Religion

1. According to Kornblum, religion is best defined as

organizations with formal structures and hierarchies of authority that exist for the benefit of believers.
coherent answers to the dilemmas of human existence that make the world meaningful.
loosely structured sets of beliefs that are a society's answers to basic social issues and problems.
attitudes that people are able to express in a socially acceptable manner in a church, synagogue, mosque, or temple.

2. A(n) ------------- is defined as a formal pattern of activity that expresses symbolically a set of shared meanings.

icon
ritual
prayer
sacrifice

3. Which of the following results in a respect for values of utility and concern for our present welfare on earth rather than of sacredness alone?

Religiosity
Cult awareness
Secularization
Spiritual awakening

4. Which of the following religions has the most followers in the world?

Muslims
Christians
Hindus
Buddhists

5. A type of religion in which all forms of life and all aspects of the earth are inhabited by gods or supernatural powers is termed

simple supernaturalism.
theism.
animism.
polytheism.

6. Which of the following is NOT a monotheistic religion?

Christianity
Ancient Greek religion
Judaism
Islam

7. Which of the following is FALSE?

The religion practiced by many Eskimo cultures is an example of simple supernaturalism.
Christianity is an example of theism.
Islam is an example of animism.
Buddhism and Confucianism are examples of abstract idealism.
All of the above are FALSE.

8. Which of the following is FALSE, regarding Weber's arguments in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?

The Protestant Reformation helped promote the birth of capitalism.
Protestantism instilled in its followers values conducive to business enterprise and the accumulation of wealth.
Hard work was a sign that a person was likely to be among those predestined for salvation.
While Protestantism promoted the accumulation of wealth among the richer social classes, it prevented the working classes from recognizing they were being exploited by their rich employers.

9. Who argued that religion is an 'opiate' or drug used by dominant classes to legitimize the class structure and prevent the subordinate classes from seeing the true sources of their misery?

Max Weber
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Talcott Parsons

10. An organization that rejects the religious beliefs or practices of established churches is known as

a denomination.
a cult.
an atheistic organization.
a sect.

11. An emerging religious movement whose members hold beliefs and engage in rituals that differ from those of existing religions is called a

denomination.
sect.
cult.
church.

12. Established religions often absorb cults and sects through the process known as

dominance.
co-optation.
ecclesiastic absorption.
secularization.

13. Often people who are attracted to cults are influenced by

a burning desire to participate in ritualized and formal prayer.
a drive to experience sacredness.
members of the organization who demonstrate its democratic structure.
charismatic leaders who inspire them to new and very personal achievements.

14. The philosophy that believes religion should be used to fight the oppression of groups like peasants, Blacks, and poor working people, is known as

fundamentalism
socialism
liberation theology
spiritualism

15. The depth of a person's religious feelings and translation of those feelings into religious behavior (in other words, how religious a person is) is called

sacredness.
religiosity.
spiritualness.
spirituality

16. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The percentage of Americans who are Protestant has been declining recently.
The percentage of Americans who are Catholic has been increasing recently.
The percentage of Americans who are express no religious preference has been declining recently.
As people become more affluent, they tend to become less religiously active.

17. Fundamentalists are believers who

are tolerant of differences in religious beliefs and practices.
fiercely oppose unorthodox conceptions of religion and any form of civil religion.
believe its important to evangelize non-believers
believe in religious pluralism

18. Which of the following is FALSE regarding E. Franklin Frazier's research into the Black Church in the U.S.?

One of the few aspects of enslaved Africans culture that survived the experience of abduction and slavery was dancing, which was important for Blacks since it was a form of religious expression
Blacks gravitated to Baptist and Methodist religion because their intense religious services allowed Blacks to feel bound together into close-knit groups, replacing the bonds of kinship and tribal membership they had lost when enslaved
Black churches have played an important role in organizing the Black community politically, economically, and socially
As some Blacks have made it to the middle class, they have often joined Presbyterian, Congregational, and Episcopalian churches
None of the above are false; all are TRUE

