Power that is institutionalized and exercised according to norms and statuses of organizations is the definition of
A. dominance.
B. leadership.
C. influence.
D. authority.
ANSWER: 

Johnny has convinced his friends that he will hurt them if they do not play the game he wants to play, and they reluctantly go along with him. This is an example of the exercise of
A. power.
B. authority.
C. influence.
D. leadership
ANSWER: 

Political institutions require legitimacy because
A. use of force or coercion eventually will be insufficient to govern a society.
B. power cannot be exercised without it.
C. their leaders like to think they are loved.
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is an example of traditional authority?
A. Jesus Christ
B. The absolute monarchs of Europe (e.g. Kings and Queens)
C. George Bush
D. Bureaucrats
ANSWER: 

Charismatic authority finds its legitimation in people's belief that their leader
A. has been duly elected by the people and represents their ideas and interests.
B. embodies their traditions and customs and thus has a right to lead.
C. has a right to lead because of his or her ability to govern efficiently and rationally.
D. has God-given or superhuman powers to lead them in new directions.
ANSWER: 

Leaders who use personal charisma and political symbols to manipulate public opinion are called
A. demagogues.
B. charismatic leaders.
C. lobbyists.
D. loyal opposition.
ANSWER: 

The belief of a people that they have the right and duty to constitute themselves as a nation-state is called
A. statism
B. nationalism
C. patriotism
D. ethnicism
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the rights of citizenship, as defined by T.H. Marshall?
A. Civil rights
B. Political Rights
C. Social Rights
D. Economic Rights
ANSWER: 

Wright Mill's power-elite thesis argues that
A. 'democratic' political institutions are not, in fact, democratic
B. political decisions are controlled by an elite of rich and powerful individuals at the top of the military, government, and corporate structures
C. efforts to overthrow the power elite would require both the working and the middle classes working together
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 

The theory that many decision makers are engaged in a process of coalition building and bargaining is known as the
A. power-elite model.
B. pluralist model.
C. democratic model.
D. participatory model.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the 'structural prerequisites' Seymour Martin Lipset thinks must exist for democracy and the rule of law to develop?
A. economic development
B. urbanization
C. a power elite
D. literacy
E. a large middle-class
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Alexis de Tocqueville's views on democracy?
A. He believed the U.S. was only a pseudo-democracy, actually governed by a largely hidden elite
B. He was concerned that some democratic societies might see the rise of demagogues who could manipulate the masses
C. He believed that the large number of competing groups in the U.S. political system would prevent the rise of demagogues here
D. He believed that the U.S. was very democratic, with political activity in evidence nearly everywhere
ANSWER: 

Who argued that 'Political speech and writing are largely the defense of the indefensible'?
A. Max Weber
B. Karl Marx
C. George Orwell
D. Alexis de Tocqueville
ANSWER: 

A political system in which one person or group rules a whole nation or society is known as
A. a democracy.
B. an autocracy.
C. a socialist democracy.
D. a proletariat.
ANSWER: 

According to Janowitz's study of the military, having citizens serve in the military has
A. often led to the overthrow of democracies by would-be demagogues
B. often led to the military protecting democratic and civilian institutions, since citizens tend to be committed to democratic institutions
C. had no impact on the maintenance of democratic institutions
D. undermined military preparedness in the U.S.
ANSWER: 

According to Kornblum, the large economic role of the military in the U.S.
A. undermines the social control of the military
B. leads to pork barrel federal spending
C. leads to significant export of military weapons, thereby promoting armed conflicts elsewhere in the world
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the socialization processes used to promote high levels of motivation and commitment among military recruits?
A. Suppression of previous statuses
B. Teaching new norms and rules
C. Development of solidarity among recruits
D. Promoting the bureaucratic spirit, where recruits are taught to follow all orders without question
E. Promoting a democratic spirit, so recruits will feel they have some control over their institution
ANSWER: 

Rule by a few people who seek to stay in office indefinitely is called a(n)
A. autocracy
B. oligarchy
C. personality cult
D. power elite
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of Robert Putnam's 'bowling alone' thesis?
A. People are bowling less often today than they did in previous generations
B. People are increasingly disengaged from civic life in the U.S.
C. Disengagement from civic life leads to apathy and resentment of government
D. Disengagement from civic life is due significantly to the impact of television
ANSWER: 


Week 5 - Education 

20. Which of the following was NOT true of James Comer's efforts to reform public schools in the inner city? (Comer is the educational philosopher discussed at the start of the Kornblum chapter)
A. He thought the main problem was that not enough was asked of students, so demands on students should be raised
B. He proposed that schools needed to pay more attention to child development and managing the schools better.
C. He tried to ally parents and schools more closely, in part to reduce the differences between the schools and the students home life.
D. Many students in poor neighborhoods end up labeled as 'slow learners' or behavior problems, but they really are just the victims of poverty, racism, unemployment, violence, and other social problems.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true of Paul Willis' findings in his study of working-class boys in a school in England?
A. They believed that rather than trying to help them, their teachers were really pushing them into low-prestige futures, reproducing their parent's working class position.
B. Education's main purpose is to prepare most kids for an unequal future (e.g. preparing working class kids for working class jobs) and by insuring their personal underdevelopment.
C. Students like the 'lads' liked to make fun of high achievers as a way of resisting the social forces channeling them into working-class futures.
D. Despite some minor biases against students from the working-class, most schools provide a real route to social mobility for the working class.
ANSWER: 

