Thinking involves manipulating two forms of mental representations: mental images and    
 * A. concepts.   
 B. memories.   
 C. manipulation of ideas.   
 D. strategies.   
    

Concepts fall into a minimum of two mental categories formed differently: a _______________ concept is formed by learning the rules or features that define it; whereas, a _______________ concept is formed as a result of everyday experience.    
 A. natural; formal   
 * B. formal; natural   
 C. memory; natural   
 D. formal; memory   
    

While formal concepts refer to specific, clear-cut rules, natural concepts tend to have fuzzy boundaries, so that when we work with natural concepts, we use _______________ to determine whether an object can be classified within a particular concept.    
 A. memories   
 B. mental representations   
 * C. prototypes   
 D. ideas   
    

The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way is called    
 A. concept.   
 B. thinking.   
 * C. functional fixedness.   
 D. linguistic relativity.   
    

Mental set is defined as the tendency to persist in ________________ with solutions the "same old way."    
 * A. solving problems   
 B. remembering events   
 C. overestimate the commonality of an event   
 D. overestimate the uniqueness of an event   
    

________________ prevents us from seeing the full range of ways in which an object can be used, such as the edge of a dime as a screwdriver in an emergency.    
 A. Mental set   
 B. Formal concept   
 * C. Functional fixedness    
 D. Intuition   
    

The textbook provides an example of ________________ when one of its authors, Don Hockenbury (Mr. Fixit), tried to fix a toilet with a plunger, a method that had worked in the past, rather than checking with a "Fix-it Yourself" manual for more efficient solutions.    
 A. functional fixedness   
 * B. mental set   
 C. a concept   
 D. thinking   
    

Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved is the definition for ________________.    
 A. a heuristic   
 B. confirmation bias   
 * C. intuition   
 D. language   
    

In the video, Professor Bates explained that babies at birth can hear every sound used by    
 * A. any natural language.   
 B. any animal that communicates.   
 C. people who only speak slowly to them.   
 D. people who use their native language.   
    

The video reported that there are more than six thousand known _____________.    
 A. beliefs   
 B. concepts   
 * C. languages   
 D. insights   
    

In the video, you saw Kanzi, a thirteen-year-old bonobo, communicate with researchers by using     
 A. a computer.   
 B. sign language.   
 C. claps and yells.   
 * D. a symbol board.   
    

One of the ways language can affect our thoughts is by influencing what we _______________.    
 * A. remember   
 B. overestimate   
 C. underestimate   
 D. eat   
    

Social perception is another way language can affect our _______________.    
 * A. thoughts   
 B. eating habits   
 C. sleep patterns   
 D. exercise   
    

Gender bias has an effect on our ______________ and therefore our thoughts.    
 A. memory   
 B. eating habits   
 C. sleep patterns   
 * D. language   
    

In the video, Professor Bates explained that dolphins ______________ simple questions and follow instruction.    
 * A. understand and answer   
 B. use fallacy of positive instances to answer   
 C. use reasoning to answer   
 D. use the linguistic relativity hypothesis   
    

Many psychologists caution against jumping to the conclusion that animals can ________________ language or possess self-awareness because such conclusions are far from proven.    
 A. think    
 B. understand   
 C. emote through   
 * D. think and understand   
    

Which of the following interfere with our ability to perceive and accept contradictory information?    
 A. belief-bias effect   
 B. confirmation bias   
 C. fallacy of positive instances   
 D. overestimation effect   
 * E. all of the above   

