European life in the late 19th Century 
A. Changed little from life in the earlier part of the century 
B. Was far less prosperous because of the great destruction during the major wars of the 1850's 
C. Saw many changes, from big business to subways to scientific advances such as evolution 
D. Was very unhealthy as no progress had been made for a century on the causes and cures for diseases 
ANSWER: C
Between 1870 and 1914 European life and work was drastically changed by all of the following except 
A. Coal replaced oil as the primary fuel for industry 
B. Large-scale factories replaced earlier textile mills 
C. Steel replaced iron for construction, rails, and ships 
D. Department stores displaying large amounts of goods opened in cities such as Paris and Milan 
ANSWER: A
The "Second Industrial Revolution" was characterized by 
A. The mass production of steel, replacing iron 
B. The development of a chemical industry 
C. The appearance of very large, massive factories 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
The "Second Industrial Revolution" occurred primarily in 
A. Southern and Eastern Europe 
B. India and Vietnam 
C. Britain, Germany, France, and the United States 
D. Africa 
ANSWER: C
Transportation and communications were improved during the late 19th century by 
A. The opening of the Suez and Panama canals 
B. A major growth of railroads around the world 
C. Undersea telegraph cables 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Which of the following was not true of the "Second Industrial Revolution" 
A. The Iron industry replaced the steel industry 
B. Wages in Britain doubled, although the very poor benefited only marginally 
C. Very large businesses, including monopolies, developed in Germany and in the Untied States 
D. The modern department store developed in Paris, much to the delight of shoppers 
ANSWER: A
The major cities of Europe in the late 19th century 
A. Were neglected by the governments, so that the poor living conditions and overcrowding of the early 19th century became worse 
B. Underwent major transformations, with new boulevards, parks, subways, and government buildings 
C. Were mostly destroyed in the major 19th century wars and had to be rebuilt 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
Inhabitants of late 19th century cities 
A. Tended to be almost entirely factory workers 
B. Were sharply divided between the aristocratic elite and the unemployed poor, with few people in between 
C. Had a full range of social classes-urban elite, upper and lower middle classes, and factory workers 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
In late 19th century European cities, working women tended to be part of 
A. The aristocratic elite only 
B. The upper middle and lower middle classes 
C. Lower middle class and factory working class 
D. Factory working class only 
ANSWER: C
European middle classes 
A. Were shrinking as the working class grew, demonstrating the accuracy of Marx's prediction 
B. Acted as a solid class, with no distinction between an upper and a lower middle class 
C. Became an increasingly larger share of the urban population 
D. Merged with the working class to create a situation of revolutionary violence 
ANSWER: C
The late 19th century urban working class 
A. Found that for some persons, there was still a demand for the skilled worker 
B. Were sometimes criticized by middle and upper classes for having bad habits that brought on their own poverty 
C. Often lived at the edges of cities where rents and land were cheaper 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Family life in the late 19th century 
A. Tended to be lived more in public than in the 18th century 
B. Tended to prefer the austere life-few material goods in the home and few, if any, servants 
C. Generally required that women lead independent lives 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: D
Late 19th century women 
A. Generally were confined to the home 
B. Generally had to join the working class 
C. Generally were permitted to undertake charitable work 
D. Found their situation dictated by their class, on whether they worked or participated in other public activities 
ANSWER: D
Working class families in late 19th century Europe 
A. Paid strong attention to their children 
B. Never had the mother work outside the home 
C. Were often forced by economic necessity to adopt patterns of behavior that often deviated from the family ideals of the time 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
Victorian sexual morality 
A. Assumed that sexual problems should not arise, although doctors were willing to dispense moral advice if problems did 
B. Thought that sex with prostitutes was unhygienic 
C. Assumed that homosexuality was a serious psychological disorder 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
The general mood of the late 19th century can be described as optimistic because 
A. There was general scientific progress, both in making fundamental discoveries and producing useful inventions 
B. Of healthier sexual attitudes caused by Victorian morality 
C. Of the decline in alcoholism toward the end of the 19th century 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: A
Charles Darwin 
A. Invented the idea of evolution 
B. Claimed that humans were exempt from the evolutionary process 
C. Argued that evolution proceeds by means of natural selection 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: C
The ideas of Herbert Spencer and others to apply Darwin's thesis to human behavior is known as 
A. Positivism 
B. Social Darwinism 
C. Evolutionary Christianity 
D. The theory of Relativity 
ANSWER: B
The late 19th century scientist who developed the Periodic Table of chemical elements was 
A. Mendeleev 
B. Ranke 
C. Huxley 
D. Holmes 
ANSWER: A
A new intellectual discipline, founded by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, was 
A. Geography 
B. Sociology 
C. History 
D. Philosophy 
ANSWER: B