19. Which of the following best explains Kornblum's argument that religion in the U.S. is increasingly voluntaristic?

Much of the leadership of religious services and rituals is done by church volunteers, not ordained pastors and priests.
People are less likely to practice a religion simply because their parents did so; they're more likely to join a religious group of like-minded peers that hold similar moral standards.
People are increasingly likely to engage in unofficial religions, not recognized or controlled by official religious groups.
Both B and C

20. Kornblum argues that religious fundamentalism is

popular in Islam primarily because it offers men ways to resist the feminist movement
popular in the U.S. among people who reject moral relativism, racial integration, and cultural pluralism
popular in the U.S. among highly educated urban dwellers
increasingly unpopular throughout the world

21. According to the video lesson, one of the challenges to the social institution of religion involves

separation of church and state
mixing of politics and religion
the role of women in religion
all of the above

The Family

22. Which of the following is FALSE, regarding how other institutions have 'taken over' many of the historically traditional functions of the family?

Mass media have taken over some of the function of communication that was previously largely performed by the family.
Economic institutions have taken over some of the function of production of goods and services previously performed by the family.
Schools and religious institutions have taken over some of the function of socializing newcomers to society previously performed by the family.
Religious institutions and government have taken over some of the function of controlling members of society previously performed by the family.
None of the above is (all are true).

23. A family that includes all the nuclear families of one's blood relatives is sometimes referred to as

a nuclear family.
a conjugal family.
an extended family.
a family of procreation.

24. What percentage of children live in two-parent families in the U.S. according to the latest (2000) data?

93
73
53
33

25. According to Kornblum, women have increasing entered the labor force in recent decades because

families need the income.
women wish to pursue professional careers.
religious institutions have called on women to prove their worthiness to 'god', just have men have historically been expected to.
All of the above.
Both A and B.

26. Identify the stage which is not part of the 'family life cycle', as defined by Paul Glick.

Family formation
Start of childbearing
Empty nest
Family dissolution
None of the above, since ALL are stages in the family life cycle

27. The average (median) age of Americans when they marry for the first time

has remained remarkably steady for the last 100 years
declined from the later 19th century to the mid-20th century, then slowly increased until today, as people waited until they were older to marry
increased from the later 19th century to the mid-20th century, then slowly declined until today
steadily declined since the late 19th century

28. According to William Goode's research, the main reason that families have become smaller during industrialization is

that people have more freedom
that people become more self-centered
since income is earned outside the family, parents have fewer children so they are more able to move in search of employment
that there's been a decline in family values

29. Social scientists point out that in all cultures the process of mate selection is carried out according to

patterns that are universally constant.
ideals of romantic love.
basic rules of bargaining and exchange.
traditional norms.

30. Which of the following countries has the highest rate of divorce?

The U.S.
Canada
Denmark
France
Italy

31. Marriage within one's group is termed

exogamy.
polygamy.
endogamy.
intermarriage.

32. The theory that people tend to fall in love with others of similar social characteristics but with different psychological needs is known as the theory of

family formation.
emotional reciprocity.
romantic love.
complementary needs.

33. 'Only when two lovers' affection for and commitment to one another expand at roughly the same pace do they mutually tend to reinforce their love.' This statement expresses which of the following theories?

Emotional reciprocity
Complementary needs
Functional theory
Interactionist theory

34. 'The modern family no longer performs certain functions that used to be within its domain, but it still plays a vital part in early-childhood socialization.' This statement is most likely to be made by which of the following sociological perspectives on the family?

Interactionist
Conflict
Exchange
Functionalist

35. 'Poor families are poor because they don't receive enough income, not because they engage in self-destructive behaviors such as out-of-wedlock births.' This statement represents which sociological perspective on the family?

Interactionist
Conflict
Exchange
Functionalist

36. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the country of France helps working parents deal with the difficulties of childcare?

Mothers receive 14 weeks paid maternal leave
All children are screened for health problems in childcare centers and throughout their public education.
When health problems are detected, most children are removed from the care of their parents, to ensure proper treatment and reduce the burden of childcare on parents.
All childcare workers receive extensive professional training in childcare and human development.

