Early 19th Century Europe 
A. Saw no revolutions whatsoever 
B. Saw all states except Britain and Russia become republics 
C. Saw the rule of conservative governments, but also two waves of revolution 
D. Saw the triumph of socialism 
ANSWER: C
The Congress of Vienna 
A. Enacted legislation for all of Europe 
B. Attempted to restore a monarchical, stable, conservative Europe after the defeat of Napoleon 
C. Was a gathering of liberals opposed to the policies of Metternich 
D. Was a special session of the United States Congress held in Europe 
ANSWER: B
Perhaps the longest-lasting legacy of the Congress of Vienna was 
B. The establishment of liberal democracy everywhere in Europe except Russia 
C. Making territorial arrangements that ended nationalist conflicts 
D. Artistic support of Beethoven 
ANSWER: A
The concert of Europe, with its Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance, tried to secure the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna by 
A. Supporting liberal movements in Europe 
B. Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe 
C. Promoting industrial development 
D. Promoting the secular principles of the Enlightenment 
ANSWER: B
The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the 19th Century ideology of 
A. Liberalism 
B. Socialism 
C. Protestantism 
D. Conservatism 
ANSWER: D
The idea that government should be limited by constitutions, that voting rights should be extended, and individual freedoms promoted, were parts of the early 19th Century ideology called 
A. Socialism 
B. Catholicism 
C. Liberalism 
D. Conservatism 
ANSWER: C
The "Economic liberals' of the early 19th century 
A. Argued that governments should leave the economy alone, permitting the free market to work, and not restrict individual enterprise 
B. Paradoxically supported the repressive policies of Metternich 
C. Argued that government economic policies should be determined by a vote of the people 
D. Believed that a rise in wages was inevitable 
ANSWER: A
John Stuart Mill 
A. Rejected the Utilitarianism of Bentham as rigidly inhuman 
B. Became a prominent British Conservative politician 
C. Along with Harriet Taylor, argued that the subjection of women to men was fundamentally wrong 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
Early 19th Century nationalism 
A. Rejected the French Revolution 
B. Adopted the revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty 
C. Claimed that all of Europe was a single cultural and national unit 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
All of the following were part of 19th century nationalism except 
A. The maintenance of a uniform and unchanging devotion to political liberalism 
B. The study of folk cultures and languages as the basis of national identity 
C. The development of powerful new symbols, such as flags, to stand for national unity 
D. Nationalist scholars and politicians often declared that their nation had a special historical mission of leadership 
ANSWER: A
19th Century romanticism 
A. Rejected the emotional ideas of the German "Storm and Stress" school of literature 
B. Preferred the history and culture of Classic Greece to that of the Middle Ages 
C. Strongly upheld Enlightenment ideas of reason and order 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: D
The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the Romantic movements is 
A. Rousseau 
B. Voltaire 
C. Locke 
D. Montesquieu 
ANSWER: A
Which of the following music composers was not part of the Romantic movement? 
A. Beethoven 
B. Mozart 
C. Rossini 
D. Liszt 
ANSWER: B
19th Century Romanticism stressed 
A. A strong appreciation for nature 
B. A strong appreciation of the art and culture of the Middle Ages 
C. An emotional approach to Christianity 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
A major principle of early 19th Century Utopian Socialists was 
A. Violent revolution 
B. Voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism 
C. A strictly regimented society led by the socialist leaders 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen were part of a 19th Century movement called 
A. Romanticism 
B. Anarchism 
C. Conservatism 
D. Utopian Socialism 
ANSWER: D
The publications of Karl Marx include 
A. The Principles of Political Economy 
B. The Iron Law of Wages 
C. The Wealth of Nations 
D. The Communist Manifesto 
ANSWER: D
For Karl Marx human behavior was shaped especially by 
A. Cultural forces such as the Romantic Movement 
B. Political forces such as absolutism and constitutionalism 
C. Economic forces, such as the prevailing means of production during a given era in history, and the class struggle 
D. Military forces, such as the conquests of Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and Napoleon Bonaparte 
ANSWER: C
According to Karl Marx 
A. Industrial capitalist society would give way to a rural, agricultural socialist society 
B. Capitalists would engage in a self-destructive competition that would lead to a worker revolt and a socialist, industrial society 
C. Capitalists and workers would come to a peaceful agreement to establish a socialist society 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually dominated by the principle of 
A. Conservatism 
B. Liberalism 
C. Socialism 
D. Utopianism 
ANSWER: A
The Bourbon kings of France, restored after the defeat of Napoleon, 
A. Followed Metternich's advice and refused to call a legislature 
B. Ruled moderately under Louis XVII, permitting a legislature elected by a wealthy elite 
C. Adopted a fully liberal political and social program 
D. Were overthrown in a revolution led by Karl Marx 
ANSWER: B
The Austrian Chancellor Metternich 
A. Pursued a liberal political policy 
B. Favored a program of national self-determination to strengthen the Austrian Empire 
C. Organized repression of liberal movements through such means as the Carlsbad Decrees 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
Early 19th Century Russia 
A. Tried to restore Napoleon as Emperor of the French 
B. Remained a champion of autocracy and conservatism in the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I 
C. Saw the Tsars overthrown by the Decembrist revolt 
D. Developed a popularly elected legislature 
ANSWER: C
The Revolution of 1830 in France 
A. Was in part caused by the acts of Charles X, who reversed the moderate policies of Louis XVIII and committed himself to the ultraroyalist faction 
B. Led to a new king, Louis Philippe, and more liberal policies, but not to a republic 
C. Was called the July Revolution because it took place in that month 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described? 
