Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Thomas Malthus' theories?
A. Malthus argued that population size normally increases more rapidly than the food and energy resources necessary to support the population.
B. Malthus argued that population growth occurs geometrically while food supplies only increase arithmetically
C. Malthus' argument has been proven correct by history, with current population growth far outstripping our ability to feed the population
D. Malthus' predictions have been shown incorrect by history, with people limiting reproduction and technologies and modern institutions expanding resources rapidly enough to keep up with population growth
ANSWER: 

The number of births occurring during a year in a given population divided by the midyear population is known as
A. the Malthusian thesis
B. the basic demographic equation
C. the crude birth rate
D. the crude death rate
E. the crude population growth rate
ANSWER: 

The demographic transition refers to
A. the change from hunting and gathering societies to modern industrial societies
B. changes in the numbers of female children born in postmodern societies
C. the switch from predominantly rural to urban populations
D. set of major changes in birth and death rates that occurred in urban industrial nations in the last 200 years.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the demographic transition?
A. A high growth potential stage, characterized by high death rates, low life expectancy, high fertility rates, and low rates of population increase
B. A transitional growth stage , characterized by decreasing mortality rates, and continuing high rates of fertility
C. An incipient decline stage, characterized by decreasing rates of mortality and fertility, with low or even negative rates of increase
D. A population shrinkage stage, characterized by returning high rates of mortality, low rates of fertility, and high rates of population decrease
ANSWER: 

The urban revolution refers to
A. social and political revolutions that centered in urban areas
B. the high rates of crime and racial conflict that exists within many urban areas
C. the increasing tendency of people throughout the world to live in cities
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: 

Urbanization
A. contributes to lower birth rates, due to the limitations of living space and the need to postpone marriage until newcomers have found jobs
B. often doesn't produce lower birth rates in less developed countries in Asia and Africa due to the availability of better health care in cities
C. tends to promote higher birthrates across the world as urban dwellers make more money than rural dwellers, and can afford more children
D. All of the above
E. A and B, only
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Kornblum says held back the growth of cities until recent times?
A. Farming methods didn't produce enough surplus food to feed many cities dwellers
B. Transportation methods were too inefficient to transport necessary goods to cities
C. Technology was inadequate to transport water to cities in sufficient quanities
D. A lack of scientific medicine made urban living too dangerous and deadly
E. Traditional religions commonly believed that evil spirits dwelled in urban areas
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the 'push factors' that encourage rural residents to migrate to cities?
A. Chain migration
B. Overpopulation
C. Lack of opportunity to obtain farmland
D. Lack of year-round demand for agricultural labor
ANSWER: 

Chain migration tends to lead to
A. a great diversity of immigrants, spread throughout cities
B. the formation of small, homogenous communities within cities
C. high crude death rates in rural areas
D. low population growth rates in urban areas
ANSWER: 

Park and Burgess' concentric-zone theory of urban development argued that
A. cities tend to grow up around a central business district
B. new immigrants tend to become concentrated in segregated areas within inner-city areas
C. once settled in the inner city, immigrants rarely are able to move to desegregated areas outside the inner city
D. All of the above
E. A and B, only
ANSWER: 

Park and Burgess' theory is said to be limited by some critics by
A. focusing on the commercial and industrial cities of North America, but less able to explain non-North American cities
B. failing to explain other patterns of urbanization, including the rise of satellite cities and commercial transportation corridors
C. promoting white flight from cities
D. All of the above
E. Both A and B, but not C, above
ANSWER: 

Gary, IN; River Rouge, MI; Forth Worth, TX; and Tyson Corners, VA; are all examples of
A. megalopolises
B. central cities
C. satellite cities
D. strip development
E. transportation corriders
ANSWER: 

