SOC 205 Classroom-based Final Exam - Winter 2006


1. Biologically speaking, most scientists argue there are races within the human population.
 29
 13
 5
 3
 1
 

2. Irish Americans, Croatian Americans, and French Canadians are examples of
 racial groups
 ethnic groups
 castes
 nativists
 

3. Omi and Winant refer to society's continuous creation and transformation of racial categories as:
 racial formation
 racial miscegenation
 racial bifurcation
 racial cloning
 racial deformation
 

4. Ethnic groups are rooted in a number of commonalties. Which of the following is NOT one of the bases of ethnic groups?
 A common language
 A common culture
 A common political ideology
 A common national origin
 A common religion
 

5. According to Eitzen and Zinn, to understand race relations in the U.S. today, you need to realize that the most important difference between majority and minority racial groups is
 the minority group is smaller than the majority group
 the minority group is subordinated by the majority group
 the minority group is less politically organized than the majority group
 the minority group is more culturally diverse than the majority group
 

6. According to the 2000 Census data handed out in class, White - Non-Hispanics constitute ------- of the U.S. population.
 less than 30%
 30 - 39 %
 40 - 49%
 50 - 59%
 more than 60%
 

7. African Americans are approximately ------- percent of the U.S. population today.
 33
 27
 19
 12
 7
 

8. The median household wealth owned by African American and Latino families in 1995 was approximately
 $148,000
 $42,000
 $5,000
 $0
 less than $0
 


10. Eitzen and Zinn argue that Latinos (a.k.a. Hispanics)
 have a diverse history, and no single, coherent community today
 will soon become the nation's largest minority group
 have no history of oppression in the U.S.
 are primarily comprised of Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and South Americans
 Both A and B
 

11. When Chinese Americans began to immigrate into the United States during the 1870s and 1880s
 they were met with open arms, since unemployment rates were low and their labor was necessary
 hostility against the Chinese was so intense, that a law was passed to prohibit any further migration by Chinese to the U.S.
 they were forced to obtain photo identification cards
 they initially ran into prejudices, but when they worked their way into middle class jobs, were accepted by the dominant population
 

12. Which of the following is FALSE, regarding Native Americans?
 Tribes located in the U.S. were and are extremely heterogeneous
 They constitute approximately 1 percent of the U.S. population today.
 They have the lowest average life expectancies, income, employment, and education of all racial groups in the U.S.
 Despite continued problems, Native Americans are beginning to see progress, with the development of a small Indian middle-class, business ownership, and development of good jobs on some reservations
 NONE of the above, since all of the above are true.
 

13. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the 2000 census data?
 African Americans are the largest minority group in the U.S.
 Latinos will soon outnumber African Americans
 Asian Americans are growing at the fastest rate (percentage) of all racial groups in the U.S.
 The Native American population is rapidly decreasing, and may soon disappear
 

14. Biological deficiency theories of racial inequality argue that
 economic opportunities affect groups in different ways
 ethnic groups have different lifestyles that keep some groups in secondary status
 racial groups differ in innate intelligence
 many members of racial minorities have more defective genes than whites do
 

15. Biological deficiency theories of racial inequality are most commonly put forth by
 liberals and moderates.
 conservatives, reactionaries, and racists.
 radicals and socialists.
 anti-racists.
 

16. Which of the following is FALSE?
 Gunnar Myrdal argues that racial inequality is largely due to a vicious cycle, where inequality leads to prejudice, which leads to discrimination, which leads to continued inequality
 David Wellman argues that racial inequality is largely rooted in 'rational discrimination', where people discriminate because its in their interest to do so, not because they are prejudiced
 Adorno argues that racial prejudices are rooted in psychological tendencies including authoritarians whose roots can be traced to the class structure of capitalism
 Bias theories of racial inequality are most commonly argued by political conservatives
 

17. Neo-Marxist theories of racial inequality argue that racial inequality is rooted primarily in
 prejudice against minorities.
 class inequality and capitalism.
 national liberation struggles.
 internal colonialism.
 control over cultural resources.
 