Numerous advances in medicine occurred during the 19th century. The basic discovery that permitted those advances was 
A. Pasteur's discovery of bacteria 
B. Einstein's discovery of relativity 
C. Darwin's demonstration of evolution 
D. Crick and Watson's demonstration of the structure of DNA 
ANSWER: A
Pasteur's discovery of bacteria led to 
A. Safer foods 
B. Remedies for diseases 
C. Safer surgical procedures 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
The word that is most often used to describe late 19th century European literature is 
A. Realism 
B. Classicism 
C. Renaissance 
D. Postmodernism 
ANSWER: A
The word that describes much of the important art of the late 19th century is 
A. Scientism 
B. Impressionism 
C. Postmodernism 
D. Classicism 
ANSWER: B
Claude Monet 
A. Was an Impressionist painter whose works remained virtually unsold during his life 
B. Was the foremost sculptor of the late 19th century 
C. Was an impressionist painter who became recognized as France's premier artist, with his works commanding high prices 
D. Was an important late 19th century scientist 
ANSWER: C
The discoverer of relativity was 
A. Newton 
B. Einstein 
C. Planck 
D. Galileo 
ANSWER: B
The father of psychoanalysis was 
A. Planck 
B. Freud 
C. Einstein 
D. Darwin 
ANSWER: B
Sigmund Freud argued that 
A. Human behavior is totally rational 
B. Much of human behavior was irrational, unconscious, and instinctual 
C. Children did not develop sexual conflicts 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The popularity of such late 19th and early 20th Century thinkers such as Nietzsche and Bergson indicated 
A. That scientific modes of thinking had triumphed in Europe 
B. That there was growing disenchantment with the optimistic bourgeois society of the time 
C. That male society was beginning to accept feminist ideas 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
A 19th century thinker who demonstrated great disenchantment with the optimism of the bourgeoisie of his time was 
A. Nietzsche 
B. Einstein 
C. Darwin 
D. Monet 
ANSWER: A
The late 19th -early 20th century artistic movement that led to subjective and abstract art is called 
A. Classicism 
B. Neo-Classicism 
C. Romanticism 
D. Expressionism 
ANSWER: D
The technological changes in Europe between 1870 and 1914 are sometimes called the "Second Industrial Revolution."
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
A major problem of the late 19th century was a rise in food prices, causing real wages for workers to fall.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Of the major late 19th century European cities, only Paris underwent a major rebuilding program.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Some of the most important developments in the late 19th century cities took place underground.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
By shrewd investments and strategic marriages with wealthy bourgeoisie, many of the traditional aristocracy maintained their social and economic position among the late 19th century elite.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Middle class men permitted women to practice professions, but objected to their participation in philanthropic work.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Married lower middle class women found numerous job opportunities in the late 19th century.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The ability of persons in the lower middle class to rise socially and economically tended to decrease after 1870.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Although urban workers between 1870 and 1914 tended to be better off than they were in 1850, they were still often threatened by the possibility of falling into poverty.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The families of late 19th century Europe tended to live much more of their life in public, avoiding the home.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The ideal late 19th century middle class household was managed by the woman, not by the man.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Birth control was seldom practiced in the 19th century.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Even at the end of the 19th century, there was little public discussion of sexual problems, and almost no books on the subject.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Herbert Spencer attacked Darwin's idea of evolution.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The basic originality of Darwin's idea lay not in evolution itself, but in the mechanism of "natural selection" to explain it.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The Periodic Table of elements was developed by James Clerk Maxwell.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur disagreed about the bacterial causes of disease.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
By applying the discoveries of Pasteur to surgery, Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of infection after operations.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Literary Realists of the late 19th century included Gustave Flaubert, Charles Dickens, and Leo Tolstoy.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Gustave Courbet, a French painter, was one of the founders of the Impressionist movement.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Claude Monet's painting, Impression: Sunrise, gave its name to the Impressionist movement.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Einstein's idea of relativity radically rearranged scientific concepts of space, time, and motion.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Sigmund Freud rejected the idea that much of human behavior was irrational, unconscious, and instinctive.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Nietzsche denounced not only democracy and liberalism, but also Christianity for permitting the weak and the mediocre to triumph over the strong and the creative.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
