theory that many decision makers are engaged in a process of coalition building and bargaining is known as the
 power-elite model.
 pluralist model.
 democratic model.
 participatory model.
 

11. Which of the following is NOT one of the 'structural prerequisites' Seymour Martin Lipset thinks must exist for democracy and the rule of law to develop?
 economic development
 urbanization
 a power elite
 literacy
 a large middle-class
 

12. Which of the following is NOT true regarding Alexis de Tocqueville's views on democracy?
 He believed the U.S. was only a pseudo-democracy, actually governed by a largely hidden elite
 He was concerned that some democratic societies might see the rise of demagogues who could manipulate the masses
 He believed that the large number of competing groups in the U.S. political system would prevent the rise of demagogues here
 He believed that the U.S. was very democratic, with political activity in evidence nearly everywhere
 

13. Who argued that 'Political speech and writing are largely the defense of the indefensible'?
 Max Weber
 Karl Marx
 George Orwell
 Alexis de Tocqueville
 

14. A political system in which one person or group rules a whole nation or society is known as
 a democracy.
 an autocracy.
 a socialist democracy.
 a proletariat.
 

15. According to Janowitz's study of the military, having citizens serve in the military has
 often led to the overthrow of democracies by would-be demagogues
 often led to the military protecting democratic and civilian institutions, since citizens tend to be committed to democratic institutions
 had no impact on the maintenance of democratic institutions
 undermined military preparedness in the U.S.
 

16. According to Kornblum, the large economic role of the military in the U.S.
 undermines the social control of the military
 leads to pork barrel federal spending
 leads to significant export of military weapons, thereby promoting armed conflicts elsewhere in the world
 All of the above
 

17. Which of the following is NOT one of the socialization processes used to promote high levels of motivation and commitment among military recruits?
 Suppression of previous statuses
 Teaching new norms and rules
 Development of solidarity among recruits
 Promoting the bureaucratic spirit, where recruits are taught to follow all orders without question
 Promoting a democratic spirit, so recruits will feel they have some control over their institution
 

18. Rule by a few people who seek to stay in office indefinitely is called a(n)
 autocracy
 oligarchy
 personality cult
 power elite
 

19. Which of the following is NOT part of Robert Putnam's 'bowling alone' thesis?
 People are bowling less often today than they did in previous generations
 People are increasingly disengaged from civic life in the U.S.
 Disengagement from civic life leads to apathy and resentment of government
 Disengagement from civic life is due significantly to the impact of television
 


Week 5 - Education 

20. Which of the following was NOT true of James Comer's efforts to reform public schools in the inner city? (Comer is the educational philosopher discussed at the start of the Kornblum chapter)
 He thought the main problem was that not enough was asked of students, so demands on students should be raised
 He proposed that schools needed to pay more attention to child development and managing the schools better.
 He tried to ally parents and schools more closely, in part to reduce the differences between the schools and the students home life.
 Many students in poor neighborhoods end up labeled as 'slow learners' or behavior problems, but they really are just the victims of poverty, racism, unemployment, violence, and other social problems.
 

21. Which of the following is NOT true of Paul Willis' findings in his study of working-class boys in a school in England?
 They believed that rather than trying to help them, their teachers were really pushing them into low-prestige futures, reproducing their parent's working class position.
 Education's main purpose is to prepare most kids for an unequal future (e.g. preparing working class kids for working class jobs) and by insuring their personal underdevelopment.
 Students like the 'lads' liked to make fun of high achievers as a way of resisting the social forces channeling them into working-class futures.
 Despite some minor biases against students from the working-class, most schools provide a real route to social mobility for the working class.
 

22. Conflict theorists view education in modern societies as
 complex sets of behavior patterns with structure and function.
 serving to falsely legitimize and thereby maintain the unequal status quo.
 sets of interactions and patterns of socialization.
 functioning to pass on the knowledge and skills of one generation to the next.
 

23. What did James Coleman's research show about adolescents?
 Adolescents' social world is increasingly intertwined with that of the adults.
 Schools help create a social world for adolescents, and thus a distinct youth culture, by separating them from adults.
 The Adolescent Society is very stratified and differentiated.
 Interaction between older and younger adolescents has become increasingly tense and conflict-ridden.
 

