1. What is the key conclusion from Sherif and Sherif's experiment described at the beginning of Chapter Two in Eitzen and Zinn's textbook, in which 24 boys were brought together in a summer camp, divided into groups, left alone for five days.

Children are naturally predatory.
Social organization happens.
Without adults present, social groupings disappear, since children naturally avoid social structure.
Children develop very flat, non-hierarchical, cooperative organizations when they're left to themselves.

2. Being expected to appear in public with appropriate clothing is an example of a

status
norm
role
taboo

3. Rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones, and thus are considered less important and punished only mildly, are called

folkways
values
mores
laws
beliefs

4. Student, daughter, and worker are examples of

roles.
statuses.
norms.
social groups.

5. Which of the following is a social control technique used by social groups to control their members?

Using force to ensure that people follow the dictates of the group
Sanctioning people when the fail to follow the demands of the group
Rewarding people when they follow the group's expectations
All of the above
None of the above

6. Which of the following is a lesson about the power of roles drawn from the Zimbardo prison experiment on social control?

People tend to resist roles, especially when they are oppressive
Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, will power, or character
Social control is most effective when its seen as legitimate
All of the above

7. True or False: Eitzen and Zinn argue that what we consider social control is really the consequence of self-control.

True
False

8. Which of the following is NOT an element of primary groups?

intimacy
small size
informality
strong identity with fellow members
task orientation

9. Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary group?

Lane Community College
SONY
The federal government
None of the above; all are examples of secondary groups.

10. How did the German army in WWII use insights into the power of primary groups to maintain high morale and willingness to fight?

They provided them with copies of Hitler's speeches
They provided them with copies of the Bible
They assigned men to the same unit for the duration of the war
They rewarded individuals when they showed high levels of commitment to the group

11. According to Weber, the chief goal and characteristic of bureaucracy is

meaningful interaction
emotional distance between members
modernization
efficiency

12. Which of the following is NOT one of the common results of bureaucracy?

It increases the amount of control that individual members of the bureaucracy have over their work
It can lead to inefficiency because of blind obedience to the rules and authority
It can stifle creativity
It can promote too much regulation

13. The sociologist who pointed out that the danger of bureaucracies becoming an 'iron cage of rationality' was

Emile Durkheim
Max Weber
Karl Marx
George Ritzer

14. When people commit suicide following a period of rapid change leading to a breakdown in the rules and a feeling of aimlessness, Durkheim would call this

egoistic suicide
fatalistic suicide
anomic suicide
altruistic suicide

15. Which of the following is FALSE? Durkheim argues that

Catholics have a higher rate of suicide than Protestants.
single people have a higher rate of suicide than married people.
middle class people have a higher rate of suicide than working class people.
people with higher levels of educational attainment have a higher rate of suicide than those with lower levels.

16. A general conclusion from the experiments by Asch and Sherif might be that

individuals affect the perceptions of the group.
individuals aren't affected by the perceptions of the group.
groups affect the perceptions of the individuals within them.
groups don't affect the perceptions of the individuals within them.

17. Eitzen and Zinn argue that by definition, social institutions are

radical
liberal
conservative
reactionary

18. True or False: Unlike the natural sciences, which are commonly dominated by a single paradigm, the social sciences tend to have a number of paradigms competing with each other.

True
False

19. Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of a scientific paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn?

assumptions
theories
values
concepts
None of the above; ALL are elements of paradigms

20. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of conflict theory?

Most elements of a society contribute to society's well-being and survival
Many elements of a society tend to contribute to the society's instability
Societies experience significant disharmony
Societies rest on the constraint and coercion of some of its members by others
Societies are continually subjected to change

21. Which of the following IS an assumption of the order (a.k.a. functionalist) perspective?

Society is a relatively integrated whole
Society is continually subjected to change
Subjective interpretations are based on meanings we learn from others
Humans act according to their own interpretations of reality

22. Which of the following is FALSE?

Order theorists assume that sharing values solves the key societal problem: its need for integration.
Conflict theorists think that when the vast majority of people in a society accept the values of the dominant group, they are experiencing a form of cultural tyranny.
Order theorists generally believe that a society's dominant values tend to promote disunity and disorder.
Conflict theorists think that U.S. values are the source of social problems such as crime, conspicuous consumption, planned obsolescence, and pollution.

