1. Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of culture?

It is a response to human need
It is a process, changing, evolving, and always in motion
It is a reaction to challenges in the environment
It is a static structure

2. Norms are

general ideas a society holds about what is good and bad.
a society's rules for how people are expected to behave.
sets of ideas that all the members of a society are expected to believe in and act upon without question.
None of the above

3. Modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the next by means of communicative interaction rather than heredity is Kornblum's definition for

socialization
civilization
personality
culture

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the three dimensions of culture identified by Bierstedt?

values
ideas
norms
material culture

5. Which of the following is FALSE?

Norms are derived from values.
Values are more abstract than norms.
Norms are less specific than values.
Patriotism and loyalty to friends and loved ones are examples of values.

6. The most strongly sanctioned norms considered vital to the continuation of human groups and societies are referred to as

mores
folkways
laws
ideologies

7. When values and norms are combined into a system that all members of a society are expected to believe in and act upon without question, this is called

a taboo
an ideology
culture
social control

8. Which of the following is NOT true of Herbert Spencer's 'social Darwinism'?

He argued that cultures adapt to their environment, much as biological species do.
He argued that people who are most successful in adapting to the environment they find themselves in, are most likely to survive and to have children who are successful.
He claimed to explain why some people became very rich in industrial capitalism, while others barely scraped by.
He argued that government should actively strive to reduce social inequalities, because less successful groups would seek compete with more successful groups, creating constant conflicts and instability.

9. Social Darwinism argued that people who were being pushed off their land and into the factories and slums of cities

should be cared for by public funds and governmental intervention into their lives
were less equipped culturally to succeed in an urban environment than people who could innovate and invent
came from families who had been exploited by industry and were entitled to proper compensation from industrial organizations
should unite and form powerful organizations against the economic forces that were oppressing them

10. Sociobiology

is an example of biological reductionism, and seeks to link social behavior to people's biology
is widely supported by sociologists today
argues that human biology varies from society to society because of cultural differences between them
argues that the incest taboo is rooted in human culture

11. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that

language is a reflection of a society's culture and is dependent on it
linguistic relations are more important than non-verbal relations because of their emotional content
a culture's language determines the possibilities for its norms, beliefs, and values
language has no impact on, and in turn is not affected by, a society's culture

12. When you consider your own culture superior to any other, you are demonstrating

cultural relativity
accommodation
a cross-cultural perspective
ethnocentrism

13. The recognition that cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments represents an attitude of

cultural relativity
ethnocentrism
cultural variance
rationalization

14. Many people descended from Irish heritage are not distinguishable from other Americans and have not retained the culture of their forebears. These people have gone through the process of

assimilation
normalization
accommodation
competition

15. People who retain certain rituals, values, traditions, and norms and in some cases their own language, which together set them apart from the larger culture they live in, have maintained their own

subculture
society
ideology
counter culture

16. Which of the following is FALSE regarding cultural relativity?

One benefit is that it helps one understand another person's culture
One limit is that it can not require the person employing it to avoid moral judgement about another culture
People employing it suspend judgement about other people's cultures
Its main problem is that it requires the person employing it to accept all aspects of other people's cultures

17. A hegemonic culture

is one that other cultures look up to and want to copy
is one that dominates other cultures
is a superior culture
is a culture that was conquered by more powerful cultures

18. Norbert Elias' theory of civilization argued that our notion of civilization

is a cultural universal
is derived from the norms of the courts of medieval Europe
came from the Aztecs
is rooted in human biology

19. When smaller, less powerful societies are able to preserve the major features of their cultures even after prolonged contact with larger, more powerful civilizations, this is called

assimilation
acculturation
accommodation
resistance

20. Evidence shows that rising divorce rates are primarily due to the less restrictive sexual norms that started in the 1960s.

True
False

21. According to the video lesson on culture, the ideology that fostered the growth of our public school systems began as a belief that

an educated citizenry was necessary for democracy
it was better for children to be away from home for a while
schools would do a better job of "raising kids" than parents would
it would give jobs to teachers

22. Socialization is defined as

the way in which people learn to conform to their society's norms, values, and roles
the shaping of behavior through reward and punishment
the social process through which an individual chooses an identity
the social process through which an individual chooses role models and attempts to imitate their behavior

23. Which of the following is NOT one of the major phases of socialization?

primary socialization
secondary socialization
adolescent socialization
adult socialization

24. The debate about whether people's personality development is influenced primarily by their genetic makeup or by the social environment is known as the

Darwin - Durkheim debate.
nature - nurture debate.
animal - human debate.
biology - culture debate.

25. Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Freud's theory of personality development?

The id consists of unsocialized drives.
The ego is our conception of our self in relation to others.
The superego consists of internalized norms, values, and feelings.
The opposite-sex parent is the most powerful socializing influence on the growing child.

26. We are continually attentive to the behavioral cues of others; we wonder whether they think we look good, are expressing ourselves well, are working hard enough, and so on. In essence, we see ourselves as we think other's see us. This statement best represents which of the following?