24. Which of the following is NOT one of the various goals or expectations that people have for schools today, as summarized by Kornblum?
 Preparing children for careers in a technologically advanced society.
 Teaching children basic job-related skills.
 Reducing the number of years children attend school, so they can get a jump start on learning more valuable job skills in the 'real world'.
 Helping them maintain their cultural identities.
 Increasing the level of student achievement.
 

25. While educational --------------- refers to the number of years of school a person has completed, educational --------------- refers to how much they actually learned.
 attainment; knowledge
 achievement; attainment
 attainment; achievement
 achievement; knowledge
 

26. Placing 'higher achieving' students in accelerated classes, and others in less challenging classes is called
 the achievement ideology.
 channeling.
 mainstreaming.
 tracking.
 

27. The practice referred to in the previous question tends to
 reduce social inequalities between classes and races
 increase social inequalities between classes and races
 not effect social inequalities between classes and races
 reduce social inequalities between classes but increase social inequalities between races
 

28. Research shows that the main reason that students drop out of high school is because of
 marriage and pregnancy
 poor academic performance
 the demands of their jobs
 financial cutbacks in schools
 

29. Jay MacLeod's study of the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers found that
 economic factors aren't enough to explain success and failure in schools; culture also counts
 families and other social factors play important roles in shaping children's attitudes towards schools
 almost all kids growing up in poverty develop anti-school attitudes
 All of the above
 Both A and B
 

30. Studies show that inequality in higher education is primarily a matter of
 unequal intelligence.
 unequal efforts.
 unequal ability to pay.
 luck.
 

31. Lourdes Diaz Soto found that 'English only' instruction results in ------------ among children from homes in which Spanish is the primary language.
 higher educational achievement
 greater social integration
 frustration and disappointment
 lower educational attainment
 

32. Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Sandra Baum's research on education and social class?
 Children from high-income families were more likely to attend college than children from low-income families
 Children from low-income families with high achievement test scores were more likely to attend college than children from high-income families with low achievement test scores
 Children from low-income families were more likely to attend two-year colleges
 Students who attend two-year colleges first were more likely to complete a four year college than students who go directly to four-year colleges
 

33. The view that differences in economic payoffs (e.g. jobs) are justified or explained by differences in investment (e.g. hard work in school) is called
 the American Dream
 the American Myth
 human capital theory
 educational investment theory
 

34. The High/Scope study found that investing in good preschool programs
 is largely a waste of money
 can produce significant improvements for disadvantaged children
 paid off only for middle class and wealthy children
 helped slow learners but had no effect on fast learners
 

35. Which of the following best describes the research findings about student response to conventional classrooms in bureaucratic schools?
 They develop ways, such as mentally withdrawing and interrupting, to undercut the teacher's authority.
 They find alternatives to learning by doing a large quantity of reading outside the classroom.
 They find ways of minimizing the irritation of classroom rigidity by involving themselves in extracurricular activities
 They try to get parents to intervene on their behalf when the classes are too boring or too rigid in their structure.
 

36. Which of the following is NOT part of so-called 'school choice?'
 Magnet schools
 Allowing parents to choose what grade their children should be placed in
 Charter schools
 Giving parents vouchers so they can send their children to private schools rather than public schools
 

37. Coleman's study of efforts to desegregate public schools found that
 most schools have been desegregated, and programs such as busing can now be eliminated in most places
 desegregation efforts are slowly leading to desegregated schools
 efforts to desegregate schools are resulting in increased segregation between black central cities and white suburbs
 De facto segregation is nearly eliminated, but de jure segregation continues
 



38. Kornblum defines science as
 knowledge obtained through the scientific method
 knowledge obtained through technology
 knowledge obtained from non-religious (i.e., 'secular') sources
 knowledge obtained from 'pure science'
 

39. According to Kornblum
 science has been around for thousands of years, but technology is a relatively recent development
 technology has been around for thousands of years, but science is a relatively recent development
 science and technology have both been around for thousands of years
 science and technology are both relatively recent developments
 

40. Thomas Kuhn argued that sciences are rooted in broad
 technologies
 paradigms
 cultures
 methodologies
 

41. Scientific investigation that is devoted exclusively to the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is known as
 applied science.
 technology.
 knowledge.
 pure science.
 

