Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of culture?
A. It is a response to human need
B. It is a process, changing, evolving, and always in motion
C. It is a reaction to challenges in the environment
D. It is a static structure
ANSWER: 

Norms are
A. general ideas a society holds about what is good and bad.
B. a society's rules for how people are expected to behave.
C. sets of ideas that all the members of a society are expected to believe in and act upon without question.
D. None of the above
ANSWER: 

Modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the next by means of communicative interaction rather than heredity is Kornblum's definition for
A. socialization
B. civilization
C. personality
D. culture
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the three dimensions of culture identified by Bierstedt?
A. values
B. ideas
C. norms
D. material culture
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Norms are derived from values.
B. Values are more abstract than norms.
C. Norms are less specific than values.
D. Patriotism and loyalty to friends and loved ones are examples of values.
ANSWER: 

The most strongly sanctioned norms considered vital to the continuation of human groups and societies are referred to as
A. mores
B. folkways
C. laws
D. ideologies
ANSWER: 

When values and norms are combined into a system that all members of a society are expected to believe in and act upon without question, this is called
A. a taboo
B. an ideology
C. culture
D. social control
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true of Herbert Spencer's 'social Darwinism'?
A. He argued that cultures adapt to their environment, much as biological species do.
B. He argued that people who are most successful in adapting to the environment they find themselves in, are most likely to survive and to have children who are successful.
C. He claimed to explain why some people became very rich in industrial capitalism, while others barely scraped by.
D. He argued that government should actively strive to reduce social inequalities, because less successful groups would seek compete with more successful groups, creating constant conflicts and instability.
ANSWER: 

Social Darwinism argued that people who were being pushed off their land and into the factories and slums of cities
A. should be cared for by public funds and governmental intervention into their lives
B. were less equipped culturally to succeed in an urban environment than people who could innovate and invent
C. came from families who had been exploited by industry and were entitled to proper compensation from industrial organizations
D. should unite and form powerful organizations against the economic forces that were oppressing them
ANSWER: 

Sociobiology
A. is an example of biological reductionism, and seeks to link social behavior to people's biology
B. is widely supported by sociologists today
C. argues that human biology varies from society to society because of cultural differences between them
D. argues that the incest taboo is rooted in human culture
ANSWER: 

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that
A. language is a reflection of a society's culture and is dependent on it
B. linguistic relations are more important than non-verbal relations because of their emotional content
C. a culture's language determines the possibilities for its norms, beliefs, and values
D. language has no impact on, and in turn is not affected by, a society's culture
ANSWER: 

When you consider your own culture superior to any other, you are demonstrating
A. cultural relativity
B. accommodation
C. a cross-cultural perspective
D. ethnocentrism
ANSWER: 

The recognition that cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments represents an attitude of
A. cultural relativity
B. ethnocentrism
C. cultural variance
D. rationalization
ANSWER: 

Many people descended from Irish heritage are not distinguishable from other Americans and have not retained the culture of their forebears. These people have gone through the process of
A. assimilation
B. normalization
C. accommodation
D. competition
ANSWER: 

People who retain certain rituals, values, traditions, and norms and in some cases their own language, which together set them apart from the larger culture they live in, have maintained their own
A. subculture
B. society
C. ideology
D. counter culture
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE regarding cultural relativity?
A. One benefit is that it helps one understand another person's culture
B. One limit is that it can not require the person employing it to avoid moral judgement about another culture
C. People employing it suspend judgement about other people's cultures
D. Its main problem is that it requires the person employing it to accept all aspects of other people's cultures
ANSWER: 

A hegemonic culture
A. is one that other cultures look up to and want to copy
B. is one that dominates other cultures
C. is a superior culture
D. is a culture that was conquered by more powerful cultures
ANSWER: 

Norbert Elias' theory of civilization argued that our notion of civilization
A. is a cultural universal
B. is derived from the norms of the courts of medieval Europe
C. came from the Aztecs
D. is rooted in human biology
ANSWER: 

When smaller, less powerful societies are able to preserve the major features of their cultures even after prolonged contact with larger, more powerful civilizations, this is called
A. assimilation
B. acculturation
C. accommodation
D. resistance
ANSWER: 



According to the video lesson on culture, the ideology that fostered the growth of our public school systems began as a belief that
A. an educated citizenry was necessary for democracy
B. it was better for children to be away from home for a while
C. schools would do a better job of "raising kids" than parents would
D. it would give jobs to teachers
ANSWER: 

Socialization is defined as
A. the way in which people learn to conform to their society's norms, values, and roles
B. the shaping of behavior through reward and punishment
C. the social process through which an individual chooses an identity
D. the social process through which an individual chooses role models and attempts to imitate their behavior
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the major phases of socialization?
A. primary socialization
B. secondary socialization
C. adolescent socialization
D. adult socialization
ANSWER: 

The debate about whether people's personality development is influenced primarily by their genetic makeup or by the social environment is known as the
A. Darwin - Durkheim debate.
B. nature - nurture debate.
C. animal - human debate.
D. biology - culture debate.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true, regarding Freud's theory of personality development?
A. The id consists of unsocialized drives.
B. The ego is our conception of our self in relation to others.
C. The superego consists of internalized norms, values, and feelings.
D. The opposite-sex parent is the most powerful socializing influence on the growing child.
ANSWER: 

We are continually attentive to the behavioral cues of others; we wonder whether they think we look good, are expressing ourselves well, are working hard enough, and so on. In essence, we see ourselves as we think other's see us. This statement best represents which of the following?
A. Moral development theory
B. Mead's role-taking
C. Cooley's looking glass self
D. Freudian personality theory
ANSWER: 

