The early 1990's were marked by 
A. The collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 
B. The end of the sexual revolution 
C. A definite peace in the Middle East 
D. The permanent division of Germany into East and West 
ANSWER: A
Problems facing the Soviet Union in the 1980s included all of the following except 
A. The inability of a core feature, centralized planning, to produce needed and desired consumer goods 
B. The inability of collectivized agriculture to produce enough food to free the Soviet Union from the necessity of importing grain 
C. The activities of over-zealous Communist Party members, more interested in Marxist purity than in practical solutions to problems 
D. Lack of incentive of workers to work hard or even show up regularly 
ANSWER: C
The Soviet Union in the 1980's 
A. Suffered major economic problems 
B. Successfully maintained control of Afghanistan 
C. Easily surpassed the United States in armament production 
D. Saw a revival of Stalinist purges 
ANSWER: A
Which one of these events happened in Europe during the late 1980's and 1990s 
A. Stalin's purges 
B. The Peace of Versailles 
C. The Collapse of the Soviet Union 
D. The Triple Alliance 
ANSWER: C
The major purpose of Gorbachev's reforms was 
A. To replace communism with capitalism 
B. To maintain Soviet control over Eastern Europe 
C. To win the ongoing war in Afghanistan 
D. To bring the Soviet economy up to the standard of western European societies 
ANSWER: D
Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika (restructuring) meant 
A. Changing the political leadership in the Soviet satellite states 
B. Developing a new Soviet constitution 
C. Creating a mixed economy, blending Socialist planning with a free market 
D. Permitting public criticism and dissent 
ANSWER: C
Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost (openness) meant 
A. Permitting market forces rather than the government to set prices 
B. Encouraging freer discussion of cultural and political matters 
C. A political alliance with the United States 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
During the breakup of the Soviet Union, Eastern European countries gained their political and economic autonomy. The first country to do so, because it already had a strong anti-Communist trade union movement, was 
A. Romania 
B. Finland 
C. Poland 
D. Austria 
ANSWER: C
The eastern European country that ended Communism with the "Velvet Revolution" was 
A. Poland 
B. Czechoslovakia 
C. Hungary 
D. Rumania 
ANSWER: B
Vlacav Havel 
A. Went from prison to president of Czechoslovakia in seven months 
B. Was a successful Czech playwright 
C. Was involved in the 1968 "Prague Spring" 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
East German discontent was in part caused by 
A. The standard of living there was the lowest in the Soviet bloc 
B. The government was strongly Stalinist, with numerous purges and imprisonments, even in the 1990's 
C. The government could not keep out West German television, which demonstrated how much more prosperous that part of Germany was 
D. East Germany was visited repeatedly by famines and plagues 
ANSWER: C
The one eastern European country in 1989-1990 whose ruler was executed was 
A. Rumania 
B. Bulgaria 
C. Albania 
D. East Germany 
ANSWER: A
Gorbachev's reform program in the Soviet Union led to 
A. Alienation of reformers who thought that he was not changing things rapidly enough 
B. Unemployment, inflation, and economic dislocation 
C. Independence movements in the numerous non-Russian areas of the Soviet Union 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
The disintegration of the Soviet Union came about not only because of the collapse of Communism but also because 
A. The active promotion of a breakup by the United States 
B. A successful polish invasion of Russia 
C. Nationalist independence movements in the Ukraine, the Baltic, the Caucasus, and Central Asia 
D. The overthrow of Gorbachev in a coup by hardline Communists 
ANSWER: C
Emerging as the Russian leader replacing Gorbachev was 
A. Vlacav Havel 
B. Yuri Andropov 
C. Lech Walesa 
D. Boris Yeltsin 
ANSWER: D
From the text's description of the collapse of communism it could be argued that the most important of several reasons for this was 
A. The inability of communism to deliver either intellectual freedom or a plentiful supply of consumer goods 
B. Serious political mistakes by Gorbachev 
C. The unexpected consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
After the collapse of Communism 
A. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe enjoyed unprecedented prosperity 
B. Fascist dictatorships replaced Communist dictatorships 
C. Most countries suffered recession, inflation and unemployment 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
Eastern European nationalism in the 1990's 
A. Led to the breakup of the Soviet Union 
B. Led to bloody civil wars and atrocities in Yugoslavia 
C. The peaceful separation of Czechoslovakia into two republics 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
The bloodiest ethnic conflicts after the end of communism occurred in 
A. Yugoslavia 
B. Lithuania 
C. Czechoslovakia 
D. Hungary 
ANSWER: A
Which of the following Eastern European ethnic groups was not involved in the bloody civil wars in Yugoslavia 
A. Croatians 
B. Czechs 
C. Bosnians 
D. Albanians 
ANSWER: B
With the collapse of Communism, only a few states remained on the Stalinist model These included 
A. Croatia 
B. China (mainland) 
C. Cuba 
D. Iran 
ANSWER: C
According to the text, two countries rose considerably in stature, power, and influence with the collapse of Communism, the United States and 
A. Italy 
B. Germany 
C. France 
D. Spain 
ANSWER: B
The political shift to the right in many European countries and the United States in the 1980's had as one of its main causes 
A. Major problems in the Middle East 
B. Economic problems including higher unemployment and declining growth 
C. The growth of internationalist terrorism 
D. The economic success of the Soviet Union 
ANSWER: B
The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 was 
A. A treaty adjusting post-world War II political boundaries in Western Europe 
B. A treaty establishing a greater European economic union and a common currency, the Euro 
C. A military treaty to replace NATO 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The post-1980s global economy 
