The human population has grown very rapidly in the last two centuries primarily because
A. religious opposition to sex, and therefore reproduction, has declined.
B. women have become more fertile due to better diets.
C. of the development of much more productive technologies.
D. people began to value larger families.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true regarding hunting and gathering societies?
A. They tended to form fairly large groups to protect themselves from wild animals
B. They lived on wild animals and plants
C. Many were nomadic, but some formed stable settlements
D. The family was the primary economic unit
E. Warfare and violence were uncommon
ANSWER: 

Pastoral societies are based on
A. hunting and gathering
B. raising crops
C. following flocks of domesticated animals
D. living off of the generosity of religious leaders (known as 'pastors')
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of agrarian societies?
A. They developed far more complex social structures than hunters and gatherers had
B. They overcame the social inequalities of hunters and gatherers, creating very equal societies
C. They developed new, more efficient production technologies, such as the plow and irrigation.
D. Their stratification systems became very closed
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson, which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of hunting and gathering societies?
A. They are very intimate with each other.
B. They have many overlapping relationships.
C. They either all make it or don't make it.
D. None of the above, since ALL are true.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following best represents the changes in population patterns resulting from the industrial revolution?
A. In 1650, over half of England's population lived on farms, but by 1850, less than one-fourth worked in fields, farms, and granaries.
B. Today less than one-sixth of the population of the United States work on farms and ranches.
C. The cities became the center of agriculture and farms disappeared.
D. In 1860, the vast majority of the United States population were farmers, but 100 years later less than 10 percent worked on farms and ranches.
E. People moved from the suburbs to the cities to look for work in the factories.
ANSWER: 

Above all, Kornblum argues that the industrial revolution occurred because of the development of
A. religions that promoted a strong work ethic.
B. the growth of markets.
C. the Great Enlightenment
D. the development of the arts and sciences.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following was NOT a change in the structure of society as it moved from agrarian to industrial production?
A. The size of the world seems to shrink due to innovations in transportation and communication.
B. Societies become more receptive to changes, such as the emergence of social movements.
C. Industrial agriculture allows people to live in towns, cities, and suburbs.
D. A greater emphasis is placed on communal and family values.
ANSWER: 

According to Fred Block, the key characteristic of post-industrial society is 
A. historically high levels of social equality
B. the replacement of industrial work with a return to semi-agricultural economy
C. a lack of a shared culture and shared understanding of society
D. the reestablishment of patriarchal religion and family structures
ANSWER: 

According to Ferdinand Tonnies, a modern society characterized by impersonal relationships and bureaucracies experiences greater ----------- interaction.
A. gesellschaft
B. gemeinschaft
C. familial
D. communal
ANSWER: 

When people experience contradictory demands between two roles, they are going through
A. role restraint.
B. role inhibitions.
C. role strain.
D. role conflict.
ANSWER: 

According to Max Weber, the 'state' is the human community that successfully claims, within a given territory, the monopoly over the legitimate use of
A. physical force.
B. the legal system.
C. taxation.
D. ideological apparatuses.
ANSWER: 

Professional associations, such as the American Sociological Association or the National Association of Librarians, are examples of
A. nonterritorial communities
B. territorial communities
C. both territorial and nonterritorial communities
D. neither territorial nor nonterritorial communities
ANSWER: 

The decline-of-community thesis (which evaluated the differences between rural and urban societies)
A. described the city as a vital, dynamic environment.
B. portrayed the city as a place of community that produced strong kinship ties and personal relationships.
C. concentrated on the diversity of institutions within the city.
D. tended to reach rather gloomy conclusions about life in the city.
ANSWER: 

According to subcultural theory and recent studies, urban communities are
A. merely residential areas loosely related but highly disorganized.
B. territorial areas based on neighborhoods.
C. made up of intimate social groups formed by people with something in common, such as their ethnicity, college residence, artistic bent, retirement, sexual orientation, or wealth and social status.
D. rather large since the populations of cities are so large.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following best explains the relationship between urban and suburban life?
A. Suburban dwellers lack the close attachments that are thought to characterize urban communities.
B. Differences between central-city and suburban life are generally exaggerated.
C. Frequency of visiting among neighbors decreases with distance from the central city.
D. Central-city residents tend to interact with friends and relatives who live in their immediate vicinity, while suburbanites tend to have to travel significant differences to do so.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT among the conclusions reached by Herbert Gans in his study of Levittown, a suburb in New Jersey?
A. Most residents quickly formed attachments to one another.
B. Most residents were satisfied with their quality of life.
C. Most residents felt isolated and bored.
D. Most residents developed a strong sense of community.
ANSWER: 