23. True or False: According to Emile Durkheim, while individuals in smaller, less complex societies are integrated with each other because they are very alike, individuals in larger, modern societies are integrated with each other because they depend upon each other due to a greater division of labor.

True
False

24. According to Durkheim, the ____________ function of punishing a criminal is the societal reaffirmation of what is to be considered moral.

latent
manifest
residual
None of the above

25. True or False: The order paradigm would argue that sports in the U.S. today tend mainly to undermine social order, because they promote values of competition and individualism.

True
False

26. The belief that the different segments of society cooperate with each other to insure that society functions smoothly is the contention of

order theorists
conflict theorists
Karl Marx
Max Weber

27. The argument that the unity present in society is superficial because it results not from consensus but rather from fraud and force, is the contention of

order theorists
conflict theorists
the synthesis of order and conflict theory
None of the above

28. Which of the following is NOT part of Marx's analysis of capitalism?

Workers are exploited by capitalists
Capitalists dominate the government and laws
Economic inequality between classes is rooted in the unequal talents and skills of each class
Over time, workers will develop greater class consciousness and become more radical
The key to the unfolding of history was class conflict

29. When oppressed people hold beliefs damaging to their own interests (e.g. when the working class believes that the interests of the ruling class are their interests as well), Marx would call this

class consciousness
false consciousness
pre-revolutionary consciousness
value consensus

30. Which of the following is part of Eitzen and Zinn's synthesis of the order and conflict paradigms?

Institutions are most comfortable in a constant state of change
If societies can be organized, then conflict will be avoidable
Societies are held together through forceful imposition of the powerful
Societies are organized, but the process of organization generates conflict

31. What do Marx and Engels mean when they write that "the execution of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie?"

The upper class is controlled by the government.
The government is controlled by the upper class.
The working class is controlled by the government.
The government is controlled by the working class

32. Which of the following is NOT one of the 'the integrative forces in society' that Eitzen and Zinn refer to?

functional integration
consensus on societal values
group membership
the mass media
None of the above, since ALL are among the integrative forces cited

33. Eitzen and Zinn define culture as

shared knowledge
rules defining appropriate and inappropriate ways of behaving for specific situations
the idea that any given aspect of a particular social trait should be evaluated in terms of its place within the larger social context of which it is a part
people who live within defined territorial boundaries and who share common ties

34. According to Eitzen and Zinn, although culture constrains individual freedoms, most people don't see it as a form of constraint because they

suffer from false consciousness
have internalized their society's culture
watch a lot of television
are ideologically manipulated

35. The 'social construction of reality' refers to the idea that

meaning is not inherent in an object; rather, people learn how to define reality by interacting with other people and by learning the culture
people consciously create their own realities
there's no such thing as reality; individuals all experience their own reality (a.k.a. solipsism)
everyone shares the same reality, because its rooted in social experience

36. If you criticized a man from a horticultural or agricultural society for having several wives and dozens of children, a social scientist might accuse you of

being insensitive
engaging in cultural relativism
being ethnocentric
violating the principles of cultural imperialism

37. Which of the following is NOT identified by Eitzen and Zinn as one the dominant values in the U.S.?

Success
Competition
Progress
Equality
Individual Freedom

38. Eitzen and Zinn called these the criteria used in evaluating objects, acts, feelings, or events as to their relative desirability, merit, or correctness; Salt called these 'highly general ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong, in a particular culture'. These are

norms
symbols
values
folkways

39. The willingness to deny immediate pleasure in order to achieve later (and hopefully greater) rewards, is called

material progress
present orientation
deferred gratification
latent rewards

40. Which of the following is NOT an example of a counterculture?

hippies
beatniks
Rastafarians
Asian Americans

41. The main difference between a subculture and a counterculture is that

a counterculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a subculture is different in insignificant ways
a subculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a counterculture is different in insignificant ways
a counterculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a subculture is merely different from the dominant culture
a subculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a counterculture is merely different from the dominant culture

42. Eitzen and Zinn cites the Amish, Hutterites, Appalachian snake handlers, and Hungarians in the U.S. as examples of

dominant culture groups
countercultures
subcultures
none of the above

43. The main difference between a subculture and a counterculture is that

a counterculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a subculture is different in insignificant ways
a subculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a counterculture is different in insignificant ways
a counterculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a subculture is merely different from the dominant culture
a subculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a counterculture is merely different from the dominant culture

44. When a society's culture changes more slowly than changes in its technology or social structure, the society is experiencing

cultural limbo
cultural lag
technological breakdown
social disintegration

45. When immigrants or subgroups voluntarily adopt the ideas and behaviors of culture of the dominant culture they are embracing

multiculturalism
accommodationism
assimilationism
the 'tossed salad'

46. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that, according to Marvin Harris, Hindus in India treat cows as sacred?

