SOC 204 Classroom-based - Exam 2 - Fall 2005



1. What is the key conclusion from Sherif and Sherif's experiment described at the beginning of Chapter Two in Eitzen and Zinn's textbook, in which 24 boys were brought together in a summer camp, divided into groups, left alone for five days.
 Children are naturally predatory.
 Social organization happens.
 Without adults present, social groupings disappear, since children naturally avoid social structure.
 Children develop very flat, non-hierarchical, cooperative organizations when they're left to themselves.
 

2. Being expected to appear in public with appropriate clothing is an example of a
 status
 norm
 role
 taboo
 

3. Rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones, and thus are considered less important and punished only mildly, are called
 folkways
 values
 mores
 laws
 beliefs
 

4. Student, daughter, and worker are examples of
 roles.
 statuses.
 norms.
 social groups.
 

5. Which of the following is a social control technique used by social groups to control their members?
 Using force to ensure that people follow the dictates of the group
 Sanctioning people when the fail to follow the demands of the group
 Rewarding people when they follow the group's expectations
 All of the above
 None of the above
 

6. Which of the following is a lesson about the power of roles drawn from the Zimbardo prison experiment on social control?
 People tend to resist roles, especially when they are oppressive
 Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, will power, or character
 Social control is most effective when its seen as legitimate
 All of the above
 


8. Which of the following is NOT an element of primary groups?
 intimacy
 small size
 informality
 strong identity with fellow members
 task orientation
 

9. Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary group?
 Lane Community College
 SONY
 The federal government
 None of the above; all are examples of secondary groups.
 

10. How did the German army in WWII use insights into the power of primary groups to maintain high morale and willingness to fight?
 They provided them with copies of Hitler's speeches
 They provided them with copies of the Bible
 They assigned men to the same unit for the duration of the war
 They rewarded individuals when they showed high levels of commitment to the group
 

11. According to Weber, the chief goal and characteristic of bureaucracy is
 meaningful interaction
 emotional distance between members
 modernization
 efficiency
 

12. Which of the following is NOT one of the common results of bureaucracy?
 It increases the amount of control that individual members of the bureaucracy have over their work
 It can lead to inefficiency because of blind obedience to the rules and authority
 It can stifle creativity
 It can promote too much regulation
 

13. The sociologist who pointed out that the danger of bureaucracies becoming an 'iron cage of rationality' was
 Emile Durkheim
 Max Weber
 Karl Marx
 George Ritzer
 

14. When people commit suicide following a period of rapid change leading to a breakdown in the rules and a feeling of aimlessness, Durkheim would call this
 egoistic suicide
 fatalistic suicide
 anomic suicide
 altruistic suicide
 

15. Which of the following is FALSE? Durkheim argues that
 Catholics have a higher rate of suicide than Protestants.
 single people have a higher rate of suicide than married people.
 middle class people have a higher rate of suicide than working class people.
 people with higher levels of educational attainment have a higher rate of suicide than those with lower levels.
 

16. A general conclusion from the experiments by Asch and Sherif might be that
 individuals affect the perceptions of the group.
 individuals aren't affected by the perceptions of the group.
 groups affect the perceptions of the individuals within them.
 groups don't affect the perceptions of the individuals within them.
 

17. Eitzen and Zinn argue that by definition, social institutions are
 radical
 liberal
 conservative
 reactionary
 



19. Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of a scientific paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn?
 assumptions
 theories
 values
 concepts
 None of the above; ALL are elements of paradigms
 

20. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of conflict theory?
 Most elements of a society contribute to society's well-being and survival
 Many elements of a society tend to contribute to the society's instability
 Societies experience significant disharmony
 Societies rest on the constraint and coercion of some of its members by others
 Societies are continually subjected to change
 

21. Which of the following IS an assumption of the order (a.k.a. functionalist) perspective?
 Society is a relatively integrated whole
 Society is continually subjected to change
 Subjective interpretations are based on meanings we learn from others
 Humans act according to their own interpretations of reality
 

22. Which of the following is FALSE?
 Order theorists assume that sharing values solves the key societal problem: its need for integration.
 Conflict theorists think that when the vast majority of people in a society accept the values of the dominant group, they are experiencing a form of cultural tyranny.
 Order theorists generally believe that a society's dominant values tend to promote disunity and disorder.
 Conflict theorists think that U.S. values are the source of social problems such as crime, conspicuous consumption, planned obsolescence, and pollution.
 