Research on so-called 'white flight' shows that
A. it was organized by the white supremacist movement.
B. no such flight actually occurred; fears that whites were leaving the cities was due to inaccuracies in the census data.
C. middle class blacks also have left the cities in high numbers, suggesting that a more accurate term might be middle class flight.
D. it has actually left cities better off, since whites commonly use more city services than they pay for.
ANSWER: 

Since 1970, the population of high-poverty neighborhoods in cities has
A. declined in number, due to massive outmigration.
B. become nearly entirely non-white.
C. grown in number, and are still disproportionately comprised of minorities.
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 

Private communities
A. are the fast growing type of community in the U.S.
B. are popular because people seek to capture the feeling of life in a village
C. tend to result in less public support for schools and parks.
D. are vastly different from traditional villages, for example the way they typically exclude people who don't fit the village identity
E. All of the above
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson, the Internet has made it possible for ---------- communities to form all over the world.
A. global
B. territorial
C. non-territorial
D. interest-based
ANSWER: 

The norms, values, and symbols that support a society's political institutions are referred to as its
A. civil religion
B. political culture
C. political ecology
D. rights of citizenship
ANSWER: 

Sociologists would describe the political upheavals experienced by South Africa as an example of 
A. a crisis of legitimacy
B. a challenge to authority
C. its political culture
D. political nationalism
ANSWER: 

Nation-states are defined as political entities that claim a legitimate monopoly over
A. power within their boundaries.
B. economic processes within the state.
C. cultural institutions within their boundaries.
D. use of force within their borders.
ANSWER: 

Leaders who use personal charisma and political symbols to manipulate public opinion are called
A. demagogues.
B. charismatic leaders.
C. lobbyists.
D. loyal opposition.
ANSWER: 

The belief of a people that they have the right and duty to constitute themselves as a nation-state is called
A. statism
B. nationalism
C. patriotism
D. ethnicism
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the rights of citizenship, as defined by T.H. Marshall?
A. Civil rights
B. Political Rights
C. Social Rights
D. Economic Rights
ANSWER: 

Political institutions require legitimacy because
A. use of force or coercion eventually will be insufficient to govern a society.
B. power cannot be exercised without it.
C. their leaders like to think they are loved.
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is an example of traditional authority, as defined by Max Weber?
A. Fidel Castro
B. The absolute monarchs of Europe (e.g. Kings and Queens)
C. George Bush
D. Bureaucrats
ANSWER: 

Charismatic authority finds its legitimation in people's belief that their leader

B. has been duly elected by the people and represents their ideas and interests.
C. embodies their traditions and customs and thus has a right to lead.
D. has a right to lead because of his or her ability to govern efficiently and rationally.
E. has God-given or superhuman powers to lead them in new directions.
ANSWER: 

Social stratification refers to
A. social classes
B. the movement of people from one step on the income ladder to another
C. society's system for ranking people according to attributes such as income, wealth, power, prestige, age, sex, ethnicity, or religion
D. the percentage of wealth held by the poorest 20 percent of a population
ANSWER: 

Social strata into which people are born and must remain for life are called
A. classes.
B. achieved statuses.
C. castes.
D. aggregates.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of social stratification rooted in an ascribed (as opposed to an ieved) position?
A. Women
B. Slaves
C. Serfs
D. Workers
E. Blacks
ANSWER: 

When someone loses their job and loses their ability to maintain their class position, they experience
A. horizontal mobility
B. caste inequality
C. downward mobility
D. de-escalation
ANSWER: 

The way people are grouped according to their access to scarce resources (such as housing, education, health, and food) determines their
A. personal odds of making it
B. luck of the draw
C. racial position
D. life chances
ANSWER: 

Throughout the world, the single most important factor in determining whether someone survives or dies is their
A. education.
B. income.
C. religion.
D. race.
E. gender.
ANSWER: 

Studies show that the more education a mother has, the
A. more likely her children will die before reaching five years old .
B. less likely her children will die before reaching five years old.
C. more likely her male children will die before reaching five years old, but the less likely her female children will die before doing so.
D. None of the above; there's no relationship between mother's education and children's mortality rates
ANSWER: 

"Systems of ideas and norms that all members are expected to believe in and follow, that are used to try to legitimize social stratification" is the definition for
A. religion.
B. ideology.
C. philosophy.
D. education.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of Kornblum's explanation of the role that religion plays in socially stratified societies?
A. Religion often is a key way that social inequality is 'legitimized'
B. Christianity originally opposed the stratification systems of the Roman Empire, by supporting the poor and outcastes, and thus enraged the wealthy and powerful
C. Modern social movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement, have incorporated Christianity into their movement's ideologies protesting social stratification, showing that Christianity can be used by dominated groups to challenge powerful groups
D. Christianity's main impact on the wealthy and powerful has been to lead them to give their wealth to the poor and take a vow of poverty
ANSWER: 

