The concept of reliable signals was developed by Dr. Rescorla and proposes that for learning to occur in classical conditioning, the _________________ must be a reliable signal in that it consistently predicts the presentation of the __________________.    
 * A. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus   
 B. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response   
 C. conditioned response; unconditioned response   
 D. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus   
    

Suppose one severe winter in Russia, Dr. Pavlov's laboratory roof collapsed, and the dogs conditioned to the reliable signal that footsteps mean food, now hear for three to four days additional footsteps of workers making roof repairs who did not bring food. After four days of unreliable signals, would the dogs stop salivating at the sound of footsteps? Dr. Rescorla would say    
 * A. yes.   
 B. no.   
 C. that it depends on the number of footsteps made by the roof repair workers.   
 D. that it depends on the rate of the dogs actively processing information about the reliability of the signals.   
    

B. F. Skinner, who ignored the "black box" of mental activity, stated that conditioning did not need to invoke cognitive factors; however, other learning researchers state that learning includes both changes in outward behavior and    
 A. a role model.   
 * B. acquisition of knowledge.   
 C. a pet dog.   
 D. self-control.   
    

As discussed in the video, Edward Tolman proposed that ___________________ played an crucial role in operant conditioning.    
 A. weight loss   
 B. acquisition of knowledge   
 * C. cognition   
 D. self-control   
    

As discussed in the video, ____________________ helps us transfer learning from one environment to another, as in the case of the dancer who must be able to perform the same dance on stages of different sizes at different times.    
 A. classical conditioning   
 B. modeling   
 C. discovery learning   
 * D. cognitive mapping   
    

A cognitive map could be described as    
 A. an experimenter's maze.   
 B. a problem-solving schema.   
 * C. a mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.   
 D. an example of a mentor.   
    

When our behavior reflects learning that occurred at some time prior to the action, we call the learning    
 * A. latent learning.   
 B. observational learning.   
 C. classical conditioning.   
 D. operant conditioning.   
    

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a later time, is called    
 A. observational learning.   
 B. insight learning.   
 * C. latent learning.   
 D. operant conditioning.   
    

Which of the following theorists researched the concepts of latent learning and cognitive maps?    
 A. Albert Bandura   
 * B. Edward Tolman   
 C. Ivan Pavlov   
 D. John Garcia   
    

Martin Seligman demonstrated that exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior or    
 A. trial and error.   
 * B. learned helplessness.   
 C. discovery learning.   
 D. instinctive drift.   
    

Martin Seligman explained the passive behavior of dogs who were placed in a shuttlebox with one side electrified as    
 * A. learned helplessness.   
 B. instinctive drift.   
 C. imitation learning.   
 D. sleep inertia.   
    

________________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to natural behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.    
 A. Sleep inertia   
 B. Modeling   
 * C. Instinctive drift   
 D. Learned helplessness   
    

A psychology student has studied operant conditioning, and for his class project he decided to train a chicken to play baseball. Actually the chicken learned to peck on a button that would activate a swinging bat, but instead of heading off for first base, the chicken chased the ball just as if it were a bug. Faced with these results, the student explained that the behavior of the chicken was an example of    
 A. modeling.   
 * B. instinctive drift.   
 C. insight.   
 D. classical conditioning.   
    

Animal and bird trainers report that nonreinforced behaviors by their trainees reflect an apparently innate response called    
 A. modeling.   
 * B. instinctive drift.   
 C. operant conditioning.   
 D. observational learning.   
    

The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can be strong enough to keep some animals and fowl from engaging in learned behaviors that would result in reinforcement. We call this predisposition    
 A. observational learning.   
 B. nurture.   
 * C. instinctive drift.   
 D. learned helplessness.   
    

Learning that occurs through observing the action of others is called    
 A. discovery learning.   
 B. behavior modification.   
 C. learned helplessness.   
 * D. observational learning.   
    

The cornerstone of observational learning is that it occurs    
 * A. indirectly.   
 B. infrequently.   
 C. directly.   
 D. aggressively.   
    

Sometimes, learning by modeling is called    
 A. classical learning.   
 * B. observational learning.   
 C. cognitive learning.   
 D. discovery learning.   
    

Albert Bandura, in the video, describes observational learning as a process whereby people acquire attitudes, values, and new ways of thinking and behaving by __________________ the actions of others.    
 A. ignoring   
 * B. observing   
 C. cognating on   
 D. controlling   
    

In the video in referring to his research with the Bobo doll and children, Bandura notes that we use our __________________ to help us choose which behaviors we will model.    
 * A. cognitive abilities   
 B. emotive capacities   
 C. latent learning   
 D. expectations   
    

In the video, it was explained that four processes interact which form the foundation for observational learning and imitation to occur. These processes are    
 A. exposure time, aggression, getting into fights, and motivation.   
 * B. pay attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation.   
 C. cognition, memory, emotion, and motivation.   
 D. attention, emotion, cognition, and motivation.   
    

In the video, Albert Bandura proposes that three factors increase the possibility of imitation. They are    
 * A. prestige, attractiveness, and power.   
 B. exposure time, prestige, and power.   
 C. cognition, power, and aggressiveness.   
 D. learned helplessness, latent learning, and motivation.   
    

The textbook authors report that at a preserve in central Indonesia, free-ranging orangutans imitated the behavior of both humans and other orangutans, but especially ________________ models, rather than _________________ models.    
 A. low-status and dominant; high-status   
 * B. high-status and dominant; low-status   
 C. low-status; middle dominant   
 D. high-status; middle-status   
    

Attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation are the processes required for    
 A. classical conditioning.   
 B. operant conditioning.   
 C. insight learning.   
 * D. imitation.   
    

The textbook tells us that cognitive processes are involved in both major learning theories in that __________________ conditioning involves the learning of the relationship between events, whereas ___________________ conditioning involves the cognitive expectancy that a consequence will follow a behavior.    
 A. operant; classical   
 * B. classical; operant   
 C. observational; cognitive   
 D. cognitive; observational   
    

Learning that involves higher mental processes, such as understanding, knowing, anticipating, and remembering uses, is termed    
 A. only operant conditioning.   
 B. only classical conditioning.   
 * C. cognitive learning.   
 D. emotional states.   
    

In the video, Carlos provided a positive ___________________ for other students in the dance class.    
 * A. role model   
 B. emotional factor   
 C. hands-on teacher   
 D. instinctive drift   
    

According to your textbook, ____________________ is a successful strategy you can use to realize your important and long-term goals.    
 A. reading comic books   
 B. long naps   
 * C. observing good role models   
 D. severe mind control   
    

According to your textbook, Walter Mischel found that children who observed others choosing a delayed reinforcer over an immediate reinforcer were more likely to choose the delayed reinforcer themselves. Mischel's research addresses the importance of good __________________ for children (and adults).    
 A. comic books   
 * B. role models   
 C. discipline   
 D. study periods