18. Which of the following racial groups primarily experienced the 'relations of mediation' (a.k.a. 'middleman minorities') in the U.S.?
 African Americans
 Jewish Americans
 Latinos/Hispanic Americans
 Native Americans
 BOTH A and B
 

19. Groups that are excluded from the working class when capitalism develops, due to capitalists' lack of need of their labor or inability to turn them into workers, typically suffer from the
 relations of mediation
 relations of superexploitation
 relations of national liberation
 relations of exclusion
 relations of assimilation
 

20. Typically, races experiencing the ------- suffer the worst abuses (e.g. genocide and being placed on reservations).
 relations of mediation
 relations of superexploitation
 relations of national liberation
 relations of exclusion
 relations of assimilation
 

21. Conflict theorists would argue that racism exists because
 those in power benefit from racist practices
 racial minorities need to assimilate and until they do, racism will exist
 racial minorities have developed a separate value system as a mechanism to fight the majority society
 all of the above
 none of the above
 

22. Which of the following is NOT part of William Wilson's explanation for why Blacks living in the inner city continue to suffer from high rates of poverty?
 A shortage of marriageable men, due to male joblessness
 A poor work ethic and a decline of sexual morality
 Middle-class (professional) Blacks have increasingly moved to the suburbs, leaving cities depleted of its middle class
 Black women are disproportionately divorced and responsible for their children, due to economic conditions in the inner city
 

23. Negative attitudes toward a minority or its individual members is the definition for 
 assimilation
 prejudice
 discrimination
 racism
 

24. A bank's decision to forbid loans to areas of a town they think are bad credit risks and that happen to be disproportionately inhabited by Blacks and Latinos, is an example of
 individual discrimination
 group discrimination
 institutional discrimination
 prejudice
 



26. According to Eitzen and Zinn, racial intolerance in the U.S. has recently
 declined, due to increased educational levels among all groups
 declined because unemployment has increased and people tend to coalesce during a crisis
 increased, particularly on college campuses
 remained the same, but become less violent
 

27. According to Eitzen and Zinn, the most comprehensive and accurate explanation of why men are more aggressive than women is that the difference is due to:
 hormonal differences, particularly in levels of testosterone
 the ways in which societies encourage gender specific behavior
 the historical tradition that men tend to be more assertive, while women have usually been more passive
 biological differences, as evidenced in laboratory experiments with animals
 

28. ------- is a biological term; ------- is a cultural term
 Gender; sex
 Sex; gender
 Masculine; feminine
 Chromosome; genotype
 

29. Evidence that gender differences are largely social, not biological, in origin, include all but which of the following?
 Gender differences vary from culture to culture
 Gender differences vary over time within cultures and societies
 Gender differences vary between and among groups of women and men, depending on class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality
 Gender differences vary over the course of all women's and men's lives
 None of the above; ALL are evidence that gender differences are largely social
 

30. Which subsistence activity has been most exclusively performed by females?
 Hunting
 Milking
 Fuel gathering
 Pottery making
 Preparing vegetables
 



32. Beliefs, values, and cultural meanings that give higher value and prestige to masculinity than to femininity, that value men over women, and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources, is called
 feminism
 male dominance
 gender segregation
 compulsory heterosexuality
 gender polarity
 

33. The idea that many women's occupations need to have their wages raised so that they are paid similarly to jobs dominated by men that require equivalent skills, responsibility, and effort is known as
 pay equity
 the right to work
 workfare
 job parity
 

34. ------- policies are designed to bring the pay levels of women into closer alignment with those of men.
 Hiring quota
 Feminist
 Comparable worth
 Hiring preference
 

35. The system of sexuality that imposes negative sanctions on those who are homosexual or bisexual is called
 homophobia
 sexual harassment
 compulsory heterosexuality
 heterodoxy
 


37. On average, women in the U.S. today (1998) make ------ percent of the wages of men.
 32
 42
 59
 76
 92
 

38. Patterns whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force is called
 patriarchy
 male dominance
 gender segregation
 gender inequality
 

39. Which of the following is true of compulsory heterosexuality?
 In defining masculinity as the negation of homosexuality, compulsory heterosexuality is an important component of the gender system.
 Compulsory heterosexuality shapes the gender order by discouraging attachments with members of the same sex.
 Compulsory heterosexuality enforces the dichotomy of 'opposite sexes'.
 All of the above
 