Conflict theorists view education in modern societies as
A. complex sets of behavior patterns with structure and function.
B. serving to falsely legitimize and thereby maintain the unequal status quo.
C. sets of interactions and patterns of socialization.
D. functioning to pass on the knowledge and skills of one generation to the next.
ANSWER: 

What did James Coleman's research show about adolescents?
A. Adolescents' social world is increasingly intertwined with that of the adults.
B. Schools help create a social world for adolescents, and thus a distinct youth culture, by separating them from adults.
C. The Adolescent Society is very stratified and differentiated.
D. Interaction between older and younger adolescents has become increasingly tense and conflict-ridden.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the various goals or expectations that people have for schools today, as summarized by Kornblum?
A. Preparing children for careers in a technologically advanced society.
B. Teaching children basic job-related skills.
C. Reducing the number of years children attend school, so they can get a jump start on learning more valuable job skills in the 'real world'.
D. Helping them maintain their cultural identities.
E. Increasing the level of student achievement.
ANSWER: 

While educational --------------- refers to the number of years of school a person has completed, educational --------------- refers to how much they actually learned.
A. attainment; knowledge
B. achievement; attainment
C. attainment; achievement
D. achievement; knowledge
ANSWER: 

Placing 'higher achieving' students in accelerated classes, and others in less challenging classes is called
A. the achievement ideology.
B. channeling.
C. mainstreaming.
D. tracking.
ANSWER: 

The practice referred to in the previous question tends to
A. reduce social inequalities between classes and races
B. increase social inequalities between classes and races
C. not effect social inequalities between classes and races
D. reduce social inequalities between classes but increase social inequalities between races
ANSWER: 

Research shows that the main reason that students drop out of high school is because of
A. marriage and pregnancy
B. poor academic performance
C. the demands of their jobs
D. financial cutbacks in schools
ANSWER: 

Jay MacLeod's study of the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers found that
A. economic factors aren't enough to explain success and failure in schools; culture also counts
B. families and other social factors play important roles in shaping children's attitudes towards schools
C. almost all kids growing up in poverty develop anti-school attitudes
D. All of the above
E. Both A and B
ANSWER: 

Studies show that inequality in higher education is primarily a matter of
A. unequal intelligence.
B. unequal efforts.
C. unequal ability to pay.
D. luck.
ANSWER: 

Lourdes Diaz Soto found that 'English only' instruction results in ------------ among children from homes in which Spanish is the primary language.
A. higher educational achievement
B. greater social integration
C. frustration and disappointment
D. lower educational attainment
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Sandra Baum's research on education and social class?
A. Children from high-income families were more likely to attend college than children from low-income families
B. Children from low-income families with high achievement test scores were more likely to attend college than children from high-income families with low achievement test scores
C. Children from low-income families were more likely to attend two-year colleges
D. Students who attend two-year colleges first were more likely to complete a four year college than students who go directly to four-year colleges
ANSWER: 

The view that differences in economic payoffs (e.g. jobs) are justified or explained by differences in investment (e.g. hard work in school) is called
A. the American Dream
B. the American Myth
C. human capital theory
D. educational investment theory
ANSWER: 

The High/Scope study found that investing in good preschool programs
A. is largely a waste of money
B. can produce significant improvements for disadvantaged children
C. paid off only for middle class and wealthy children
D. helped slow learners but had no effect on fast learners
ANSWER: 

Which of the following best describes the research findings about student response to conventional classrooms in bureaucratic schools?
A. They develop ways, such as mentally withdrawing and interrupting, to undercut the teacher's authority.
B. They find alternatives to learning by doing a large quantity of reading outside the classroom.
C. They find ways of minimizing the irritation of classroom rigidity by involving themselves in extracurricular activities
D. They try to get parents to intervene on their behalf when the classes are too boring or too rigid in their structure.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of so-called 'school choice?'
A. Magnet schools
B. Allowing parents to choose what grade their children should be placed in
C. Charter schools
D. Giving parents vouchers so they can send their children to private schools rather than public schools
ANSWER: 

Coleman's study of efforts to desegregate public schools found that
A. most schools have been desegregated, and programs such as busing can now be eliminated in most places
B. desegregation efforts are slowly leading to desegregated schools
C. efforts to desegregate schools are resulting in increased segregation between black central cities and white suburbs
D. De facto segregation is nearly eliminated, but de jure segregation continues
ANSWER: 



