SOC 206 Telecourse Final Exam - Spring 2006


1. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Thomas Malthus' theories?
 Malthus argued that population size normally increases more rapidly than the food and energy resources necessary to support the population.
 Malthus argued that population growth occurs geometrically while food supplies only increase arithmetically
 Malthus' argument has been proven correct by history, with current population growth far outstripping our ability to feed the population
 Malthus' predictions have been shown incorrect by history, with people limiting reproduction and technologies and modern institutions expanding resources rapidly enough to keep up with population growth
 

2. The number of births occurring during a year in a given population divided by the midyear population is known as
 the Malthusian thesis
 the basic demographic equation
 the crude birth rate
 the crude death rate
 the crude population growth rate
 

3. The demographic transition refers to
 the change from hunting and gathering societies to modern industrial societies
 changes in the numbers of female children born in postmodern societies
 the switch from predominantly rural to urban populations
 set of major changes in birth and death rates that occurred in urban industrial nations in the last 200 years.
 

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the demographic transition?
 A high growth potential stage, characterized by high death rates, low life expectancy, high fertility rates, and low rates of population increase
 A transitional growth stage , characterized by decreasing mortality rates, and continuing high rates of fertility
 An incipient decline stage, characterized by decreasing rates of mortality and fertility, with low or even negative rates of increase
 A population shrinkage stage, characterized by returning high rates of mortality, low rates of fertility, and high rates of population decrease
 

5. The urban revolution refers to
 social and political revolutions that centered in urban areas
 the high rates of crime and racial conflict that exists within many urban areas
 the increasing tendency of people throughout the world to live in cities
 All of the above
 None of the above
 

6. Urbanization
 contributes to lower birth rates, due to the limitations of living space and the need to postpone marriage until newcomers have found jobs
 often doesn't produce lower birth rates in less developed countries in Asia and Africa due to the availability of better health care in cities
 tends to promote higher birthrates across the world as urban dwellers make more money than rural dwellers, and can afford more children
 All of the above
 A and B, only
 

7. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Kornblum says held back the growth of cities until recent times?
 Farming methods didn't produce enough surplus food to feed many cities dwellers
 Transportation methods were too inefficient to transport necessary goods to cities
 Technology was inadequate to transport water to cities in sufficient quanities
 A lack of scientific medicine made urban living too dangerous and deadly
 Traditional religions commonly believed that evil spirits dwelled in urban areas
 

8. Which of the following is NOT one of the 'push factors' that encourage rural residents to migrate to cities?
 Chain migration
 Overpopulation
 Lack of opportunity to obtain farmland
 Lack of year-round demand for agricultural labor
 

9. Chain migration tends to lead to
 a great diversity of immigrants, spread throughout cities
 the formation of small, homogenous communities within cities
 high crude death rates in rural areas
 low population growth rates in urban areas
 

10. Park and Burgess' concentric-zone theory of urban development argued that
 cities tend to grow up around a central business district
 new immigrants tend to become concentrated in segregated areas within inner-city areas
 once settled in the inner city, immigrants rarely are able to move to desegregated areas outside the inner city
 All of the above
 A and B, only
 

11. Park and Burgess' theory is said to be limited by some critics by
 focusing on the commercial and industrial cities of North America, but less able to explain non-North American cities
 failing to explain other patterns of urbanization, including the rise of satellite cities and commercial transportation corridors
 promoting white flight from cities
 All of the above
 Both A and B, but not C, above
 

12. Gary, IN; River Rouge, MI; Forth Worth, TX; and Tyson Corners, VA; are all examples of
 megalopolises
 central cities
 satellite cities
 strip development
 transportation corriders
 

13. The tendency for outlying areas of metropolitan areas to grow, even becoming more important than central cities, is known as
 the concurrent-zone thesis
 the concentric-zone model of development
 urbanization
 decentralization
 the demographic transition
 

14. Which of the following is NOT true regarding strip development?
 It refers to urban development that tends to grow up around strip joints and other sex industry businesses
 It's a pattern of urban development that develops along a strip of roads
 It explains how smaller communities and towns become incorporated into larger metropolitan areas
 It tends to go through an 'automobile convenient' stage where roads are widened, by-pass roads are created, and drive in businesses grow up
 None of the above; ALL are TRUE
 

15. Large multinuclear urban systems, with large populations and systems of several cities (e.g. the Northeastern states) are known as
 megalopolises
 central cities
 behemoths
 megacities
 gigacities
 

16. The phenomena where outlying areas of cities become more important at the expense of their central city is known as
 strip development
 megalopolis
 decentralization
 urbanization
 concentric-zone development
 

17. According to the video, the --------------, introduced about 1950, has become an integral part of suburban life.
 office building
 shopping mall
 park complex
 residential center
 

18. According to the video, the growth of the suburbs in cities across the U.S. occurred as a result of 
 new rapid transit systems (e.g. trains)
 light rail express systems
 intra and interstate highway systems
 a 'return to the land' movement (a.k.a. 'traditional gentrificationism')
 all of the above
 


