As you study the development of the science of psychology from its early history to the present day, you will most likely agree with which of the following statements?    
 A. From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.   
 * B. Early psychologists disagreed about which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study about as much as current psychologists.   
 C. Virtually all of the early psychologists were trained as medical doctors.   
 D. The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the seventeenth century.   
    

Which approach to psychology expanded its study of unconsciousness to include such issues as how early life experiences and unconscious influences would affect human development, personality, and even psychotherapeutic techniques?    
 A. structuralism   
 B. behaviorism   
 C. cognitive   
 * D. psychoanalysis   
    

Who would have been most likely to say: "Your behavior results from unconscious motivation, not motivation in your consciousness"?    
 A. William James   
 B. John B. Watson   
 * C. Sigmund Freud   
 D. G. Stanley Hall   
    

We can say that the scientific method is a set of assumptions, attitudes, and _________________ that guide researchers.    
 A. theories   
 * B. procedures   
 C. policies   
 D. concepts   
    

A hypothesis could be described as a(n)    
 A. conclusion of your research.   
 * B. tentative statement of the relationship between two or more variables.   
 C. research design.   
 D. operational definition.   
    

The correlational research method seeks to    
 * A. establish a cause-and-effect relation.   
 B. establish ethical guidelines.   
 C. examine how strongly two variables are related to one another.   
 D. a, b, and c.   
    

The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called    
 * A. biological psychology.   
 B. clinical psychology.   
 C. cognitive physiology.   
 D. psychopharmacology.   
    

While taking this test, you have probably paid little attention to ongoing body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. Such involuntary bodily functions are governed by the    
 A. somatic nervous system.   
 B. cerebrospinal fluid.   
 C. spinal reflexes.   
 * D. autonomic nervous system.   
    

Dr. Susan Curtiss, in the video for Lesson 3, advised us that it has been learned that the brain is capable of a substantial rewiring process called    
 A. cell regeneration.   
 B. a neural pathway.   
 * C. structural plasticity.   
 D. circulation.   
    

______________ are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.    
 A. Axons   
 B. Dendrites   
 * C. Neurons   
 D. Nerves   
    

________________ have three components: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.    
 A. Neurotransmitters   
 B. Glial cells   
 C. Synaptic   
 * D. Neurons   
    

In the video for Lesson 4, Dr. Schweitzer explained that neurological disorders such as dystonia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease result in    
 A. accidents or injuries.   
 B. childhood trauma.   
 * C. malfunctions in neural transmission.   
 D. nutritional deficiencies.   
    

Sensation refers to the detection and basic sensory experience of environmental stimuli, while ___________________ refers to our integration, organization, and interpretation of sensory data to meaningful information.    
 * A. perception   
 B. selective attention   
 C. sense receptors   
 D. recoding phenomenon   
    

As explained in the video for Lesson 5, ________________ are specialized nerve cells that allow us to extract information from the environment.    
 A. neurons   
 B. glial cells   
 * C. sensory receptors   
 D. transduction nerves   
    

Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer's knowledge and expectations in forming perceptions is called    
 A. bottom-up processing.   
 * B. top-down processing.   
 C. perceptual set.   
 D. perceptual constancy.   
    

"The personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the environment," according to the textbook, is the definition of    
 A. sleep.   
 * B. consciousness.   
 C. wakefulness.   
 D. alpha state.   
    

In the video for Lesson 6, psychologist Michael Stevenson explained that when a person is asleep, he or she is    
 A. in a comatose state.   
 B. unable to sense the external environment.   
 * C. in an altered state of consciousness.   
 D. in a circadian rhythm.   
    

Most of the common major sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, and night terrors, as well as narcolepsy. While narcolepsy is considered a sleep disorder, it actually does occur during the    
 A. middle of the night.   
 * B. day.   
 C. early morning.   
 D. night.   
    

Broadly defined, learning is    
 A. any permanent change in behavior.   
 * B. a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.   
 C. the acquisition of knowledge.   
 D. a relatively enduring change in the amount of knowledge acquired.   
    

