Eighteenth Century Europe 
A. Saw European rulers reject the idea of the Enlightenment 
B. Because of the Enlightenment, saw no religious movements of any significance 
C. Saw important changes in agriculture that increased crop production 
D. Saw the decline of the African slave trade 
ANSWER: C
After Peter the Great, Russia faced the problem of 
A. Rule by infant, youthful, and mentally unstable rulers 
B. A major revolt by the nobility ending Russian autocracy 
C. Serious loss of territory to Poland and the Ottoman Empire 
D. A belated religious Reformation 
ANSWER: A
The most important successor of Peter the Great in Russia was 
A. Catharine the Great 
B. Frederick the Great 
C. Charles the Great 
D. Ivan the Great 
ANSWER: A
Catherine the Great of Russia did all of the following. Which one was not in accord with Enlightenment principles? 
A. She called for a legislative Commission to suggest reforms and gave them an Instruction, or guideline, based on the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria 
B. She invited Diderot, editor of the Encyclopdie, to St. Petersburg 
C. She corresponded with Voltaire 
D. She waged a successful war against the Ottoman Turks 
ANSWER: D
Catherine the Great of Russia did all of the following. Which one was consistent with Enlightenment principles? 
A. She suppressed a peasant revolt led by Pugachev 
B. She conspired with aristocratic officers to seize the throne of Russia for herself 
C. She relaxed press censorship and confiscated church lands 
D. She participated in the Partitions of Poland, taking the largest share 
ANSWER: C
Poland was partitioned because 
A. Poland was faced with a weak central government, a lack of defensible frontiers, and the powerful neighboring states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia 
B. Poland was invaded by the Ottoman Turks, the Mongols, and Hungary, who divided the country among them 
C. A major peasant revolt led the peasant leaders to desire to be a part of some other country 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: A
Prussia under Frederick William I was characterized by 
A. The dismantling of his father's large army 
B. The devotion by the king to raise and drill a large army 
C. A major war against France 
D. The ending of serfdom in Prussia 
ANSWER: B
Austria in the early 18th Century 
A. Had the strongest army in Europe 
B. Faced potential problems because of the succession of Maria Theresa, for the precedents for a female succession were weak 
C. Achieved full control of the Holy Roman Empire, turning all of Germany into an absolute monarchy 
D. Conquered Prussia and deposed Frederick the Great 
ANSWER: B
The two major wars between Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria were 
A. The Seven Years' War and the Hundred Years' War 
B. The Thirty Years' War and the Wars of Religion 
C. The War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War 
D. The Persian War and the Punic War 
ANSWER: C
The ruler who precipitated the mid-century wars-of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War was 
A. Frederick the Great of Prussia because of his invasion of Silesia 
B. Maria Theresa of Austria, by her invasion of Poland 
C. The Ottoman Sultan, by his invasion of Italy 
D. Peter the Great of Russia, by his invasion of France 
ANSWER: A
The Diplomatic Revolution 
A. Was an unexpected alliance of Austrian and Prussia to resolve the Silesian issue through an annexation of Poland 
B. Was an alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Turks to partition some independent Moslem principalities between them.