24. According to Durkheim, the ____________ function of punishing a criminal is the societal reaffirmation of what is to be considered moral.
 latent
 manifest
 residual
 None of the above
 


26. The belief that the different segments of society cooperate with each other to insure that society functions smoothly is the contention of
 order theorists
 conflict theorists
 Karl Marx
 Max Weber
 

27. The argument that the unity present in society is superficial because it results not from consensus but rather from fraud and force, is the contention of
 order theorists
 conflict theorists
 the synthesis of order and conflict theory
 None of the above
 

28. Which of the following is NOT part of Marx's analysis of capitalism?
 Workers are exploited by capitalists
 Capitalists dominate the government and laws
 Economic inequality between classes is rooted in the unequal talents and skills of each class
 Over time, workers will develop greater class consciousness and become more radical
 The key to the unfolding of history was class conflict
 

29. When oppressed people hold beliefs damaging to their own interests (e.g. when the working class believes that the interests of the ruling class are their interests as well), Marx would call this
 class consciousness
 false consciousness
 pre-revolutionary consciousness
 value consensus
 

30. Which of the following is part of Eitzen and Zinn's synthesis of the order and conflict paradigms?
 Institutions are most comfortable in a constant state of change
 If societies can be organized, then conflict will be avoidable
 Societies are held together through forceful imposition of the powerful
 Societies are organized, but the process of organization generates conflict
 

31. What do Marx and Engels mean when they write that "the execution of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie?"
 The upper class is controlled by the government.
 The government is controlled by the upper class.
 The working class is controlled by the government.
 The government is controlled by the working class
 

32. Which of the following is NOT one of the 'the integrative forces in society' that Eitzen and Zinn refer to?
 functional integration
 consensus on societal values
 group membership
 the mass media
 None of the above, since ALL are among the integrative forces cited
 

33. Eitzen and Zinn define culture as
 shared knowledge
 rules defining appropriate and inappropriate ways of behaving for specific situations
 the idea that any given aspect of a particular social trait should be evaluated in terms of its place within the larger social context of which it is a part
 people who live within defined territorial boundaries and who share common ties
 

34. According to Eitzen and Zinn, although culture constrains individual freedoms, most people don't see it as a form of constraint because they
 suffer from false consciousness
 have internalized their society's culture
 watch a lot of television
 are ideologically manipulated
 

35. The 'social construction of reality' refers to the idea that
 meaning is not inherent in an object; rather, people learn how to define reality by interacting with other people and by learning the culture
 people consciously create their own realities
 there's no such thing as reality; individuals all experience their own reality (a.k.a. solipsism)
 everyone shares the same reality, because its rooted in social experience
 

36. If you criticized a man from a horticultural or agricultural society for having several wives and dozens of children, a social scientist might accuse you of
 being insensitive
 engaging in cultural relativism
 being ethnocentric
 violating the principles of cultural imperialism
 

37. Which of the following is NOT identified by Eitzen and Zinn as one the dominant values in the U.S.?
 Success
 Competition
 Progress
 Equality
 Individual Freedom
 

38. Eitzen and Zinn called these the criteria used in evaluating objects, acts, feelings, or events as to their relative desirability, merit, or correctness; Salt called these 'highly general ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong, in a particular culture'. These are
 norms
 symbols
 values
 folkways
 