A. Belgium-successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the Netherlands 
B. France-unsuccessful because Charles X managed to remain on the throne and reinstitute his reactionary policies 
C. Italy--successful because the Austrian army sent in by Metternich was defeated by Italian partisans 
D. Poland-successful because a nationalist revolution established independence and the boundaries of 1772 
ANSWER: A
The major effect of the First Reform Bill in Great Britain was 
A. To end the exploitation of the British working class 
B. To extend voting rights in Britain and end the domination of politics by a conservative landed aristocracy 
C. To abolish the House of Lords 
D. To consolidate the English revolution of 1830 that had changed the ruling dynasty 
ANSWER: B
In the aftermath of the First Reform Bill, the reformed Parliament enacted several important measures. Pick out the measure not enacted 
A. Abolition of slavery in the British colonies 
B. Prohibition of mining work by women and children 
C. Repeal of the Corn Laws, which had led to high food prices because of restrictions on imported grain 
D. Ending the Irish potato famine 
ANSWER: D
The era of the First Reform Bill in Britain 
A. Saw the triumph of the Chartist movement 
B. Saw the middle class become far more interested in reform than in revolution 
C. Saw the major problems of the working class resolved 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: B
The Revolutions of 1848 
A. Occurred in a period of economic crisis 
B. Overthrew monarchy in France 
C. Spread from France to Austria and Prussia 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
The 1848 revolution in France 
A. Took place without violence 
B. Solved the unemployment problem in Paris 
C. Created a republic 
D. Led to the triumph of a socialist policy 
ANSWER: C
The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in 
A. The demand by Hungarians for autonomy from Austria 
B. The declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from Austria 
C. The call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic Congress to be held at Prague 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
At their ephemeral peak, the 1848 revolutions in central Europe seemed wildly successful because of all of the following things happened except 
A. Pius IX reversed the strongly conservative papal tradition and supported revolutionary and republican movements 
B. Frederick William I of Prussia was compelled by riots in Berlin to promote liberal reforms and German unity 
C. The Frankfurt Assembly met and debated a plan for German unification 
D. The highly conservative Metternich was forced to flee Austria 
ANSWER: A
An important consequence of the June Days of 1848 in France was 
A. The creation of a workers' republic 
B. The rejection of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's bid for the French presidency 
C. A major cleavage between radical urban Paris and conservative rural France that would long complicate French politics 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: C
For all their promising beginnings the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the following reasons except 
A. The alliance between liberals, radicals, and socialists was one of convenience and broke down when these groups gained power 
B. Nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush revolutionary movements 
C. The strength of conservatism was underestimated; the working class of Central Europe was weak, ultimately weaker than conservative forces 
D. Forces of order never lost control of their armies, which they used to crush revolutionary forces 
ANSWER: B
The most influential figure at the Congress of Vienna was Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
One of the greatest benefits of the Congress of Vienna was that its settlement contributed strongly to the absence of a general European war for almost a century.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
19th century conservatives rejected the principles of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Conservatives such as de Maistre and de Bonald held that although human beings were more good than wicked, they had been corrupted by Enlightenment principles, making authoritarian government necessary.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Early 19th century liberals demanded representative institutions and extended voting rights, but stopped short of universal male suffrage.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Liberal economists such as Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo argued that population growth would lead to even greater economic prosperity.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
John Stuart Mill was a strong 19th century advocate for equal rights for women.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Some types of nationalism should be describes as "cultural," developing the idea of a people united by a common linguistic but not a common political tradition.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
At various times nationalists allied with liberals, then with conservatives.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The origins of Romanticism can be traced back to Voltaire.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Many Romantic Authors became fascinated with the Middle Ages.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Victor Hugo and Sir Walter Scott are good examples of conservative and liberal Romanticism respectively.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
A major characteristic of "Utopian Socialists" was their rejection of the idea of competition and their preference for self-sufficient communities away from the great cities.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Marx believed that the history of society was a history of class conflict.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Marx's socialism had little appeal for intellectuals.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Under the restored Bourbon monarchy in France after 1815, the country had no legislature because the kings tried to restore every aspect of the old regime.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The Carlsbad Decrees brought freedom of the press to Central Europe.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
In spite of the anti-nationalistic policies of Prussia after 1815, the customs union, or zollverein, helped pave the way for German national unification.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Nicholas I of Russia continued the reform ideas of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The Reform Bill of 1832 brought about universal male suffrage in Britain.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The Reform Bill of 1832 created a more representative Parliament that abolished slavery and reduced the exploitation of men and women in factories.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Worker dissatisfaction in Britain led to the successful Chartist movement and the establishment of universal male suffrage in 1848.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Refusal by Louis Philippe to extend suffrage was an important cause of the French revolution of 1848.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The Frankfurt Assembly tried to unify Germany by offering the crown of a united Germany to Austria.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Although elected by universal male suffrage, the French Constitutional Assembly of 1848 was hostile to the radicalism of Parisian workers.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Hungarians secured autonomy within the Austrian Empire by defeating the Russian forces sent to crush them.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Splits between liberals and radicals and between liberals and nationalists were important reasons for the failure of the 1848 revolutions.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