C. Was an unlikely alliance of France and England to take advantage of the situation in central Europe caused by the Thirty Years' War 
D. Occurred because Maria Theresa sought new allies in an effort to retake Silesia from Frederick the Great of Prussia 
ANSWER: D
The major geopolitical result of the Wars of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War combined was 
A. Prussia and Russia were confirmed as major European powers 
B. Austria disappeared from the European map 
C. Britain emerged as a major continental European power 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: A
Eighteenth century warfare 
A. Tended to neglect navies and the European colonies 
B. Neglected sieges in favor of all-out battles 
C. Was waged by professional armies whose organization reflected the centralized bureaucratic governments they served 
D. Was waged by armies of disorganized, ill-trained volunteers and only succeeded in devastating the countryside without achieving important political results 
ANSWER: C
The 18th Century colonial world 
A. Saw Spain lose most of its colonies to Holland 
B. Saw Portugal become the dominant colonial power 
C. Saw Russia, Prussia, and the Ottoman Turks become important American colonial rivals 
D. Saw France and England become the chief colonial rivals because of the decline of the other colonial powers 
ANSWER: D
The reign of Louis XV of France 
A. Was marked by numerous tax and revenue problems 
B. Saw no wars of any consequence 
C. Clearly illustrated the idea of and effectiveness of Enlightened Absolutism 
D. Saw France become the dominating military power of Europe 
ANSWER: A
The Whigs and the Tories 
A. Were rival French political factions 
B. Were two quarreling religious sects whose rivalry dated back to the Reformation 
C. Were the major proponents and opponents of the Enlightenment, respectively 
D. Were rival English political factions, each striving to control Parliament 
ANSWER: D
The dominating political institution of England in the 18th century was 
A. The Estates General 
B. The Continental Congress 
C. The Senate 
D. The House of Commons 
ANSWER: D
The British government in the 18th century is generally regarded as successful because 
A. A method was found-the cabinet system-to insure that the king and the Parliament worked together 
B. Parliament at last succeeded in its goal of deposing the king and establishing a republic 
C. The king and a small group of ministers succeeded in abolishing Parliament 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: A
During the 18th century, a large part of colonial commerce was based on 
A. The slave trade 
B. The wool trade 
C. The iron trade 
D. The steel trade 
ANSWER: A
The major destination for the victims of the African slave trade was 
A. Virginia 
B. South Carolina 
C. Mexico 
D. Brazil and the West Indies 
ANSWER: D
The African slave trade in the 18th Century 
A. Increased because of the demand for slave labor to produce such crops as sugar, tobacco, coffee, and rice 
B. Tended to decline from the 17th Century 
C. Had little impact on the politics and society of Africa 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: A
The demand for sugar and other agricultural products of the New World 
A. Started slavery in Africa, which until then had been free of the problem 
B. Shifted the major direction of already existing African slave trade from towards the Middle East to towards the Americas 
C. Had virtually no effect on African society 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
World War I occurred in the 20th century; nonetheless, some historians like to claim that the wars of the 18th century were truly world wars because 
A. They were wars of Christian Europe against the Islamic world 
B. China and Japan were deeply involved in 18th Century wars.
C. The wars, though primarily among European countries, saw battles in Europe, the Americas, and Asia 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
Enlightened Absolutism 
A. Refers to the political ideas of Rousseau 
B. Refers to the monarchy of Louis XIV in the 17th Century 
C. Is the idea argued by some historians that several late 18th Century monarchs tried to undertake reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
The area in which Frederick the Great cannot be called an "Enlightened Absolutist" is 
A. His correspondence with French intellectuals 
B. His phrase "I am the first servant of the state" 
C. His refusal to alleviate the burdens of Prussian serfs 
D. His proclamation of religious toleration 
ANSWER: C
Although Joseph II undertook reforms where Frederick the Great feared to tread-such as freedom for serfs and greater toleration of Jews-he ultimately failed because 
A. He was overthrown as part of the French Revolution 
B. His chief minister, the Cardinal Richelieu, sabotaged his reforms 
C. He did not really believe in his reforms, and failed to push them hard enough 
D. His reforms were often ill-conceived and autocratically imposed, not only alienating the powerful, but even those whom the reforms were supposed to help 
ANSWER: D
Overall, it can be said of the Enlightened absolutists 
A. That they dramatically changed the social and political structures of the countries that they ruled 
B. That they advanced to some degree the Enlightenment program of religious toleration and more humane social and governmental institutions, though still continuing their pursuit of military power 
C. That they never made any serious attempt to change anything, accomplishing nothing of merit 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The "Agricultural Revolution" of the 18th Century meant 
A. That a series of massive peasant revolts overthrew several monarchies 
B. That major changes occurred in the way land was plowed, and corps planted, leading to a major increase in food production 
C. That Enlightened absolutists succeeded in abolishing serfdom in their dominions, ruining the nobility 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: B
An important part of the new agricultural methods in Great Britain was 
A. An imposition of serfdom based on the pattern of Eastern Europe 
B. The development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process and the loss of land by the smaller farmers 
C. A massive flocking to the land by the inhabitants of the cities 
D. The division of large blocks of land into long, narrow strips, with a three-year crop rotation 
ANSWER: B
The triumph of market-oriented landowners in 18th century Britain meant 
A. Control over larger tracts of land to introduce new crops 
B. That the landowners either reserved only a small part of the land for their own needs of bought their food elsewhere 