42. The use of known scientific principles to solve a practical problem is called
 pure science.
 analytical science.
 applied science.
 rational science.
 

43. Which of the following is NOT true of technology?
 It is pure science.
 It is older than science.
 It is an aspect of culture.
 It is involved with the use of tools.
 

44. Workers' resistance to the introduction of new technologies because of a fear of the loss of their jobs became known as
 alienation
 class struggle
 hypertrophy
 Luddism
 

45. The function of institutions of science is to
 create technology.
 benefit humans by efficiently solving life's problems.
 create jobs for scientists and, ultimately, for all society.
 extend knowledge by means of a specific set of procedures.
 

46. Which of the following best explains the norm of universalism?
 Scientific research should be useful to people all over the world, regardless of their ability to pay for its benefits.
 Scientific knowledge is true throughout the universe because it has been accumulated on the basis of reason.
 Truth of scientific knowledge must be determined by the impersonal criteria of the scientific method, not characteristics of the scientist.
 Since scientists throughout the world use the same methods, their findings are nearly always compatible.
 

47. That a scientist does not allow the desire for personal gain to influence the reporting and evaluation of results is known as
 disinterestedness.
 objectivity.
 subjectivity.
 universalism.
 

48. Which of the following is an example of a violation of the norm of disinterestedness?
 'Cold fusion' research
 Galileo's research
 Charles Darwin's research
 Jonas Salk's experiments
 

49. The fact that technological changes often have both positive and negative effects is called technological
 ambiguity.
 dualism.
 dysfunctionalism.
 dialecticalism.
 

50. Although various birth control techniques have been universally available in the United States for more than twenty years, many people still maintain the idea that premarital sexual intercourse is acceptable for young men but not for young women. Such a belief is an example of
 technological assessment.
 cultural lag.
 structural disequilibrium.
 cultural assimilation.
 

51. Studies show that -------------- tend to bear the heaviest burden of pollution.
 scientists
 the poor, minorities, and workers in industrial regions
 plant managers and supervisors
 the wealthiest classes in the wealthiest societies
 

52. If you combined a serious commitment to efficient energy use with the rapid development of renewable energy sources you would have to rely on
 direct energy paths.
 indirect energy paths.
 soft energy paths.
 hard energy paths.
 

53. Development that does not damage the environment or create new environmental burdens is known as
 sustainable development
 maintainable development
 balanced development
 resource development
 

54. The development of increasingly sophisticated and costly medical technologies has led to a crisis in American medical care due to the fact that many Americans cannot afford to pay for good health care. This situation has led to a condition that some critics refer to as
 technology assessment.
 discovery attainment.
 hypertrophy.
 hypotechnicalism.
 

55. N. D. Konfratieff argued that technological innovation follows a -------------------- pattern
 unilinear
 multilinear
 curvelinear
 cyclical
 

56. Knauss and Lynn's research on doctor's behavior with patients who have signed living wills found that ---------------- is the primary reason that patients' wishes and instructions are sometimes disregarded.
 the religious views of doctors
 poor communication
 pressure by hospital administrations to maximize billable treatment
 hero self-worship of doctors
 

57. --------- is the study of how diseases originate and spread in human populations and how societies can develp better public health systems to attach the causes of illness.
 Medical sociology
 Epidemiology
 Forensic sociology
 Health sociology
 

58. ---------- are technologies that require larger numbers of people. 
 Capital-intensive technologies
 Labor-intensive technologies
 Hard energy paths
 None of the above
 


59. According to the video lesson, before television, radio, or motion pictures, most of our perceptions about war were influenced by 
 newspapers and word of mouth
 front line soldiers
 military personnel
 preachers
 

60. According to the video lesson, in the -------------, most of the images and news about the war were managed through generals and the secretary of defense.
 Vietnam conflict
 Korean war
 World War II
 Gulf War
 

61. According to the video lesson, which of the following is a result of large conglomerates controlling the communications media?
 We see a mainstream of dominant beliefs and values
 There is a devaluing of a diversity of opinions
 There is a lessening of presenting other perspectives and opinions
 All of the above
 
 
 
    

 
 


Test Pilot (4.4.3) is Copyright (c)2003, The McGraw Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.