Kornblum defines science as
A. knowledge obtained through the scientific method
B. knowledge obtained through technology
C. knowledge obtained from non-religious (i.e., 'secular') sources
D. knowledge obtained from 'pure science'
ANSWER: 

According to Kornblum
A. science has been around for thousands of years, but technology is a relatively recent development
B. technology has been around for thousands of years, but science is a relatively recent development
C. science and technology have both been around for thousands of years
D. science and technology are both relatively recent developments
ANSWER: 

Thomas Kuhn argued that sciences are rooted in broad
A. technologies
B. paradigms
C. cultures
D. methodologies
ANSWER: 

Scientific investigation that is devoted exclusively to the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is known as
A. applied science.
B. technology.
C. knowledge.
D. pure science.
ANSWER: 

The use of known scientific principles to solve a practical problem is called
A. pure science.
B. analytical science.
C. applied science.
D. rational science.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true of technology?
A. It is pure science.
B. It is older than science.
C. It is an aspect of culture.
D. It is involved with the use of tools.
ANSWER: 

Workers' resistance to the introduction of new technologies because of a fear of the loss of their jobs became known as
A. alienation
B. class struggle
C. hypertrophy
D. Luddism
ANSWER: 

The function of institutions of science is to
A. create technology.
B. benefit humans by efficiently solving life's problems.
C. create jobs for scientists and, ultimately, for all society.
D. extend knowledge by means of a specific set of procedures.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following best explains the norm of universalism?
A. Scientific research should be useful to people all over the world, regardless of their ability to pay for its benefits.
B. Scientific knowledge is true throughout the universe because it has been accumulated on the basis of reason.
C. Truth of scientific knowledge must be determined by the impersonal criteria of the scientific method, not characteristics of the scientist.
D. Since scientists throughout the world use the same methods, their findings are nearly always compatible.
ANSWER: 

That a scientist does not allow the desire for personal gain to influence the reporting and evaluation of results is known as
A. disinterestedness.
B. objectivity.
C. subjectivity.
D. universalism.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is an example of a violation of the norm of disinterestedness?
A. 'Cold fusion' research
B. Galileo's research
C. Charles Darwin's research
D. Jonas Salk's experiments
ANSWER: 

The fact that technological changes often have both positive and negative effects is called technological
A. ambiguity.
B. dualism.
C. dysfunctionalism.
D. dialecticalism.
ANSWER: 

Although various birth control techniques have been universally available in the United States for more than twenty years, many people still maintain the idea that premarital sexual intercourse is acceptable for young men but not for young women. Such a belief is an example of
A. technological assessment.
B. cultural lag.
C. structural disequilibrium.
D. cultural assimilation.
ANSWER: 

Studies show that -------------- tend to bear the heaviest burden of pollution.
A. scientists
B. the poor, minorities, and workers in industrial regions
C. plant managers and supervisors
D. the wealthiest classes in the wealthiest societies
ANSWER: 

If you combined a serious commitment to efficient energy use with the rapid development of renewable energy sources you would have to rely on
A. direct energy paths.
B. indirect energy paths.
C. soft energy paths.
D. hard energy paths.
ANSWER: 

Development that does not damage the environment or create new environmental burdens is known as
A. sustainable development
B. maintainable development
C. balanced development
D. resource development
ANSWER: 

The development of increasingly sophisticated and costly medical technologies has led to a crisis in American medical care due to the fact that many Americans cannot afford to pay for good health care. This situation has led to a condition that some critics refer to as
A. technology assessment.
B. discovery attainment.
C. hypertrophy.
D. hypotechnicalism.
ANSWER: 

N. D. Konfratieff argued that technological innovation follows a -------------------- pattern
A. unilinear
B. multilinear
C. curvelinear
D. cyclical
ANSWER: 

Knauss and Lynn's research on doctor's behavior with patients who have signed living wills found that ---------------- is the primary reason that patients' wishes and instructions are sometimes disregarded.
A. the religious views of doctors
B. poor communication
C. pressure by hospital administrations to maximize billable treatment
D. hero self-worship of doctors
ANSWER: 

--------- is the study of how diseases originate and spread in human populations and how societies can develp better public health systems to attach the causes of illness.
A. Medical sociology
B. Epidemiology
C. Forensic sociology
D. Health sociology
ANSWER: 

---------- are technologies that require larger numbers of people. 
A. Capital-intensive technologies
B. Labor-intensive technologies
C. Hard energy paths
D. None of the above
ANSWER: 


According to the video lesson, before television, radio, or motion pictures, most of our perceptions about war were influenced by 
A. newspapers and word of mouth
B. front line soldiers
C. military personnel
D. preachers
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson, in the -------------, most of the images and news about the war were managed through generals and the secretary of defense.
A. Vietnam conflict
B. Korean war
C. World War II
D. Gulf War
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson, which of the following is a result of large conglomerates controlling the communications media?
A. We see a mainstream of dominant beliefs and values
B. There is a devaluing of a diversity of opinions
C. There is a lessening of presenting other perspectives and opinions
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 