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning a(n) __________________ between two stimuli.    
 A. reflexive response   
 * B. association   
 C. reinforcement   
 D. extinction   
    

Martin Seligman has proposed that humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of selective objects or situations that once may have posed a threat to our ancestors, such as ______________, but not other objects such as _________________.    
 A. electrical outlets; snakes   
 B. stairs; electrical outlets   
 * C. snakes and spiders; stairs   
 D. flowers; crocodiles   
    

The concept of reliable signals was developed by Dr. Rescorla and proposes that for learning to occur in classical conditioning, the _________________ must be a reliable signal in that it consistently predicts the presentation of the __________________.    
 * A. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus   
 B. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response   
 C. conditioned response; unconditioned response   
 D. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus   
    

Animal and bird trainers report that nonreinforced behaviors by their trainees reflect an apparently innate response called    
 A. modeling.   
 * B. instinctive drift.   
 C. operant conditioning.   
 D. observational learning.   
    

The textbook tells us that cognitive processes are involved in both major learning theories in that __________________ conditioning involves the learning of the relationship between events, whereas ___________________ conditioning involves the cognitive expectancy that a consequence will follow a behavior.    
 A. operant; classical   
 * B. classical; operant   
 C. observational; cognitive   
 D. cognitive; observational   
    

__________________ refers to the active mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time.    
 A. Retrieval cue   
 B. Amnesia   
 C. Free recall   
 * D. Memory   
    

The three basic memory processes are encoding, storage, and    
 * A. retrieval.   
 B. exercise.   
 C. interference.   
 D. free call.   
    

In the video for Lesson 9, Duana Welch used the example of repeating the telephone number for the pizza parlor as an example of    
 A. elaborative rehearsal.   
 B. forced recall.   
 C. motivated learning.   
 * D. maintenance rehearsal.   
    

Thinking involves manipulating two forms of mental representations: mental images and    
 * A. concepts.   
 B. memories.   
 C. manipulation of ideas.   
 D. strategies.   
    

Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved is the definition for ________________.    
 A. a heuristic   
 B. confirmation bias   
 * C. intuition   
 D. language   
    

One of the ways language can affect our thoughts is by influencing what we _______________.    
 * A. remember   
 B. overestimate   
 C. underestimate   
 D. eat   
    

The use of mental concepts, problem solving, and decision making are all mental aspects of what we commonly call    
 * A. intelligence.   
 B. cognition.   
 C. mental sets.   
 D. mental abilities and skills.   
    

The _______________ test (first published in 1916 for American use) was for many years the method used in schools to measure intelligence.    
 A. WAIS   
 B. Multiple Intelligence   
 C. triarchic theory of intelligence   
 * D. Stanford-Binet   
    

In the video for Lesson 11, you learned that one of the main problems with early intelligence tests was that they were based on the notion that    
 A. only certain ethnic children were intelligent.   
 B. math was the most representative ability of intelligent people.   
 C. men on the average are more intelligent than women.   
 * D. people are born with certain level of intelligence that rarely changes.   
    

In the video for Lesson 12, the three general characteristics that psychologists normally associate with motivation were introduced. These characteristics are    
 A. cognition, persistence, and activation.   
 * B. activation, persistence, and intensity.   
 C. intention, persistence, and activation.   
 D. activation, cognition, and intensity.   
    

In the video for Lesson 12, Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation was introduced. This theory is called the    
 A. self-actualization model.   
 * B. hierarchy of needs.   
 C. safety to esteem ladder.   
 D. human motivation chain model.   
    

________________ theory is the notion that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of this arousal, whereas _______________ theory is the notion that behavior is directed to experiences that produce high levels of arousal.    
 * A. Arousal; sensation-seeking   
 B. Sensation-seeking; arousal   
 C. Sensation-seeking; basal metabolic rate   
 D. Basal metabolic rate; sensation-seeking   
    

An emotion is a distinct psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a behavioral or expressive response, and    
 A. facial expressions.   
 * B. physical arousal.   
 C. classification of the feeling as positive or negative.   
 D. an adaptive response.   
    

