Broadly defined, learning is    
 A. any permanent change in behavior.   
 * B. a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.   
 C. the acquisition of knowledge.   
 D. a relatively enduring change in the amount of knowledge acquired.   
    

Classical and operant conditioning are different in that    
 A. consequences are only involved in operant conditioning.   
 B. reflexive responses are involved in classical conditioning.   
 C. more complex responses are found in operant rather than classical conditioning.   
 * D. all of the above statements are true.   
    

After three radiation treatment visits, Peter experiences nausea whenever he walks by the building in which the treatment center is located. The building has become a(n) ________________, according to classical conditioning theorists.    
 A. unconditioned response   
 * B. conditioned stimulus   
 C. unconditioned stimulus   
 D. conditioned response   
    

For classical conditioning to be most effective and long lasting, the conditioned stimulus should    
 A. immediately follow the unconditioned response.   
 B. follow the unconditioned stimulus.   
 C. follow the conditioned response.   
 * D. precede the unconditioned stimulus.   
    

Conditioning that depends on the consequences of behavior is _________________ conditioning.    
 A. classical   
 * B. operant   
 C. higher-order   
 D. latent   
    

At the end of the day, you get home from work, go in the kitchen, and open a can of food with the electric can opener. Your dog comes running, anticipating food. This is an example of    
 A. biological drift.   
 B. aversive conditioning.   
 * C. classical conditioning.   
 D. operant conditioning.   
    

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning a(n) __________________ between two stimuli.    
 A. reflexive response   
 * B. association   
 C. reinforcement   
 D. extinction   
    

After conditioning, we tend to respond to stimuli resembling one or more involved from the original conditioning event. This tendency is called    
 A. unconditioned stimulus.   
 B. extinction.   
 C. spontaneous recovery.   
 * D. stimulus generalization.   
    

We say that stimulus generalization occurs when a learned response occurs to __________________ stimuli as well.    
 * A. similar   
 B. different   
 C. exactly the same   
 D. 	neutral   
    

If Pavlov's ringing bell was repeatedly presented without the food and if the dog ceased to salivate, the conditioned response was     
 A. punished.   
 * B. extinguished.   
 C. distinguished.   
 D. observed.   
    

Classical conditioning informs us that in order to extinguish a learned, conditioned response, we must    
 * A. repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.   
 B. present the unconditioned stimulus alone.   
 C. frequently present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus.   
 D. present the conditioned stimulus alone once.   
    

If your dog starts to salivate (drool) whenever you shake a box of doggie treats, it may eventually also salivate to the shaking of a box of crackers. We could then say that _________________ has occurred.    
 A. extinction   
 * B. stimulus generalization   
 C. operant conditioning   
 D. stimulus discrimination   
    

We could say that ___________________ is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response.    
 A. continuous reinforcement   
 B. negative reinforcement   
 * C. extinction   
 D. operant conditioning   
    

Martin Seligman has proposed that humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of selective objects or situations that once may have posed a threat to our ancestors, such as ______________, but not other objects such as _________________.    
 A. electrical outlets; snakes   
 B. stairs; electrical outlets   
 * C. snakes and spiders; stairs   
 D. flowers; crocodiles   
    

Robert Rescorla demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in _______________ conditioning, claiming that what is learned is not just automatic association but the relationships between events.    
 A. operant   
 B. latent   
 C. social   
 * D. classical   
    

According to Dr. Rescorla, pairing events may not be enough for classical conditioning to occur, since he maintains that the conditioned stimulus must ________________ signal that the unconditioned stimulus will follow.    
 A. alternatively   
 B. never   
 * C. reliably   
 D. perhaps   
    

In the video, you learned that Harvard psychologist B. F. Skinner became famous for defining the principles of    
 A. classical conditioning.   
 B. learning from positive reinforcement.   
 * C. operant conditioning.   
 D. findings that control all animal behavior.   
    

________________ is the basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.    
 A. Classical conditioning   
 * B. Operant conditioning   
 C. Latent learning   
 D. Observational learning   
    

According to Dr. Skinner and the operant conditioning theorists, consequences control    
 * A. behavior.   
 B. free will.   
 C. knowledge.   
 D. instincts.   
    

In the video, you learned that positive or negative reinforcement increases the probability we will repeat a behavior. In ________________, we want to have the reinforcer repeated; however, in ________________, we want to avoid application of the reinforcer.    
 A. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement   
 * B. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement   
 C. positive reinforcement; neutral reinforcement   
 D. neutral reinforcement; negative reinforcement   
    

In the video, the Marine Corps drill instructors used yelling to engender the unconditioned response of    
 A. attention.   
 B. terror.   
 C. resistance.   
 * D. fear.   
    

In the video, B. F. Skinner acknowledged that although ______________ works to control behavior, he much preferred the use of positive reinforcement to control behavior.    
 * A. punishment   
 B. negative reinforcement   
 C. partial reinforcement   
 D. unconditioned response   
    

Punishment does not always work to control behavior because     
 A. it does not teach a proper response.   
 B. it may produce undesired responses, such as fear.   
 C. it reinforces an increase in behavior.   
 * D. a and b are true.   
    

Dr. Skinner identified two types of aversive events also known as punishment: punishment by application and punishment by _______________.    
 A. gift   
 B. court action   
 * C. removal   
 D. the parent   
    

Punishment by application is when we present a punishment following a response; however, punishment by removal occurs when privileges, possessions or something desired is _______________.    
 A. presented   
 * B. withdrawn or taken away   
 C. rewarded   
 D. delayed for a short period   
    

In the video, the professor's behavior was __________________ by his students to the point where he was lecturing facing the blackboard and talking over his shoulder.    
 A. observed   
 B. punished   
 C. extinguished   
 * D. shaped   
    

Shaping involves reinforcing successively ___________________ approximations of a behavior until the correct behavior is displayed.    
 A. inconsistent   
 B. further   
 C. consistent   
 * D. closer   
    

A researcher wants to train his cat to eat snacks from his hand, so he reinforces incrementally closer approximations of the goal behavior. The researcher reinforces his cat by making approving noises for eating from the cat dish while he is physically close, then for licking the food held out to the cat, then for taking bites out of the food, and finally he gives the cat tiny pieces that can be swallowed all at once. The cat now can eat snacks from the researcher's hand. The researcher has used a process called    
 A. extinction.   
 B. generalization.   
 C. insight learning.   
 * D. shaping.   
    

Shaping is most likely to be used when     
 * A. the desired response has a low probability of occurring spontaneously.   
 B. the desired response has a high probability of occurring spontaneously.   
 C. reinforcers are scarce, and there is a need to use them sparingly.   
 D. using a continuous schedule of reinforcement would be undesirable.   
    

Continuous reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement in which ________________ occurrence of a response is reinforced; alternatively, partial reinforcement occurs when reinforcement is present _________________.    
 * A. every; sometimes   
 B. sometimes an; every time   
 C. usually an; every time   
 D. no; simultaneously   
    

Partial reinforcement is ________________ resistant to extinction than is the use of continuous reinforcement.    
 * A. more   
 B. less   
 C. somewhat less   
 D. somewhat more   
    

Which of the following scientists developed the operant conditioning model of learning?    
 * A. B. F. Skinner   
 B. E. L. Thorndike   
 C. R. A. Rescorla   
 D. Ivan Pavlov   
    

Which of the following researchers was the first to experimentally study animal learning behavior and document how active behaviors are influenced by their consequences?    
 * A. E. L. Thorndike   
 B. B. F. Skinner   
 C. R. A. Rescorla   
 D. Edward C. Tolman