Cows' milk is believed to be endowed with magical qualities
Cows produce dung, which used for fertilizer, fuel, and making floors
Cows produce milk, which is important in Indians' diets, especially poor people
Replacing cows with tractors and chemicals is not possible for most Indians, and would displace millions and lead to greater poverty and homelessness
Cows produce oxen, needed for pulling plows

47. According to Marvin Harris, the underlying reason that Hindus treat cows as sacred is because

it's required by Hindu religion
Hindus believe cows are gods
Hindus believe cows are the mothers of nature
treating cows as sacred prevents them from beaten eaten, which insures they will be available to provide various material benefits to society

48. Which of the following theories is an example of a materialist argument?

Oregonians read more than Californians because our culture values intellectual activity more than physical activity.
The U.S. has a capitalist economy because Americans believe in competition and individualism.
Most poor people are poor because they their culture promotes fatalism and a present-orientation.
The 'sexual revolution' of the 1960s occurred because women had access to the birth control pill, which allowed them to worry much less about the consequences of sex.

49. Which of the following theories is an example of an idealist argument?

The women's movement arose largely because feminist writers convinced women to want equal treatment with men.
The Soviet Union collapsed because it was unable to produce modern consumer goods in the quantity and quality of industrial capitalist countries in the West.
Modern 'democratic' governments arose because the old monarchist system was inadequate given the growing wealth and needs of the bourgeoisie
People in Oregon read more than people in California because it rains more in Oregon.

50. _________ is the idea that the customs of a society should be evaluated in light of that society's culture and the functions of that custom for that society.

Ethnocentrism
Cultural realism
Cultural relativity
cultural isolation

51. Answer ONE of the following questions. Do NOT answer a question you answered on the take-home essay:

A. Explain and assess E&Z's argument that "what we consider self-control is really the consequence of social control."

B. What did Weber mean by the "iron cage of rationality?" Why is this becoming more common? Assess Weber's dire prediction that our futures would be stuck in this iron cage?

C. Explain Durkheim's theory about suicide. What does his argument suggest about the power of attachments, or lack thereof, of individuals to social groups? Which social condition underlying these types of suicide do you think is most characteristic of social life in the U.S. today? Why?

D. Explain what Eitzen and Zinn mean when they say that "social institutions are, by definition, conservative.” Explain what they mean when they say that despite this, social institutions are not sacred, should be critically examined, and "are made by people and can therefore be changed."

52. Answer ONE of the following questions. Do NOT answer a question you answered on the take-home essay:

A. Explain E&Z's argument that "there is a relationship between the power structure and violence."

B. E&Z argue that the common belief that "throughout American history disadvantaged groups have gained their share of power, prosperity and respectability without violence" is false, little more than a myth. Explain their argument.

C. Explain in your own words what E&Z mean by "the integrative forces in society." Give examples of THREE of the integrative elements and explain their roles.

53. Answer ONE of the following questions. Do NOT answer a question you answered on the take-home essay:

A. Explain Marvin Harris’ “cultural materialist” analysis of Hindu cow veneration. Give an example of a cultural practice in the U.S. and then give both an idealist and a materialist explanation for your example (use your own example, not from the readings or this test!)

B. What draws people to tattooing, according to Velliquette? What is “impression management” and how and why this practiced by tattoo artists? Give an example of your own use of impression management.

C. Summarize Kaw’s argument about the role that culture plays in Asian American women’s choice to undergo plastic surgery. What insights does this provide into the role that culture plays in society?

D. Summarize Trask’s use of prostitution as an analogy to describe the exploitation of Hawaii and the despoliation of their culture. Explain and assess her argument regarding tourism and colonization, being sure to explain the social forces behind this colonialization.