Moral development theory
Mead's role-taking
Cooley's looking glass self
Freudian personality theory

27. Studies of feral and isolated children conclude that

such children often develop healthier egos, since they don't suffer the Oedipal crisis
such children can, with help, become just as socially skilled as children raised in families
nurturance and parental love play a profound role in the development of the individual as a social being
socialization of children is better left to the animal kingdom

28. Which of the following represents Kornblum's conclusion regarding debates over whether we are primarily the product of our genes or our social environment?

People are entirely the product of socialization; biology has nothing to do with it, since personality is so malleable.
People are primarily the product of their biology; socialization merely shapes biological differences to fit individuals into their societies.
Neither extreme of the nature - nurture debate presents a complete picture of socialization.
None of the above.

29. George H. Mead believed that the self is

dependent on the sexual bonding of the child with the opposite-sex parent.
acquired by observing and assimilating the identities of others.
evident prior to the development of language.
none of the above.

30. Which of the following schools of thought would argue that they could take any healthy infant and turn them into anything they want?

Freudians
Behaviorists
Interactionists
All of the above
None of the above

31. Many social scientists are strongly opposed to the conclusions reached by the authors of The Bell Curve (1994). Which of the following does NOT represent one of the criticisms Kornblum discussed?

Intelligence is multidimensional and far too complex to be captured in a single measure.
There are cultural and middle-class biases in questions used to measure IQ.
Correlation and causality are not the same, so studies showing a correlation between poverty and intelligence can not conclude that intelligence causes poverty.
Herrnstein and Murry, the authors of The Bell Curve, ignored the extent to which intelligence varies between social classes and groups.

32. The fact that the self is produced through interaction with other people over a lifetime is referred to as

self construction
personality development
the social construction of self
role taking

33. Mead calls the people that loom large in our lives, after whom we model our behavior or whose behavior we seek to avoid,

generalized others.
peer groups.
model groups.
significant others.

34. Erving Goffman argued that people seek to establish a positive image of themselves, and once established they defend it against possible threats. He called this

facework
fronting
losing face
role fronting

35. In Jean Piaget's theory, the way children interpret the rules of games and judge the consequences of their actions is rooted in

moral reasoning.
latent functions.
unconscious thoughts.
none of the above.

36. In Lawrence Kohlberg's theories, which term refers to aspects of behavior that one thinks about and makes conscious choices about?

Cognitive
Incognitive
Unconscious
Intuitive

37. Which of the following is NOT true, regarding D. Kay Johnston's study of gender differences in moral development?

Girls are more likely than boys to try to find solutions to problems that emphasize caring.
Boys are more likely than girls to try to solve problems by focusing on someone's rights.
Girls are often silenced by schools which emphasize that there are right ways to feel and think, rather than emphasizing caring.
None of the above, since all are TRUE.

38. When someone plays at a role that he or she is likely to assume later in life, s/he is engaged in

agents of socialization.
anticipatory socialization.
professional role-taking.
sociological imagination.

39. What is the primary agency of socialization of children?

School
Church
Community
Family
Work

40. Which of the following is FALSE?

Children from affluent homes tend to watch more television than children from poor homes.
The average child will have seen about 100,000 acts of violence on TV before completing elementary school.
Children learn far more about current events, social issues, and the arts than people did before the advent of television.
None of the above, since all are TRUE.

41. These settings are where people undergo resocialization while being isolated from the larger society.

Minimal institutions
Maximum institutions
Total institutions
Removed institutions

42. Which of the following is NOT one of the agencies of socialization?

Family
Schools
Mass media
Peer groups
Culture

43. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Arlie Hochschild's study of the 'time bind'?

The corporation she studied strongly resisted making the workday flexible for their employees
Most workers took full advantage of the family options offered to them at the corporation she studied
The parents in the study, both men and women, wanted to spend more time with their families at home, but were unable to because of inflexible corporate policies
None of the above, since all are true

44. According to the video lesson on socialization, isoloated settings increase the effectiveness of

primary socialization
secondary socialization
resocialization
adult socialization

45. According to the video lesson on socialization, parents often socialize their children when

they don't think they are
they set out to teach a specific task
their nonverbal behavior sends messages
all of the above

46. The rationality principle is in effect when people make decisions based on

emotions and intuition.
growth in numbers of members and tasks to be completed.
rough calculations of costs and benefits, profit and loss, in their interactions with others.
numbers and quantitative standards rather than qualitative judgments.

47. When people make interaction decisions on the basis of calculations of costs and benefits, they are operating under which of the following principles?

fairness principle
pleasure principle
rationality principle
reciprocity principle

48. The Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is basically a statement of which of the following principles of social interaction?

fairness principle
pleasure principle
rationality principle
reciprocity principle

49. Study of the principles of interaction has found that:

people will always seek to maximize personal gain in social interactions.
individuals seek pleasure above all other factors in social interaction.
ideas about what is fair in interaction often conflict with calculations of gain or loss.
none of the above

50. According to the video lesson on social interaction, when workers in the Hawthorne plant pressured peers to conform to a standard for work output, they were asking peers to follow the

fairness principle
reciprocity principle
pleasure principle
rationality principle