39. The willingness to deny immediate pleasure in order to achieve later (and hopefully greater) rewards, is called
 material progress
 present orientation
 deferred gratification
 latent rewards
 

40. Which of the following is NOT an example of a counterculture?
 hippies
 beatniks
 Rastafarians
 Asian Americans
 

41. The main difference between a subculture and a counterculture is that
 a counterculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a subculture is different in insignificant ways
 a subculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a counterculture is different in insignificant ways
 a counterculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a subculture is merely different from the dominant culture
 a subculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a counterculture is merely different from the dominant culture
 

42. Eitzen and Zinn cites the Amish, Hutterites, Appalachian snake handlers, and Hungarians in the U.S. as examples of
 dominant culture groups
 countercultures
 subcultures
 none of the above
 

43. The main difference between a subculture and a counterculture is that
 a counterculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a subculture is different in insignificant ways
 a subculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a counterculture is different in insignificant ways
 a counterculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a subculture is merely different from the dominant culture
 a subculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a counterculture is merely different from the dominant culture
 

44. When a society's culture changes more slowly than changes in its technology or social structure, the society is experiencing
 cultural limbo
 cultural lag
 technological breakdown
 social disintegration
 

45. When immigrants or subgroups voluntarily adopt the ideas and behaviors of culture of the dominant culture they are embracing
 multiculturalism
 accommodationism
 assimilationism
 the 'tossed salad'
 

46. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that, according to Marvin Harris, Hindus in India treat cows as sacred?
 Cows' milk is believed to be endowed with magical qualities
 Cows produce dung, which used for fertilizer, fuel, and making floors
 Cows produce milk, which is important in Indians' diets, especially poor people
 Replacing cows with tractors and chemicals is not possible for most Indians, and would displace millions and lead to greater poverty and homelessness
 Cows produce oxen, needed for pulling plows
 

47. According to Marvin Harris, the underlying reason that Hindus treat cows as sacred is because
 it's required by Hindu religion
 Hindus believe cows are gods
 Hindus believe cows are the mothers of nature
 treating cows as sacred prevents them from beaten eaten, which insures they will be available to provide various material benefits to society
 

48. Which of the following theories is an example of a materialist argument?
 Oregonians read more than Californians because our culture values intellectual activity more than physical activity.
 The U.S. has a capitalist economy because Americans believe in competition and individualism.
 Most poor people are poor because they their culture promotes fatalism and a present-orientation.
 The 'sexual revolution' of the 1960s occurred because women had access to the birth control pill, which allowed them to worry much less about the consequences of sex.
 

49. Which of the following theories is an example of an idealist argument?
 The women's movement arose largely because feminist writers convinced women to want equal treatment with men.
 The Soviet Union collapsed because it was unable to produce modern consumer goods in the quantity and quality of industrial capitalist countries in the West.
 Modern 'democratic' governments arose because the old monarchist system was inadequate given the growing wealth and needs of the bourgeoisie
 People in Oregon read more than people in California because it rains more in Oregon.
 

50. _________ is the idea that the customs of a society should be evaluated in light of that society's culture and the functions of that custom for that society.
 Ethnocentrism
 Cultural realism
 Cultural relativity
 cultural isolation

 
7. True or False: Eitzen and Zinn argue that what we consider social control is really the consequence of self-control.
 True
 False


 

18. True or False: Unlike the natural sciences, which are commonly dominated by a single paradigm, the social sciences tend to have a number of paradigms competing with each other.
 True
 False



23. True or False: According to Emile Durkheim, while individuals in smaller, less complex societies are integrated with each other because they are very alike, individuals in larger, modern societies are integrated with each other because they depend upon each other due to a greater division of labor.
 True
 False



25. True or False: The order paradigm would argue that sports in the U.S. today tend mainly to undermine social order, because they promote values of competition and individualism.
 True
 False
 




Test Pilot (4.4.3) is Copyright (c)2003, The McGraw Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.