37. The second shift refers to

forced overtime that many parents face at work, taking them away from their children.
the recent shift back to valuing traditional families.
the reality that many women who work, return home only to find themselves largely responsible for childcare and housekeeping.
None of the above.

38. Research shows that cohabitation before marriage (so-called 'trial marriages') tends to be associated with higher divorce rates, because divorce is more acceptable to couples who cohabited before marriage, not because living together made them more likely to divorce.

True
False

39. According to the video lesson, a -------------- family includes children from previous marriages and children from the current union or marriage.

blended
mixed
multi-level
nuclear

40. The birth rate for Black teenagers has been ------------- in the last decade.

increasing
holding steady
decreasing
Its impossible to say because survey data on behavior related to sexuality is notoriously inaccurate.

41. Contrary to Moynihan's claims, most sociologists agree that the rapid rise in black female-headed households is due primarily to

a general decline in the rate of marriage among teenagers.
laws passed in the mid-1990s reforming welfare.
a general moral decay in America.
the difficulties faced by young black men with limited education in obtaining good-paying jobs.

Economic Systems

42. The 'Indian' in the story introducing the chapter on economic institutions rejected the businessman's offer to purchase baskets from him due to his

ethnocentrism
failure to understand how market economies work
recognition of the negative impacts on their lives if they transformed their subsistence economy into a market economy.
lack of education and business skills

43. Economies in which producers seek to meet the needs of their immediate and extended families and do not produce goods or services for export beyond the family, village, or tribe, are known as

family businesses.
hunting and gathering economies.
subsistence economies
socialist economies.

44. The effects of colonialism on the West African society of Tiv, included

promoting war between Tiv and its neighboring clans
forcing the Tiv to cultivate more lands, and to grow crops to sell to the British in order to pay taxes
forcing the Tiv to send their sons and daughters to work on British plantations to earn money to pay taxes
promoting a market economy and undermining the Tiv's subsistence economy and culture
All of the above

45. Immanuel Wallerstein argued that several technologies were key to the development of the new world system? Which of the following was NOT one of them?

Tools of domination, such as the Gatling machine gun
Enclosing and dividing up the land in order to charge rent for its use
Tools of trade, such as sailing vessels and compasses
Financial and accounting systems that led to the creation of new economic institutions like banks
None of the above, since ALL are among the technologies used to create this modern, market system.

46. Which of the following is NOT an element of traditional subsistence economies?

The basic unit of production is generally the family.
People produce enough food and other materials to enable them to meet their own needs, raise their children, and maintain their cultural traditions.
People intentionally produce only enough goods to meet their minimal needs because their cultures teach them that to produce a surplus for profit violates their religious and cultural values.
People produce goods only for their family, village, or tribal needs, not for markets.

47. Multinational corporations are economic enterprises that

have headquarters in a number of countries, though they may only produce goods in a single country.
establish headquarters in one country and conduct business activities in one or more other countries.
cause greater growth of industrial jobs in developed nations than in their former colonies.
create monopolies approved by the state.

48. Which of the following is NOT a product of globalization today?

A decline in the job security, wages, and benefits of workers
A need for families to have two or more workers to survive
A growth in consumer debt in order to maintain the same living standards
Increasingly even rates of growth in developed and less developed countries.

49. Which of the following is NOT true of socialist economies?

Economic property is publicly owned and the profits are shared across the society.
They believe that economic decisions should be controlled by workers.
They try to limit the influence of markets.
They believe that the means of production (e.g. factories, mines) should be privately owned, but that government should regulate economic competition between private market forces.

50. What is the economic philosophy that holds that private property and competitive markets must continue to exist, but large corporations should be owned by the nation or privately run for the benefit of all citizens?

Socialism
Communism
Democratic socialism
Welfare capitalism

51. In which economic system is the state (also know as government) LEAST involved in distributing to all the benefits produced by the economy?

Social Democratic
Socialist
Communist
Capitalist

52. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of welfare capitalism?