C. That many small, independent landowners lost their land and the social status that went with it 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
"Cottage industry" developed because 
A. 18th century towns lost population 
B. The end of serfdom in Great Britain 
C. The growing rural labor supply, which would work for lower wages than townsmen 
D. The British Parliament forbad industry in towns 
ANSWER: C
Cottage industry 
A. Increased considerably during the late 17th and early 18th centuries 
B. Was often a cloth industry, but many other items were also manufactured this way 
C. Often involved the entire family, including the children, in the work 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Population growth during the 18th century 
A. Helps explain the political strength of France, Britain, and Russia 
B. Was partially caused by the availability of more and better food 
C. Was aided by better urban sanitation practice 
D. All of the above 
ANSWER: D
Among the unpleasant effects of population growth in the 18th century was 
A. A collapse of food prices that ruined the peasants 
B. The abandonment of overcrowded cities by the desperately poor 
C. A surplus of workers and deepening misery for the poor 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: C
The urban middle class--the bourgeoisie--of the 18th century 
A. Probably gained the most from the improved commerce, industry, and agriculture of the century 
B. Found themselves crushed economically by the aristocracy 
C. Formed close relationships with other orders and fought the aristocracy 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: A
An important contrast between the 18th century novel and 18th century art and architecture was 
A. Novels tended to be set in the Middle Ages while paintings depicted current events 
B. Novels tended to reflect middle class tastes while painting concerned mostly but not exclusively the aristocracy 
C. Almost all serious novels were written by French women, while the best painters were German 
D. None of the above 
ANSWER: B
The two major music styles of the 18th century were 
A. Renaissance and Romantic 
B. Baroque and Classical 
C. Rock and Jazz 
D. Greek and Roman 
ANSWER: B
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 
A. Was a major 18th century painter 
B. Was an important Enlightenment religious skeptic 
C. Was an important 18th Century English novelist 
D. Was a great musical composer who helped establish classical music 
ANSWER: D
Lower class culture in the 18th century 
A. Was rigorously suppressed by the absolutist state 
B. Included festivals, some forms of literature, music, dancing, and a good deal of drinking 
C. Became increasingly irreligious as a result of the enlightenment 
D. Became advocates of revolution in all European countries 
ANSWER: B
Religious movements in the 18th Century 
A. Were virtually nonexistent because of the Enlightenment 
B. Culminated in the Council of Trent 
C. Included German Pietism, Methodism in England, Jansenism in France, and Hasidic Judaism in Poland 
D. All denounced the current social order 
ANSWER: C
American independence 
A. Was urged by many Enlightenment thinkers 
B. Was caused in part by a British commercial and tax policy designed to tighten British control over the colonies 
C. Was achieved in spite of the French joining the British to suppress it 
D. Was caused in part by the British attempt to govern the colonies by the principles of Enlightened Absolutism 
ANSWER: B
In eighteenth century Russia, the nobility regained some of the authority they had lost under Peter the Great but still maintained strong control over their serfs.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Catherine the Great's interest in the Enlightenment led to much greater freedom for the Russian peasants.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
At the beginning of the 18th century, Poland, which ceased to exist in the course of that period, was actually in area the third largest country in Europe.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Under Frederick William I, seventy percent of the Prussian state budget went to the army.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The Diplomatic Revolution astounded Europe because of its alliance of two apparently mortal enemies-Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Louis XV ran a more efficient French government than his predecessor, Louis XIV.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
George I and George II preferred Whigs to Tories because some of the latter had favored the cause of the exiled Stuarts.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Most victims of the African slave trade were sent to Virginia and South Carolina.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
As part of his philosophy as an Enlightened absolutist, Frederick the Great abolished serfdom in Prussia.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Joseph II's Enlightened reform failed because his autocratic behavior antagonized not only the powerful, but even the peasants.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Traditional European agriculture never left any cultivatable land unplanted.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The "putting-out" system of manufacturing attracted rural people to urban jobs.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
In spite of the overall growth of prosperity in the 18th century, the growth of population often meant increasing misery for the poor.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The novels of Samuel Richardson avoided sexual references.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Both Antoine Watteau and Jean-Baptiste Greuze depicted aristocratic rather then bourgeois life in their paintings.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
Johann Sebastian Bach and George Fridrich Handel were the two greatest practitioners of the Baroque style of music.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Popular literature was almost nonexistent, owing to widespread illiteracy.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: B
The term Methodist, given to John Wesley and his religious followers, was originally a derisive, insulting term.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
The debts occurred by Britain to defeat France in North America were an important, though not the sole, reason for the Stamp Tax.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
Many Europeans saw the American Revolution as a victory for Enlightenment ideas.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: A