19. Which of the following is NOT an example of individuals helping to bring about social change?
 People working to improve their self image
 People working for equality in South Africa
 People working as volunteers to upgrade housing
 People working in the environmental movement
 

20. Social change that results from forces building within a society is responding to
 endogenous forces
 exogamous forces
 homogenous forces
 heterogeneous forces
 

21. Which of the following is an example of an exogenous force for social change?
 The effects of the Supreme Court striking down the 'separate but equal' doctrine
 The effects of the institutionalization of medical insurance on medical care
 The effects of U.S. foreign-aid policies on less developed countries
 The effects of mass production of the automobile on public transportation
 

22. Which of the following terms includes each of the others?
 Urbanization
 Modernization
 Industrialization
 Bureaucratization
 

23. Kornblum concludes that social change
 is more often than not positive or 'progressive' development
 is more often than not negative or 'regressive' development
 is by definition perfectly balanced between positive and negative consequences, since society is a "zero-sum game" where when someone wins, someone else loses
 often causes both positive change and negative results and disruption, but no one can say for sure whether it's on balance positive or negative
 

24. The term "modernization" should be used cautiously because
 implications that life in modern societies is better or more satisfactory than life in developing nations may be inaccurate.
 sociology has only recently begun to use the term and it is yet to be defined properly.
 modern societies are in a better position to care for themselves than are developing nations.
 measures of modernization are still in the developmental stage
 

25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modernization process?
 Change from subsistence farming toward the commercial production of agricultural goods
 Transition from the use of human and animal power toward industrialization
 Tendency toward the formation of urban concentrations
 Trend toward a more humane and satisfactory way of life
 

26. ----------- occurs when one of two parts of culture, both of which are correlated with each other, change before, or in greater degree than, the other part does, thereby causing less adjustment between the two parts than existed previously.
 Postmodernism
 Social Change
 Cultural lag
 Cultural lead
 

27. ------------ argues that science, rationality, and all the 'isms' of the modern world (e.g. capitalism, socialism, behaviorism) deprive human lives of spirituality, mystery, myth, and diversity of expression.
 Postmodernism
 Evolutionism
 Conflict theory
 Functionalism
 

28. Which of the following is NOT an example of an antimodernist social movement?
 Fundamentalist religious movement in Islamic countries
 Conservative groups working for a return to traditional values
 The Civil Rights movement
 Radical groups advocating a return to self-sufficient communities
 

29. Andre Gunder Frank argues that the development of one-crop economies in many parts of Central and Latin America
 transforms peasantry into a class of landless laborers.
 results in affluence, but also undermines family ties.
 represents the first stage of industrialization.
 accelerates the process of modernization.
 

30. Consider the following scenario: El Salvador and Nicaragua supply the United States and Japan with basic natural resources and labor but have not developed an industrial base of their own. 

In Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory, El Salvador and Nicargua would be classified as
 developing nations.
 peripheral areas.
 core nations.
 semiperipheral areas.
 

31. Modern evolutionary theorists refer to earlier models of social evolution as
 bilinear.
 monolinear.
 multilinear.
 unilinear.
 

32. Pitrim Sorokin argues that social change originates in a society's culture, which alternates between ideational and ------------- orientations.
 materialistic
 pleasurable
 sensate
 idealistic
 

33. Consider the following scenario: Ralph believes that the basic nature of all societies is to maintain a balance among the various parts. Every time a change does occur, society's institutions respond by restoring the balance and allowing things to operate smoothly, allowing the society to return to equilibrium. 

Ralph's view is an example of the ----------------- theory of social change.
 conflict
 interactionist
 cyclical
 functionalist
 

34. According to Karl Marx, "the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of
 evolution."
 class struggle."
 homeostasis."
 consensus."
 

35. From a functionalist perspective, social change occurs as a result of such factors as
 population growth and changes in technology.
 improvements in the means of production.
 fluctuations between sensate and ideational periods in a culture's history.
 the rising up of previously oppressed segments of the population.
 

36. The technical sociological term for people born in the same time period is
 age group
 cohort
 generation
 legion
 

37. Which of the following segments of the U.S. population were NOT identified as a benefactor of World War II in the video?
 African Americans
 Women
 White men
 None of the above, since ALL benefitted.
 

38. According to George Ritzer in the the video lesson, the U.S. has changed from a country defined by -------------, to one defined by ------------.
 consumption; production
 production; pleasure-seeking
 production; consumption
 consumption; spending
 


39. Collective behavior refers to
 any behavior among people in groups.
 unusual or non-routine behaviors engaged in by large numbers of people.
 regularized interactions and behavior occurring among people in routine social relationships.
 response of primary groups to events occurring in secondary groups.
 

40. Which of the following is NOT an example of collective behavior?
 Bureaucracies
 Crowds
 Panics
 Riots
 

41. Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Lofland's typology of spontaneous collective behaviors?
 Collective behavior occurs in two kinds of settings: crowds and masses.
 Collective behavior is driven by three kinds of basic emotions: fear, hostility, and jealousy.
 Lynch mobs are an example of a collective behavior by a crowd driven by hostility.
 The Salem witch hunts is an example of a collective behavior by a mass driven by fear.
 