Studies of feral and isolated children conclude that
A. such children often develop healthier egos, since they don't suffer the Oedipal crisis
B. such children can, with help, become just as socially skilled as children raised in families
C. nurturance and parental love play a profound role in the development of the individual as a social being
D. socialization of children is better left to the animal kingdom
ANSWER: 

Which of the following represents Kornblum's conclusion regarding debates over whether we are primarily the product of our genes or our social environment?
A. People are entirely the product of socialization; biology has nothing to do with it, since personality is so malleable.
B. People are primarily the product of their biology; socialization merely shapes biological differences to fit individuals into their societies.
C. Neither extreme of the nature - nurture debate presents a complete picture of socialization.
D. None of the above.
ANSWER: 

George H. Mead believed that the self is
A. dependent on the sexual bonding of the child with the opposite-sex parent.
B. acquired by observing and assimilating the identities of others.
C. evident prior to the development of language.
D. none of the above.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following schools of thought would argue that they could take any healthy infant and turn them into anything they want?
A. Freudians
B. Behaviorists
C. Interactionists
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: 

Many social scientists are strongly opposed to the conclusions reached by the authors of The Bell Curve (1994). Which of the following does NOT represent one of the criticisms Kornblum discussed?
A. Intelligence is multidimensional and far too complex to be captured in a single measure.
B. There are cultural and middle-class biases in questions used to measure IQ.
C. Correlation and causality are not the same, so studies showing a correlation between poverty and intelligence can not conclude that intelligence causes poverty.
D. Herrnstein and Murry, the authors of The Bell Curve, ignored the extent to which intelligence varies between social classes and groups.
ANSWER: 

The fact that the self is produced through interaction with other people over a lifetime is referred to as
A. self construction
B. personality development
C. the social construction of self
D. role taking
ANSWER: 

Mead calls the people that loom large in our lives, after whom we model our behavior or whose behavior we seek to avoid,
A. generalized others.
B. peer groups.
C. model groups.
D. significant others.
ANSWER: 

Erving Goffman argued that people seek to establish a positive image of themselves, and once established they defend it against possible threats. He called this
A. facework
B. fronting
C. losing face
D. role fronting
ANSWER: 

In Jean Piaget's theory, the way children interpret the rules of games and judge the consequences of their actions is rooted in
A. moral reasoning.
B. latent functions.
C. unconscious thoughts.
D. none of the above.
ANSWER: 

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theories, which term refers to aspects of behavior that one thinks about and makes conscious choices about?
A. Cognitive
B. Incognitive
C. Unconscious
D. Intuitive
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT true, regarding D. Kay Johnston's study of gender differences in moral development?
A. Girls are more likely than boys to try to find solutions to problems that emphasize caring.
B. Boys are more likely than girls to try to solve problems by focusing on someone's rights.
C. Girls are often silenced by schools which emphasize that there are right ways to feel and think, rather than emphasizing caring.
D. None of the above, since all are TRUE.
ANSWER: 

When someone plays at a role that he or she is likely to assume later in life, s/he is engaged in
A. agents of socialization.
B. anticipatory socialization.
C. professional role-taking.
D. sociological imagination.
ANSWER: 

What is the primary agency of socialization of children?
A. School
B. Church
C. Community
D. Family
E. Work
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Children from affluent homes tend to watch more television than children from poor homes.
B. The average child will have seen about 100,000 acts of violence on TV before completing elementary school.
C. Children learn far more about current events, social issues, and the arts than people did before the advent of television.
D. None of the above, since all are TRUE.
ANSWER: 

These settings are where people undergo resocialization while being isolated from the larger society.
A. Minimal institutions
B. Maximum institutions
C. Total institutions
D. Removed institutions
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the agencies of socialization?
A. Family
B. Schools
C. Mass media
D. Peer groups
E. Culture
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Arlie Hochschild's study of the 'time bind'?
A. The corporation she studied strongly resisted making the workday flexible for their employees
B. Most workers took full advantage of the family options offered to them at the corporation she studied
C. The parents in the study, both men and women, wanted to spend more time with their families at home, but were unable to because of inflexible corporate policies
D. None of the above, since all are true
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson on socialization, isoloated settings increase the effectiveness of 
A. primary socialization
B. secondary socialization
C. resocialization
D. adult socialization
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson on socialization, parents often socialize their children when 
A. they don't think they are
B. they set out to teach a specific task
C. their nonverbal behavior sends messages
D. all of the above
ANSWER: 

The rationality principle is in effect when people make decisions based on
A. emotions and intuition.
B. growth in numbers of members and tasks to be completed.
C. rough calculations of costs and benefits, profit and loss, in their interactions with others.
D. numbers and quantitative standards rather than qualitative judgments.
ANSWER: 

When people make interaction decisions on the basis of calculations of costs and benefits, they are operating under which of the following principles?
A. fairness principle
B. pleasure principle
C. rationality principle
D. reciprocity principle
ANSWER: 

The Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is basically a statement of which of the following principles of social interaction?
A. fairness principle
B. pleasure principle
C. rationality principle
D. reciprocity principle
ANSWER: 

Study of the principles of interaction has found that:
A. people will always seek to maximize personal gain in social interactions.
B. individuals seek pleasure above all other factors in social interaction.
C. ideas about what is fair in interaction often conflict with calculations of gain or loss.
D. none of the above
ANSWER: 

According to the video lesson on social interaction, when workers in the Hawthorne plant pressured peers to conform to a standard for work output, they were asking peers to follow the 
A. fairness principle
B. reciprocity principle
C. pleasure principle
D. rationality principle
ANSWER: 

Evidence shows that rising divorce rates are primarily due to the less restrictive sexual norms that started in the 1960s.
A. True
B. False 
ANSWER: 