The tendency for outlying areas of metropolitan areas to grow, even becoming more important than central cities, is known as
A. the concurrent-zone thesis
B. the concentric-zone model of development
C. urbanization
D. decentralization
E. the demographic transition
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true regarding strip development?
A. It refers to urban development that tends to grow up around strip joints and other sex industry businesses
B. It's a pattern of urban development that develops along a strip of roads
C. It explains how smaller communities and towns become incorporated into larger metropolitan areas
D. It tends to go through an 'automobile convenient' stage where roads are widened, by-pass roads are created, and drive in businesses grow up
E. None of the above; ALL are TRUE
ANSWER: 

Large multinuclear urban systems, with large populations and systems of several cities (e.g. the Northeastern states) are known as
A. megalopolises
B. central cities
C. behemoths
D. megacities
E. gigacities
ANSWER: 

The phenomena where outlying areas of cities become more important at the expense of their central city is known as
A. strip development
B. megalopolis
C. decentralization
D. urbanization
E. concentric-zone development
ANSWER: 

According to the video, the --------------, introduced about 1950, has become an integral part of suburban life.
A. office building
B. shopping mall
C. park complex
D. residential center
ANSWER: 

According to the video, the growth of the suburbs in cities across the U.S. occurred as a result of 
A. new rapid transit systems (e.g. trains)
B. light rail express systems
C. intra and interstate highway systems
D. a 'return to the land' movement (a.k.a. 'traditional gentrificationism')
E. all of the above
ANSWER: 


19. Which of the following is NOT an example of individuals helping to bring about social change?
A. People working to improve their self image
B. People working for equality in South Africa
C. People working as volunteers to upgrade housing
D. People working in the environmental movement
ANSWER: 

Social change that results from forces building within a society is responding to
A. endogenous forces
B. exogamous forces
C. homogenous forces
D. heterogeneous forces
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is an example of an exogenous force for social change?
A. The effects of the Supreme Court striking down the 'separate but equal' doctrine
B. The effects of the institutionalization of medical insurance on medical care
C. The effects of U.S. foreign-aid policies on less developed countries
D. The effects of mass production of the automobile on public transportation
ANSWER: 

Which of the following terms includes each of the others?
A. Urbanization
B. Modernization
C. Industrialization
D. Bureaucratization
ANSWER: 

Kornblum concludes that social change
A. is more often than not positive or 'progressive' development
B. is more often than not negative or 'regressive' development
C. is by definition perfectly balanced between positive and negative consequences, since society is a "zero-sum game" where when someone wins, someone else loses
D. often causes both positive change and negative results and disruption, but no one can say for sure whether it's on balance positive or negative
ANSWER: 

The term "modernization" should be used cautiously because
A. implications that life in modern societies is better or more satisfactory than life in developing nations may be inaccurate.
B. sociology has only recently begun to use the term and it is yet to be defined properly.
C. modern societies are in a better position to care for themselves than are developing nations.
D. measures of modernization are still in the developmental stage
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modernization process?
A. Change from subsistence farming toward the commercial production of agricultural goods
B. Transition from the use of human and animal power toward industrialization
C. Tendency toward the formation of urban concentrations
D. Trend toward a more humane and satisfactory way of life
ANSWER: 

----------- occurs when one of two parts of culture, both of which are correlated with each other, change before, or in greater degree than, the other part does, thereby causing less adjustment between the two parts than existed previously.
A. Postmodernism
B. Social Change
C. Cultural lag
D. Cultural lead
ANSWER: 

------------ argues that science, rationality, and all the 'isms' of the modern world (e.g. capitalism, socialism, behaviorism) deprive human lives of spirituality, mystery, myth, and diversity of expression.
A. Postmodernism
B. Evolutionism
C. Conflict theory
D. Functionalism
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT an example of an antimodernist social movement?
A. Fundamentalist religious movement in Islamic countries
B. Conservative groups working for a return to traditional values
C. The Civil Rights movement
D. Radical groups advocating a return to self-sufficient communities
ANSWER: 

Andre Gunder Frank argues that the development of one-crop economies in many parts of Central and Latin America
A. transforms peasantry into a class of landless laborers.
B. results in affluence, but also undermines family ties.
C. represents the first stage of industrialization.
D. accelerates the process of modernization.
ANSWER: 

Consider the following scenario: El Salvador and Nicaragua supply the United States and Japan with basic natural resources and labor but have not developed an industrial base of their own. 

In Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory, El Salvador and Nicargua would be classified as
C. developing nations.
D. peripheral areas.
E. core nations.
ANSWER: 
ANSWER: 

Modern evolutionary theorists refer to earlier models of social evolution as
A. bilinear.
B. monolinear.
C. multilinear.
D. unilinear.
ANSWER: 

Pitrim Sorokin argues that social change originates in a society's culture, which alternates between ideational and ------------- orientations.
A. materialistic
B. pleasurable
C. sensate
D. idealistic
ANSWER: 

Consider the following scenario: Ralph believes that the basic nature of all societies is to maintain a balance among the various parts. Every time a change does occur, society's institutions respond by restoring the balance and allowing things to operate smoothly, allowing the society to return to equilibrium. 

Ralph's view is an example of the ----------------- theory of social change.
C. conflict
D. interactionist
E. cyclical
ANSWER: 
ANSWER: 

According to Karl Marx, "the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of
A. evolution."
B. class struggle."
C. homeostasis."
D. consensus."
ANSWER: 

From a functionalist perspective, social change occurs as a result of such factors as
A. population growth and changes in technology.
B. improvements in the means of production.
C. fluctuations between sensate and ideational periods in a culture's history.
D. the rising up of previously oppressed segments of the population.
ANSWER: 

The technical sociological term for people born in the same time period is
A. age group
B. cohort
C. generation
D. legion
ANSWER: 

Which of the following segments of the U.S. population were NOT identified as a benefactor of World War II in the video?
A. African Americans
B. Women
C. White men
D. None of the above, since ALL benefitted.
ANSWER: 

According to George Ritzer in the the video lesson, the U.S. has changed from a country defined by -------------, to one defined by ------------.
A. consumption; production
B. production; pleasure-seeking
C. production; consumption
D. consumption; spending
ANSWER: 


39. Collective behavior refers to
A. any behavior among people in groups.
B. unusual or non-routine behaviors engaged in by large numbers of people.
C. regularized interactions and behavior occurring among people in routine social relationships.
D. response of primary groups to events occurring in secondary groups.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT an example of collective behavior?
A. Bureaucracies
B. Crowds
C. Panics
D. Riots
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Lofland's typology of spontaneous collective behaviors?
A. Collective behavior occurs in two kinds of settings: crowds and masses.
B. Collective behavior is driven by three kinds of basic emotions: fear, hostility, and jealousy.
C. Lynch mobs are an example of a collective behavior by a crowd driven by hostility.
D. The Salem witch hunts is an example of a collective behavior by a mass driven by fear.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true of social movements?
A. They are intentional efforts by groups in a society to create new institutions or reform existing ones.
B. They can resist change.
C. They have brought about far-reaching changes in social institutions.
D. They usually begin within bureaucracies as a response to pressures from organized interest groups.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of Gustave LeBon's explanation of strikes, riots, and other crowd behavior?
A. They were led by agitators and despots
B. The members were caught up in a mob mentality
C. They were becoming more common because recent immigrants to cities were cut off from the traditional village social institutions, creating a mass of strangers, who were easily (mis)led and caught up in the crowd
D. None of the above; ALL are part of LeBon's theory.
ANSWER: 

An example of the way demands of social movements are institutionalized can be seen in the
A. division of labor of bureaucracies.
B. jailing of streakers.
C. right to join unions and to bargain collectively.
D. pleadings of a defense attorney for his or her client.
ANSWER: 

The punk movement is an example of what type of social movement?
A. Expressive
B. Reactionary
C. Reformist
D. Revolutionary
ANSWER: 