42. Which of the following is NOT true of social movements?
 They are intentional efforts by groups in a society to create new institutions or reform existing ones.
 They can resist change.
 They have brought about far-reaching changes in social institutions.
 They usually begin within bureaucracies as a response to pressures from organized interest groups.
 

43. Which of the following is NOT part of Gustave LeBon's explanation of strikes, riots, and other crowd behavior?
 They were led by agitators and despots
 The members were caught up in a mob mentality
 They were becoming more common because recent immigrants to cities were cut off from the traditional village social institutions, creating a mass of strangers, who were easily (mis)led and caught up in the crowd
 None of the above; ALL are part of LeBon's theory.
 

44. An example of the way demands of social movements are institutionalized can be seen in the
 division of labor of bureaucracies.
 jailing of streakers.
 right to join unions and to bargain collectively.
 pleadings of a defense attorney for his or her client.
 

45. The punk movement is an example of what type of social movement?
 Expressive
 Reactionary
 Reformist
 Revolutionary
 

46. A movement that seeks partial changes in some institutions and values, usually on behalf of some segments of society, is what type of social movement?
 Revolutionary
 Expressive
 Reformist
 Reactionary
 

47. Revolutions that sweep away the old order and bring about basic changes in social stratification, culture, and productive capacities are known as
 reformist revolutions.
 political revolutions.
 expressive revolutions.
 social revolutions.
 

48. According to Theda Skocpol, the American Revolution is an example of a
 reformist revolution.
 political revolution.
 expressive revolution.
 social revolution.
 

49. According to Theda Skocpol, the outcomes of social revolutions depend primarily on
 the goals of its leaders
 the ideology of its proponents
 the kinds of coalitions formed among revolutionary parties and larger social classes
 the forms of opposition it runs into
 

50. Which of the following is NOT part of Marx's expectations for why capitalism would inevitably lead to a socialist revolution.
 The whole world would become capitalist, and would be dominated by capitalist monopolies.
 Workers and people in colonized countries would rebel in mass social movements and revolutions
 A new classless society would be created in which the workers would own the means of production
 None of the above (since all were part of Marx's expectations)
 

51. According to relative deprivation theory, social revolutions (e.g. the French Revolution) occur when economic conditions are in a
 severe decline, because people tend to rebel when their objective conditions worsen.
 period of rapid growth, when some people judge their conditions to be worse compared to others.
 stable period, when people think that change won't upset the economy too much.
 None of the above, since revolutions can occur anytime any people feel deprived.
 

52. Sidney Tarrow theorized that waves of protest that arise in society are often due to
 boredom
 frustration
 major social shocks
 social inequality
 

53. The institutionalization of a movement, as well as the eventual recruitment of new charismatic leaders, are examples of
 subversion.
 resistance.
 repression.
 co-optation.
 

54. "Sets of beliefs and interpretations of events that inspire and justify social movements" (e.g. Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto and Mao's 'Little Red Book') is the definition for
 collective action frames
 ideologies
 manifestos
 charismatic literature
 

55. A ---------- leader appears to possess extraordinary 'gifts of the body and spirit' that mark him or her as specially chosen to lead.
 revolutionary
 spiritual
 charismatic
 militant
 

56. Some sociologists argue that when social movements become successful and institutionalized in society, their former leaders tend to become part of the system they had opposed. This is called
 social movement metamorphosis
 indoctrination
 co-optation
 the free-rider problem
 

57. The public sphere of social activity comprising of nongovernmental, nonbusiness groups and organizations is called
 civil society
 the private sphere
 social movements
 anarchy
 

58. The free-rider problem refers to
 the tendency of many people to offer their support for movements, but not their resources (they're cheap)
 the tendency of many people to offer their resources for movements, but not their support (they do so only out of guilt)
 the tendency of many people to not lend their support or resources to a social movement, but to reap the rewards anyway
 the problem buses and trains have in making sure all riders pay their fare
 

59. Large populations (regional or national) of potential spectators or participants who engage in collective behavior are called
 collective behavior
 mass publics
 crowds
 mobs
 

60. William Gamson's research on the origins of celebrity concluded that it
 is rooted in the celebrity's charisma
 is manufactured by the entertainment industry, just like any other product
 is a result of American's narcissism
 occurs naturally, and thus can't be explained by sociologists
 

61. According to the video, the Civil Rights Movement is an example of a 
 revolutionary
 reformist
 conservative
 reactionary
 

62. According to Victor Ayala in the video lesson, sociologists 
 should never become personally involved in social issues, so that they can remain neutral and scientific
 should encourage their students to become socially involved, but should never do so themselves
 should become socially involved themselves, but should never encourage their students to do so
 have a social responsibility to promote social change
 
 
 
    

Test Pilot (4.4.3) is Copyright (c)2003, The McGraw Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.
