As you study the development of the science of psychology from its early history to the present day, you will most likely agree with which of the following statements?    
 A. From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.   
 * B. Early psychologists disagreed about which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study about as much as current psychologists.   
 C. Virtually all of the early psychologists were trained as medical doctors.   
 D. The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the seventeenth century.   
    

Psychology is defined in your textbook as    
 A. the treatment of mental illness.   
 B. the study of human problems.   
 * C. the science of behavior and mental processes.   
 D. the scientific investigation of unconscious mental processes.   
    

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology research laboratory and in doing so _______________.    
 A. explored the nature of religious beliefs   
 * B. established psychology as a separate science   
 C. identified mental disorders and abnormal behavior   
 D. mapped damaged areas of the human brain   
    

Which approach to psychology expanded its study of unconsciousness to include such issues as how early life experiences and unconscious influences would affect human development, personality, and even psychotherapeutic techniques?    
 A. structuralism   
 B. behaviorism   
 C. cognitive   
 * D. psychoanalysis   
    

Psychoanalysis emphasizes _______________, while humanistic psychology emphasizes _________________.    
 * A. unconscious influences of behavior; conscious experiences.   
 B. overt behavior; covert behavior.   
 C. group influence; work productivity.   
 D. observable behaviors; prejudice beliefs.   
    

Who would have been most likely to say: "Your behavior results from unconscious motivation, not motivation in your consciousness"?    
 A. William James   
 B. John B. Watson   
 * C. Sigmund Freud   
 D. G. Stanley Hall   
    

The founder of psychoanalysis was _______________, and the founder of humanistic psychology was _______________.    
 A. B. F. Skinner; Carl Rogers   
 B. Carl Rogers; Wilhelm Wundt   
 C. Wilhelm Wundt; Sigmund Freud   
 * D. Sigmund Freud; Carl Rogers   
    

According to B. F. Skinner, behaviorism was characterized by    
 * A. a focus upon observable behavior.   
 B. a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.   
 C. a focus upon the importance of free will and self-determination.   
 D. an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.   
    

In the video according to psychologist Steven James, people study psychology to    
 A. learn how to manipulate others.   
 B. learn more about science.   
 * C. better understand ourselves.   
 D. make us happy.   
    

Conscious experiences is to unconscious experiences as ____________ is to _____________.    
 A. B. F. Skinner; Abraham Maslow   
 * B. Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud   
 C. Wilhelm Wundt; John B. Watson   
 D. William James; Wilhelm Wundt   
    

Humanistic psychology emphasizes    
 A. the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.   
 B. the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.   
 C. unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.   
 * D. free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.   
    

______________ is to psychoanalysis as ____________ is to behaviorism.    
 A. Freud; James   
 B. Skinner; Calkins   
 * C. Freud; Watson   
 D. Wertheimer; Pavlov   
    

A scientist is studying changes in the brain after stressful experiences. This scientist is most likely to subscribe to the ______________ perspective.    
 A. behavioral   
 B. cross-cultural   
 * C. biological   
 D. psychoanalytic   
    

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on    
 * A. the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems, and think.   
 B. how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.   
 C. the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.   
 D. the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.   
    

The term cognitive revolution refers to    
 A. a political movement that swept the United States after World War I.   
 * B. a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a "break" from traditional behaviorism.   
 C. the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors.   
 D. the revolt of research subjects against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology.   
    

Which of the following is a characteristic of individualistic cultures?    
 A. A person's identity is closely tied to the identity of a larger group, such as a family or work group.   
 B. The needs and goals of the group are valued over the needs and goals of the individual.   
 C. They are more commonly found in Asia and South America than in North America and Europe.   
 * D. The importance of self-reliance and individual achievement are emphasized.   
    

In contrast to collectivistic cultures, individualistic cultures tend to    
 * A. value the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group.   
 B. stress the interdependence of all people.   
 C. be less susceptible to cultural influences.   
 D. downplay individual abilities and achievements.   
    

In cross-cultural psychology, the term culture refers to    
 A. American music and art.   
 * B. the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another.   
 C. the universal human motives and beliefs that are shared by all people.   
 D. a colony of bacteria grown in the laboratory, typically in a small glass dish.   
    

Which statement best characterizes the focus of the evolutionary perspective of psychology?    
 A. As cognitive creatures, our concern must be to understand the dynamics of thinking, memory, and problem solving.   
 B. Behavior varies across species and people because of different reinforcement systems.   
 * C. Application of these principles explains the evolution of psychological processes and phenomena.   
 D. The importance of the biological basis of behavior with the advances in our medical and other technologies.   
    

According to statements of Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura in the video, which of the following concepts should a graduate student interested in motivation study?     
 A. role of biological processes   
 * B. role of self-efficacy   
 C. role of early childhood experiences   
 D. role of pathology   
    

Two doctors are both involved in treating people with severe mental disorders. The first doctor cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but the second doctor frequently prescribes medications. The first doctor is probably a ________________, whereas the second doctor is probably a _______________.    
 A. psychiatrist; clinical psychologist   
 B. experimental psychologist; biological psychologist   
 * C. clinical psychologist; psychiatrist   
 D. social psychologist; health psychologist   
    

Social psychologists, according to the video, assume that    
 * A. group influences can strongly affect individual behavior.   
 B. there are no parallels between human and animal behavior.   
 C. human behavior cannot be accurately predicted in any situation.   
 D. some aspects of behavior and mental processes cannot be understood by scientific means.   
    

________________ is a key element in the study of human behavior according to the video.    
 * A. Motivation   
 B. Describing and predicting naturally occurring phenomena   
 C. Investigating behavioral phenomena in animals   
 D. The placement of one's astrological sign   
    

According to Yale University psychologist Peter Salovey, the future of psychology involves studying and learning more about the interplay between what is ________________ and what is behavioral.    
 A. cognitive   
 B. cross-cultural   
 * C. biological   
 D. philosophical   
    

The work of psychologists is    
 A. very limited and includes the study and treatment of psychological disorders.   
 B. very diverse and includes the study and treatment of psychological disorders.   
 C. based on research and includes the study of interplay of behavior and biological forces and testing.   
 * D. b and c.   
    

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about clinical psychologists?    
 * A. They have extensive training in psychological disorders, psychotherapy, and psychological testing.   
 B. They may prescribe antidepressant medications, but not other kinds of medication or electroshock therapy.   
 C. They only study mental disorders, whereas psychiatrists actually treat mental disorders.   
 D. Both a and b are true.   
    

The work of some psychologists focuses on the relationship between behavior and the body's physical systems, including the brain, nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics. Their area of focus is called    
 A. health psychology.   
 B. cognitive psychology.   
 * C. biological psychology.   
 D. clinical psychology.   
    

What field of psychology focuses on the relationship between people and work?    
 A. social psychology   
 B. cognitive psychology   
 C. health psychology   
 * D. organizational/industrial psychology   
    

A researcher has been studying the effects of different levels of estrogen hormones on mating behaviors in male and female hamsters. On the basis of this information, you might conclude that this researcher is a ____________________ psychologist.    
 A. cognitive   
 B. developmental   
 * C. biological   
 D. health   
    

In the video, the study of psychology is defined as being the ________________ of human behavior.    
 * A. science   
 B. biology   
 C. history   
 D. record   
    

Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology were _______________ and ________________.     
 A. Freud; Skinner   
 B. Pavlov; Skinner   
 * C. Rogers; Maslow   
 D. James; Hall   
    

William James's ideas became the basis for a new school of psychology, called ____________________.     
 * A. functionalism   
 B. structuralism   
 C. humanism   
 D. behaviorism