A movement that seeks partial changes in some institutions and values, usually on behalf of some segments of society, is what type of social movement?
A. Revolutionary
B. Expressive
C. Reformist
D. Reactionary
ANSWER: 

Revolutions that sweep away the old order and bring about basic changes in social stratification, culture, and productive capacities are known as
A. reformist revolutions.
B. political revolutions.
C. expressive revolutions.
D. social revolutions.
ANSWER: 

According to Theda Skocpol, the American Revolution is an example of a
A. reformist revolution.
B. political revolution.
C. expressive revolution.
D. social revolution.
ANSWER: 

According to Theda Skocpol, the outcomes of social revolutions depend primarily on
A. the goals of its leaders
B. the ideology of its proponents
C. the kinds of coalitions formed among revolutionary parties and larger social classes
D. the forms of opposition it runs into
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of Marx's expectations for why capitalism would inevitably lead to a socialist revolution.
A. The whole world would become capitalist, and would be dominated by capitalist monopolies.
B. Workers and people in colonized countries would rebel in mass social movements and revolutions
C. A new classless society would be created in which the workers would own the means of production
D. None of the above (since all were part of Marx's expectations)
ANSWER: 

According to relative deprivation theory, social revolutions (e.g. the French Revolution) occur when economic conditions are in a
A. severe decline, because people tend to rebel when their objective conditions worsen.
B. period of rapid growth, when some people judge their conditions to be worse compared to others.
C. stable period, when people think that change won't upset the economy too much.
D. None of the above, since revolutions can occur anytime any people feel deprived.
ANSWER: 

Sidney Tarrow theorized that waves of protest that arise in society are often due to
A. boredom
B. frustration
C. major social shocks
D. social inequality
ANSWER: 

The institutionalization of a movement, as well as the eventual recruitment of new charismatic leaders, are examples of
A. subversion.
B. resistance.
C. repression.
D. co-optation.
ANSWER: 

"Sets of beliefs and interpretations of events that inspire and justify social movements" (e.g. Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto and Mao's 'Little Red Book') is the definition for
A. collective action frames
B. ideologies
C. manifestos
D. charismatic literature
ANSWER: 

A ---------- leader appears to possess extraordinary 'gifts of the body and spirit' that mark him or her as specially chosen to lead.
A. revolutionary
B. spiritual
C. charismatic
D. militant
ANSWER: 

Some sociologists argue that when social movements become successful and institutionalized in society, their former leaders tend to become part of the system they had opposed. This is called
A. social movement metamorphosis
B. indoctrination
C. co-optation
D. the free-rider problem
ANSWER: 

The public sphere of social activity comprising of nongovernmental, nonbusiness groups and organizations is called
A. civil society
B. the private sphere
C. social movements
D. anarchy
ANSWER: 

The free-rider problem refers to
A. the tendency of many people to offer their support for movements, but not their resources (they're cheap)
B. the tendency of many people to offer their resources for movements, but not their support (they do so only out of guilt)
C. the tendency of many people to not lend their support or resources to a social movement, but to reap the rewards anyway
D. the problem buses and trains have in making sure all riders pay their fare
ANSWER: 

Large populations (regional or national) of potential spectators or participants who engage in collective behavior are called
A. collective behavior
B. mass publics
C. crowds
D. mobs
ANSWER: 

William Gamson's research on the origins of celebrity concluded that it
A. is rooted in the celebrity's charisma
B. is manufactured by the entertainment industry, just like any other product
C. is a result of American's narcissism
D. occurs naturally, and thus can't be explained by sociologists
ANSWER: 

According to the video, the Civil Rights Movement is an example of a 
A. revolutionary
B. reformist
C. conservative
D. reactionary
ANSWER: 

According to Victor Ayala in the video lesson, sociologists 
A. should never become personally involved in social issues, so that they can remain neutral and scientific
B. should encourage their students to become socially involved, but should never do so themselves
C. should become socially involved themselves, but should never encourage their students to do so
D. have a social responsibility to promote social change
ANSWER: 