It guarantees the right of workers to form unions in order to reach collective agreements with management.
It employs trained planners to forecast demand for basic goods and set official prices and production quotas.
It creates such institutions as Social Security and unemployment insurance.
It supports governments borrowing funds to finance large-scale public-works projects.

53. Which of the following is NOT considered a weakness of command economies?

They create inefficiency
They fail to provide goods desired by the public.
They balance the need to reward skilled workers against the need to prevent huge income inequalities.
They tend to develop 'underground' markets which undermine the command economies goals.

54. The end of the command economic system in the Soviet Bloc at the turn of the last decade has resulted in

extremely high rates of economic growth that has benefited nearly everyone in these nations
new forms of insecurity and a desire on the part of some to slowdown the turn to capitalism, or even to return to socialist rule
the emergence of a powerful new 'power bloc', challenging the United State's domination of the world
All of the above

55. While during formal colonialism Europe and the U.S. dominated and exploited less developed societies through political and military force, today

the U.S. and Europe tend to maintain economic control over less developed countries by using powerful multinational corporations
most colonies have been granted their independence and the former colonies and colonizers interact as equals, free of any domination
most colonies have been granted their independence, but they remain major recipients of favorable trade relations, as the former colonizers seek to make reparations for their previous exploitation
most colonies have been granted their independence, and there is very little economic or political interaction between the former colonizers and the colonized

56. Recent surveys on public attitudes about the gap between the 'haves' and the 'have-nots' show that most people think that

the government should NOT take action to narrow the gap.
the have-nots should try harder to catch the haves
pure laissez-faire capitalist approaches should be followed by government, and the resulting economic growth will trickle-down to the have-nots.
programs associated with the welfare state (e.g. unemployment insurance, low income housing, health insurance, etc) should be increased

57. One of the problems associated with the arrival of the postindustrial society is that

greater pressure is placed on the Social Security system from increases in the total number of jobs in the economy.
technical skills and 'intellectual technology' become more prominent.
declines in industrial production push skilled workers into lower-paid jobs in the service sector.
'secular' rather than 'sacred' values become more prevalent.

58. Which of the following is NOT a meaning of the term 'alienation' that is used in discussions about economic institutions?

The feeling of being powerless to control one's destiny
The feeling of lack of ownership in the final product
The feeling of being alone and disconnected from groups as a result of recent immigration to a country
The feeling of meaninglessness that results from labor being divided into distinct and separate activities

59. Which of the following is FALSE, regarding corporations?

They began to be treated as fictional persons by the courts and laws in the late 19th century.
They have become increasingly common and increasingly powerful during the 20th century.
Their power has been opposed, in a mostly losing effort, by the labor, consumer, and environmental social movements.
They are increasingly being outlawed by the courts today on the grounds that treating businesses as fictional people is unconstitutional.

60. Taylorism refers to

organizing work relations similar to how traditional tailors worked (e.g. skilled workers producing entire products themselves)
applying objective standards to management practices (e.g. breaking down the production process in highly efficient and specific, repetitive tasks ) (a.k.a. scientific management)
attempts to promote the productivity of workers by allowing them to organize the production process themselves
letting workers form their own teams so they like who they are working with, and are therefore more productive and exploitable

61. Before the industrial revolution, families involved in the economic activity of production

were very small and centered around religion.
had more freedom in the choice of roles they would play.
experienced internal conflict due to economic competition.
worked together as a cooperative unit.

62. What distinguishes professions from mere occupations?

Higher pay
Higher education
A body of recognized knowledge and a developed intellectual technique
Greater control over the labor process

63. Research shows that the most common way that workers find jobs is

newspaper ads
internet job locating resources
through personal contacts
knocking on doors and applying for jobs

64. According to sociologist Tim Sullivan in the video lesson, which of the following is NOT an effect of globalization?

Availability of products from all over the world
Lower costs for many products
Exploition of workers
More jobs for American workers

65. According to the video lesson, which of the following is true about technology?

It lowered the cost of production.
It eliminated some of the most dangerous jobs.
It displaced many American workers.
All of the above