According to the video for Lesson 13, four basic components that interact to create emotion are physiological arousal, _______________, subjective experience, and the expression of that experience.    
 * A. cognitive appraisal   
 B. display rules   
 C. moods   
 D. mixed emotions   
    

According to an example in the textbook, in Japanese culture, an important _________________ rule is that you should not reveal negative emotions in the presence of an authority figure.    
 * A. display   
 B. Cannon-Bard emotional   
 C. James-Lange emotional   
 D. mixed emotion   
    

In the video for Lesson 14, developmental psychology is defined as the study of how people    
 A. change mentally during their lifetime.   
 B. adapt to mental, physical, and social change.   
 * C. change mentally and physically throughout their lifespan.   
 D. go through changes and adapt to an ever-changing environment.   
    

Infants come into the world with different temperaments; most can be classified into one of three broad patterns:    
 A. easy, average, and difficult.   
 B. emotional, active, and passive.   
 * C. easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.   
 D. moody, insecure, and easy-to-soothe.   
    

Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the    
 A. postformal operational stage.   
 * B. formal operational stage.   
 C. operational behavior stage.   
 D. adult postformal operational stage.   
    

Adolescence is characterized by    
 A. the development of concrete thinking.   
 B. negative relationships with parents.   
 * C. increases in the importance of friend and peer relationships.   
 D. the development of generativity.   
    

Your textbook explains that according to Erik Erikson, the task of the ______________ is to achieve an integrated identity.    
 A. young adult   
 B. middle aged   
 * C. adolescent   
 D. child   
    

According to Erikson's theory of human development, the life stage that is characterized by the establishment of lasting and meaningful relationships is called    
 * A. young adulthood.   
 B. middle age.   
 C. adolescence.   
 D. old age.   
    

Although the word "sex" is often used to describe sexual behavior, the word also refers to    
 * A. biologically determined physical characteristics.   
 B. attitudes and emotions.   
 C. the direction of a person's erotic attraction.   
 D. culturally designated traits.   
    

In the video for Lesson 16, Professor Mark Stevens explained that our sense of identity as male or female is one of the greatest influences on how we    
 * A. define ourselves.   
 B. use our brains.   
 C. tell stories.   
 D. choose our occupations.   
    

In the video for Lesson 16, two major theories of how we develop our gender identification were introduced. These were the gender schema theory and the    
 A. gender development theory.   
 * B. social learning theory.   
 C. stereotype collection theory.   
 D. cognitive-behavioral theory.   
    

Personality can be defined as an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of    
 * A. thinking, feeling, and behaving.   
 B. cognitive development.   
 C. self-development.   
 D. behaving.   
    

In psychoanalytical thinking, the id is the irrational, illogical, and impulsive dimension of personality, and the ego is the    
 A. moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality.   
 * B. rational, mediating dimension of personality.   
 C. part of the personality that is conscious.   
 D. word psychoanalysts use to describe personality.   
    

Humanistic personality theory emphasizes the self and the    
 A. need to demonstrate competence.   
 * B. fulfillment of a person's unique potential.   
 C. basic drives that control behavior.   
 D. influence of childhood experience.   
    

The trait approach to personality focuses    
 A. on the similarities among people.   
 B. behaviors you can observe.   
 * C. on describing individual differences.   
 D. on only a limited number of characteristics.   
    

According to psychologist Raymond Cattell, there are 16 basic personality factors, and each factor represents    
 A. a characteristic that all people share.   
 * B. a dimension that ranges between two extremes.   
 C. a trait that can be compared to a specific personality type.   
 D. a common surface trait.   
    

Psychological tests are used to assess a person's abilities, interests, or    
 A. mental competence.   
 B. eye-hand coordination.   
 * C. personality.   
 D. spatial abilities.   
    

Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave    
 A. in groups.   
 B. in different cultures.   
 * C. in social situations.   
 D. when they have to judge others.   
    

______________ refers to how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes.    
 A. Social influence   
 * B. Social cognition   
 C. Social norms   
 D. Collectivistic culture   
    

The tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes is called the    
 * A. actor-observer discrepancy.   
 B. self-serving discrepancy.   
 C. social error phenomenon.   
 D. external-internal excuse hypothesis.   
    

People tend to act in accordance with their attitudes when they feel strongly about an issue, anticipate a favorable outcome, and    
 * A. have a personal stake in the issue.   
 B. know little about the subject.   
 C. are told how to behave by authority figures.   
 D. are able to avoid any social conflicts.   
    