When you treat someone in a higher status than you with high levels of respect and courtesy (e.g. referring to your instructor as 'Professor' or 'Doctor') sociologists would say you are displaying
A. good manners
B. deference
C. false consciousness
D. class consciousness
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson, the concept "face" is related to
A. acting non-physically
B. verbal assaults
C. status differentiation
D. tattooing
E. basketball
ANSWER: 

Material objects or behaviors that convey prestige (e.g. the kinds of clothes we wear, or cars we drive) are called
A. status markers.
B. material culture.
C. status symbols.
D. the 'good stuff'
ANSWER: 

When someone demands that you do something and you accept the demand as 'legitimate' and therefore you do what they demanded, Weber would say the person making the demand has
A. brainwashed you
B. verstehen
C. authority
D. power
ANSWER: 

Which of the following was NOT one of the social classes in feudal societies?
A. Kings or Dukes
B. Lords (a.k.a. Counts)
C. Squires
D. Proletariat
E. Peasants or Serfs
ANSWER: 

Kornblum identified several reasons why feudalism in Europe was replaced by industrial capitalism, and its monarchies were demolished. Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons he identified?
A. The peasantry were being overtaxed and began to question the right of the nobility to tax them.
B. A new stratum of intellectuals developed an ideology demanding liberty, equality, and fraternity.
C. The growing bourgeoisie felt that the kings were benefiting from their productive activities but not rewarding them sufficiently.
D. Church leaders began to question the legitimacy of the monarchies ruling Europe.
ANSWER: 

Kornblum identified several important innovations in social institutions due to the industrial revolution (a.k.a. the 'Great Transformation'). Which of the following was NOT one of the innovations he identified?
A. Demands for full political rights by the bourgeoisie spread to other classes, including workers, poor people, and women
B. Rural people, thrown off the land, began selling their labor for wages in factories and commercial firms
C. The central economic role of the family, manor, and guild was replaced by the business firm or corporation
D. Relationships that had been based on ascribed statuses and reciprocity were replaced with relationships based on contracts
E. None of the above; ALL of the above were key elements in the Great Transformation
ANSWER: 

According to Kornblum, the chief reason that the bourgeoisie demanded full political rights and the creation of modern 'democracies' was
A. their belief that without political rights, no one was free
B. rooted in liberation theology's goal of creating a 'Heaven on Earth'
C. that feudal laws restricted economic activity and profits
D. opposition to feudalism's horrific treatment of serfs and peasants
ANSWER: 

Karl Marx believed that the study of past and current societies reveals a central pattern of
A. cooperative endeavor among classes.
B. class conflict and struggle.
C. struggles between genders and races.
D. growing bureaucracy.
ANSWER: 

Karl Marx would argue that if workers are not aware of their exploitation and class oppression, they lack
A. class power.
B. class consciousness.
C. education.
D. false consciousness.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT consistent with Karl Marx's theories about capitalism?
A. Capitalists exploit and oppress workers
B. Capitalists seek to legitimize social inequality in capitalism by blaming inequality, poverty, and hunger on worker's failure to work hard enough or on their drinking and large families
C. Capitalists have the power to determine who runs the government and thus can rely on the police and military to defend their interests when workers strike or rebel
D. Over time, workers would become aware they were being exploited by capitalists, develop class consciousness, and organize against the capitalists, eventually resulting in a revolution, where workers would take back the wealth that they created as a class, and create a classless society where people received the value of their work and no one lived off the labors of another class
E. None of the above; ALL are true of Marx's theories
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the three central dimensions of social stratification emphasized by Max Weber (in his critique of Marxist theory)?
A. Class
B. Power
C. Intelligence
D. Status (a.k.a. prestige)
ANSWER: 

If your parents were working class, but you became a lawyer, you would have experienced
A. structural mobility.
B. intragenerational mobility.
C. intergenerational mobility.
D. horizontal mobility.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following countries have studies shown to have the highest rate of intergenerational social mobility (defined as movement from manual to nonmanual jobs)?
A. France
B. Germany
C. the United States
D. Sweden
ANSWER: 

Which theory argues that social classes exist today because an unequal distribution of rewards is necessary in complex societies?
A. Conflict
B. Interactionist
C. Ecological
D. Functionalist
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson, an example of ---------- is when computer technology created huge opportunities for increased wealth among groups of people.
A. intragenerational mobility
B. intergenerational mobility
C. structural mobility
D. horizontal mobility
ANSWER: 