A. Was dominated by a small handful of truly international companies 
B. Meant that workers in countries remote from Europe and America might wear the same brand of shoes and drink the same beverages as their western counterparts 
C. Because of its economic internationalism, it called into question the concept of national identity 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Replacing the United States in the 1980s as the world's topmost creditor nation was 
A. Germany 
B. China 
C. Japan 
D. Britain 
ANSWER: C
During most of the 1990's there was important economic growth for many East Asian countries. According to the text, the country most transformed by this growth was 
A. Cambodia 
B. Mainland China 
C. North Korea 
D. Pakistan 
ANSWER: B
A country where open rejection of western culture and cultural values occurred in the 1980s was 
A. Cuba 
B. China 
C. South Africa 
D. Iran 
ANSWER: D
The country where al-Qaeda had its headquarters and training camps was 
A. Jordan 
B. Afghanistan 
C. India 
D. Pakistan 
ANSWER: B
A major area of conflict in the Middle East in recent years has been 
A. Israel-Palestine 
B. Egypt-Syria 
C. Turkey-Iran 
D. Jordan-India 
ANSWER: A
The rise of Islamic so-called "fundamentalist" movement was an indication 
A. That the secularization that began with the Enlightenment was ending 
B. That local and regional cultures may struggle against global, especially western influences that threatened their sense of identity 
C. Of the unexpected side effects of the collapse of communism 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The phenomenon of globalization is well illustrated by 
A. Instantaneous international communications on the Internet 
B. Growing international economic ties 
C. The spread of English as the world's second language 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Problems faced by the world in the 1990s included all of the following except 
A. Continuing unemployment in Europe even in good economic times 
B. A growing gap between the affluent and the poorer nations 
C. Major famines caused by serious overpopulation 
D. Environmental deterioration 
ANSWER: C
The major new disease of the late 20th century is 
A. Bubonic Plague 
B. Smallpox 
C. AIDS 
D. Cholera 
ANSWER: C
As the third millennium dawns, there are reasons both for optimistic and pessimistic outlook. A pessimist might argue all of the following except 
A. AIDS has become a global epidemic, especially devastating in Africa 
B. The growth of European population might over strain the resources of the Earth 
C. There are still no clear solutions for the problems of pollution 
D. The "ozone holes" in the Arctic and the Antarctic might grow 
ANSWER: B
As the third millennium dawns, there are reasons both for optimistic and pessimistic outlook. An optimist might argue all of the following except 
A. The decline of explosive population growth in Asia and Africa 
B. The passage of fifty years without a major global conflict and the end of the Cold War 
C. The still increasing human life span 
D. The continued increase in the overall standard of living 
ANSWER: A
Part of the Soviet economic problem in the 1980s was that central planning was unable to produce enough consumer goods or goods that met consumer demands.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Gorbachev's Perestroika meant an increased crackdown in intellectual dissent.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Gorbachev's Glasnost was a plan for armaments reduction.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The reforms of Gorbachev had the unexpected result of encouraging nationalist separatist movements in the Soviet Union.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Vlacav Havel went from prison to president of Czechoslovakia in seven months.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Boris Yeltsin, after his election as president of the Russian Republic, became a political rival to Gorbachev.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Gorbachev was overthrown in 1991 by a coup headed by the remaining hard-line Communists in Russia.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
A major problem in Eastern Europe after the collapse of communism was the unrealistically high expectations of the people themselves about their economic future.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Boris Yeltsin became so unpopular that he was defeated for reelection as president of Russia in 1996.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
To an extent the ethnic conflicts in the former Yugoslavia were religious conflicts.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The first official use of NATO forces was in Bosnia.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
India and Poland were among the few countries still ruled according to the Soviet model by the late 1990s.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
In the 1980s the general political tendency in both the Untied States and Europe was toward the political right.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 abolished a common currency for Western European countries and reestablished national currencies.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Japan became world's foremost creditor nation in the 1990s.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Beginning in 1978, China, though officially still communist, opened itself to foreign investment and implemented a market-oriented economy.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
A symbol of a tendency in the Islamic world to reject western cultural values, though not western technology, was Iran under the Ayatollah Khomeni.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Islamic fundamentalism was a voice for moderation in many Islamic states.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Israel-Palestinian problems were resolved by the Oslo Accords of 1994.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Personal income in most sub-Saharan African and Latin American countries has dramatically increased since the 1960s.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The most heavily polluted cities in the world are found mostly in Europe.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The greatest mortality from AIDS has come in Africa.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