In the video for Lesson 20, psychologists explained that stereotypes    
 A. are always inaccurate.   
 * B. can be either positive or negative.   
 C. are "unnatural" phenomena that must be eliminated.   
 D. are only used against minorities.   
    

The tendency to use our culture or ethnic group as the yardstick by which we judge other cultures or ethnic groups is called    
 A. contact theory.   
 * B. in-group homogeneity effect.   
 C. prejudice.   
 D. ethnocentrism.   
    

The two basic reasons people conform to a larger group is the desire to be liked and accepted and    
 A. the fear of rejection.   
 B. the concern over being embarrassed.   
 * C. the desire to be right.   
 D. the desire to be with people who behave in a like manner.   
    

Stanley Milgram's experimental studies focused on _______________, which he described as "a ubiquitous and indispensable feature of social life."    
 A. prosocial behavior   
 * B. obedience   
 C. social influence   
 D. personal responsibility   
    

In the video for Lesson 21, an expert psychologist defined conformity as the tendency to change one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to    
 A. new learned beliefs.   
 B. real group pressure.   
 C. imagined group pressure.   
 * D. real or imagined group pressure.   
    

The study of stress is a key topic in one of the most rapidly growing specialty areas in psychology called    
 * A. health psychology.   
 B. biological psychology.   
 C. psychoneuroimmunology.   
 D. social-behavioral psychology.   
    

Virtually any event or situation can be a ________________ if you question your ability to deal with it effectively.    
 A. stressor   
 B. major life event c	conflict D. psychological process 
 Answer: A In the video for Lesson 22, people with an optimistic approach, according to Seligman, tend to look on the bright side of things, look at the silver lining in the cloud, and consequently, have a better chance of A. keeping stress under control so that it doesn't overwhelm them. 
 B. always having everything work out to their satisfaction. C. jeopardizing their chances for success. D. inflicting more stress on themselves. 
   E. 

 Answer: A The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders is called  
   A. abnormal psychology. 
   B. scientific psychology. 
   C. psychopathology. 
   D. psychogenesis. 
   E. 

 Answer: C In the video for Lesson 22, you learned that studies on the prevalence of psychological disorders indicate that nearly one in two people will experience symptoms of a psychological disorder  
   A. during their lifetime. 
   B. that will require hospitalization. 
   C. that will cause them problems at work. 
   D. that will cause major relationship problems. 
   E. 

 Answer: A _______________ is an anxiety disorder in which a person's life is dominated by repetitive thoughts and behaviors.  
   A. Panic disorder 
   B. Panic attack 
   C. Specific phobia 
   D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder 
   E. 

 Answer: D In the video for Lesson 24, you learned that major depression and bipolar disorders are categorized as  
   A. anxiety disorders. 
   B. personality disorders. 
   C. mood disorders. 
   D. forms of abnormal behavior. 
   E. 

 Answer: C In the video, psychologist William Lombardo explained that persistent feelings of sadness or despair without realistic reasons for those feelings is a characteristic of  
   A. all mood disorders. 
   B. bipolar disorder. 
   C. schizophrenia. 
   D. depression. 
   E. 

 Answer: D In the video for Lesson 24, you learned that schizophrenia is a complex disorder and that the causes of this disorder appear to be  
   A. mostly related to a person's upbringing. 
   B. a function of past traumatic experiences. 
   C. equally complex. 
   D. a complete mystery to science. 
   E. 

 Answer: C In the video for Lesson 25, psychotherapy is described as  
   A. the process used to treat mentally ill people. 
   B. more of an art than a science. 
   C. techniques used to treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems. 
   D. a field that is being replaced by physicians prescribing drugs. 
   E. 

 Answer: C A therapist who uses ________________ might integrate insight-oriented techniques with specific behavioral techniques to help someone overcome a psychological problem.  
   A. family therapy 
   B. psychoanalysis 
   C. eclecticism 
   D. cognitive therapies 
   E. 

 Answer: C Most people with psychological symptoms  
   A. are helped by a professional therapist. 
   B. experience one or more periods of spontaneous remission. 
   C. do not seek help from mental health professionals. 
   D. do not need to seek help unless they become hospitalized. 
   E.