Late 19th century European nationalism 
A. Was strongly allied with Socialism 
B. Led to the unification of Germany and Italy and threatened the stability of Austria and the Ottoman empire 
C. Led to the unification of Austria and the Ottoman Empire and threatened the stability of Germany and Italy 
D. Was confined to France only 
ANSWER: B
Camillo di Cavour was 
A. The 19th century statesman who united Italy 
B. The most important follower of Karl Marx in the 19th century 
C. The statesman at the Congress of Vienna who favored conservative, repressive governments for Europe 
D. An important Romantic music composer 
ANSWER: A
Cavour's planning for Italian unification included 
A. Suppressing Italian nationalist societies 
B. Joining the Crimean War in the hope of obtaining a French alliance against Austria 
C. Allying with Russia against Austria 
D. Supporting a socialist revolt in Italy 
ANSWER: B
During the process of Italian unification, Giuseppe Garibaldi 
A. Captured the pope and forced him to surrender Rome to Cavour 
B. Led an unsuccessful Socialist uprising against Piedmont 
C. Defended Venice for Austria against Piedmont 
D. Led an expedition that conquered Sicily and Naples and turned them over to the king of Piedmont 
ANSWER: D
Otto von Bismarck, the unifier of Germany, 
A. Was a middle-class Austrian who united Germany around Austria 
B. Was a Prussian aristocrat who united Germany around Prussia 
C. Was a German Socialist who created a German Social Democratic Republic 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The immediate occasion for Bismarck becoming Chancellor was 
A. The assassination of the Holy Roman Emperor 
B. A major political deadlock between William I of Prussia and the Prussian legislature 
C. The Revolution of 1848 in Prussia 
D. A military coup that overthrew the Prussian monarchy 
ANSWER: B
As part of his effort to unify Germany, Bismarck 
A. Arrested all the liberals in the Prussian legislature 
B. Supported socialist revolutions in Germany 
C. Waged popular and successful wars against Austria and France 
D. Acted strongly to suppress all nationalist movements and societies in Germany 
ANSWER: C
As a result of German unification 
A. Germany emerged as a powerful, populous states with a growing industrial economy 
B. A liberal, democratic state with a powerful Parliament emerged in Germany 
C. Bismarck assumed dictatorial control over a Germany impoverished by his wars 
D. France was eliminated as a European power 
ANSWER: A
The major issue that divided North and South in the United States was 
A. Whether to open diplomatic and economic relations with Japan 
B. Whether to curtail or eliminate slavery 
C. Whether to conquer Canada 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
Japan in the 19th century 
A. Repulsed all efforts by European countries and the United States to open up diplomatic relations 
B. Opened diplomatic relations with the United States only, and maintained traditional culture, rejecting all aspects of Western Civilization 
C. Changed its government and made itself into a modern, industrialized country 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
Two central and southern European states that suffered from potential disintegration because of the problems of nationalism were 
A. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire 
B. France and Denmark 
C. Germany and Belgium 
ANSWER: A
During the late 19th century, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire 
A. Changed into liberal democracies 
B. Were not subject to the divisive forces of nationalism 
C. Became the dominating powers of Europe 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The major effect of nationalism during the 19th century was 
A. To create new unified states where none had existed, such as Germany and Italy 
B. To tear apart long-established multi-ethnic states such as Austria and the Ottoman Empire 
C. To create greater internal support for established states, such as France 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Napoleon III 
A. Prohibited elections and legislatures in France 
B. Undertook policies of imperial expansion that stifled economic growth 
C. Built hospitals, nurseries, homes for the aged, and rebuilt Paris into a modern city 
D. Opposed all national unifications 
ANSWER: C
As part of an aggressive foreign policy, Napoleon III did all of the following except 
A. Bring France into the Crimean War against Russia 
B. Intervene in the Austro-Piedmont war in Italy 
C. Attempt to make a Habsburg prince Emperor of Mexico 
D. Openly intervene in the American Civil War 
ANSWER: D
Florence Nightingale gained fame 
A. For her success nursing British wounded in the Crimean War 
B. As the first female newspaper reporter, covering the Crimean War and exposing British military incompetence 
C. As the first Englishwoman to obtain a medical degree, and establishing a medical school to train female physicians 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: A
The Crimean War 
A. Saw the defeat or Russia by the Turks, British, French, and Piedmontese 
B. Saw the use of the telegraphy by newspaper correspondents, permitting newspaper readers to learn of battles, casualties, and military failures soon after these happened 
C. Saw poor sanitation cause numerous casualties, providing the opportunity for Florence Nightingale to found the modern practice of nursing 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: A
Tsar Alexander II of Russia freed Russian serfs because 
A. He was the only liberal tsar of the 19th century 
B. He was afraid that if he did not, there might be a massive uprising of peasants seeking freedom from serfdom 
C. He was forced to do so because the Polish uprising compelled him to insure enough peace in Russia that he could expend all of his forces in suppressing the revolt 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
Alexander II of Russia 
A. Succeeded in making reforms that transformed Russia into a liberal, rather than an autocratic, country 
B. Refused, like his father Nicolas I, to make any reforms at all 
C. Undertook some reforms, including the emancipation of serfs, but failed to make Russia a truly modern country, reverting to autocratic habits 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
In the 1850s nationalism proved itself to be the strongest political force in Europe, much stronger than either liberalism or conservatism.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Giuseppe Garibaldi was the Prime Minister of Piedmont who organized the unification of Italy.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
In order to unify Italy under the rule of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour undertook both liberal political and liberal industrial policies.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The kingdom of Naples was so weak that the Italian nationalist Garibaldi quickly conquered it with an army of only a thousand armed civilian adventurers.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The proposal by William I of Prussia to double the size of the army set in motion the crises that led to Bismarck's becoming Chancellor.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
As his first step towards unifying Germany Bismarck immediately declared war on Austria.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The North Germany Confederation created by Bismarck after the Austro-Prussian War had a legislature elected by universal male suffrage.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Bismarck used the Spanish offer of a throne to a member of the Hohenzollern family as an opportunity to trick France into war.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
In the enthusiasm over the Prussian victory against France, the Prussian army ransacked the palace of Louis XIV at Versailles.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
In the aftermath of the 1866 defeat by Prussia, Germans in Austria allied with the Czechs to curtail the autonomous aspirations of the Hungarians.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
In the 19th century, Russia was termed the "Sick Man of Europe." 
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Napoleon III permitted universal male suffrage during the Second Empire.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The city of Paris physically deteriorated under Napoleon III as he ignored its needs to pursue his adventurous foreign policy.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
It can be argued that the downfall of Napoleon III came about especially because of his too adventuristic foreign policy.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
In the 19th century, Russia was regarded as less conservative than Austria.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Florence Nightingale gained fame for nursing wounded soldiers in the Crimean War.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
When Alexander II of Russia decreed freedom for the serfs, he insured that they received generous amounts of land.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