40. The glass-ceiling refers to
 the fact that women are raised to focus on their appearance
 patterns of gender discrimination, where women are told that they have equal opportunities for job promotions as men, but in reality significant limitations exist
 the unhindered ability of women today to advance to the highest levels of their professions
 favorable promotion of men in women's professions
 

41. If you raised your children to blend both masculine and feminine characteristics and roles, you would be raising them to be
 gendered
 degendered
 androgynous
 transgendered
 transsexual
 

42. Which of the following is a 'gendered institution'?
 The family
 The workplace
 The U.S. Congress
 Schools
 All of the above. All institutions and organizations are 'gendered'
 

43. According to the research cited in your text, which of the following is most guilty of encouraging different behaviors for girls and boys?
 mothers
 peer groups
 fathers
 teachers
 ministers
 

44. Acccording to Eitzen and Zinn, the most significant result of Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act is that
 the ratio number of girls participating in high school sports increased from 1 in 27 to 1 in 3.
 the number of men in high school sports has declined to under 1.5 million, due to cuts in men's sports teams.
 while the number of women in college sports has increased, the budget for women's sports has not.
 school administrators, athletic directors and school boards were vindicated for their long time support of women in sports.
 

45. How are language differences between men and women manifested?
 Men are more patient when talking with women, than they are when talking with other men
 Women talk more than men and interrupt other people more often
 Women, more than men, are commonly referred to in terms that have sexual connotations
 Men end a conversation with a question in order to get you to agree with them; women speak in declarative sentences
 


47. ------- believe that 'women should have political, economic, and social rights equal to men'
 Functionalists
 Assimilation theorists
 Feminists
 All of the above
 

48. According to functionalism, the division of labor based on gender has survived because
 men and women have differential access to the resources needed to succeed outside the home
 it provides benefits for society
 gender roles are necessary for human survival
 women are naturally well-suited for subordinate, nurturing roles
 

49. Suppose you contend, as a feminist, that one should work within existing social structures to create legal and social change for women, and encourage women to work their way into previously male worlds. Your position would be most consistent with the ideas of
 socialist feminism
 liberal feminism
 radical feminism
 Marxist feminism
 All of the above
 

50. Which of the following is most likely to argue that gender inequality is rooted in patriarchy, and that we need to create new, even separate, social institutions for women to address the problem of gender inequality?
 socialist feminism
 liberal feminism
 radical feminism
 Marxist feminism
 

51. Which of the following is most likely to argue that gender inequality is rooted in class inequalities and capitalism?
 socialist feminism
 liberal feminism
 radical feminism
 Marxist feminism
 

52. Which of the following is NOT one of liberal feminists' proposed solutions to gender inequality and sexism?
 Creating separate institutions for women (e.g. communes, women's health clinics, women-only bookstores)
 Education
 Anti-discrimination legislation
 Affirmative Action
 

53. ------- feminists believe that significant forms of gender inequality began after societies were capable of producing a surplus, leading men to want to know who their offspring were in order to ensure that when they died they could leave their wealth to their children.
 Liberal
 Marxist
 Radical
 Socialist
 

54. Marxist feminists would argue that the growing number of women working in paid labor
 represents the end of patriarchy
 is a product of capitalists using women as a reserve army of labor to lower wage costs
 proves that capitalism is NOT the root of gender inequality
 has led to higher men's wages, by allowing them to demand higher pay for doing more demanding 'men's work'
 

55. ------- feminists believe that gender inequality is the root of all other forms of social inequality, and has existed throughout most or all of human history.
 Liberal
 Marxist
 Radical
 Socialist
 
9. True or False: Asian Americans have the highest median income of all 'racial groups' in the U.S., but also significantly higher poverty rates than Whites.
 True
 False


 
25. Institutional racism refers to overt or intentional acts of racism that harm individuals or their personal property.
 True
 False



31. The order perspective argues that women take on 'expressive' roles of providing affection and emotional support within the family, thus providing a haven in a heartless world, while men perform 'instrumental' roles outside the family and provide economic support.
 True
 False



36. Thanks to the women's movement, most occupations now have a relatively balanced distribution of men and women.
 True
 False


 
46. While large numbers of men believe that gender inequality benefits them, in truth sexism is harmful to everyone. Men, for example are commonly inhibited from displaying emotions, thus limiting their ability to communicate fully.
 True
 False




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