What is the key conclusion from Sherif and Sherif's experiment described at the beginning of Chapter Two in Eitzen and Zinn's textbook, in which 24 boys were brought together in a summer camp, divided into groups, left alone for five days.
A. Children are naturally predatory.
B. Social organization happens.
C. Without adults present, social groupings disappear, since children naturally avoid social structure.
D. Children develop very flat, non-hierarchical, cooperative organizations when they're left to themselves.
ANSWER: 

Being expected to appear in public with appropriate clothing is an example of a
A. status
B. norm
C. role
D. taboo
ANSWER: 

Rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones, and thus are considered less important and punished only mildly, are called
A. folkways
B. values
C. mores
D. laws
E. beliefs
ANSWER: 

Student, daughter, and worker are examples of
A. roles.
B. statuses.
C. norms.
D. social groups.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is a social control technique used by social groups to control their members?
A. Using force to ensure that people follow the dictates of the group
B. Sanctioning people when the fail to follow the demands of the group
C. Rewarding people when they follow the group's expectations
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is a lesson about the power of roles drawn from the Zimbardo prison experiment on social control?
A. People tend to resist roles, especially when they are oppressive
B. Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, will power, or character
C. Social control is most effective when its seen as legitimate
D. All of the above
ANSWER: 


8. Which of the following is NOT an element of primary groups?
A. intimacy
B. small size
C. informality
D. strong identity with fellow members
E. task orientation
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary group?
A. Lane Community College
B. SONY
C. The federal government
D. None of the above; all are examples of secondary groups.
ANSWER: 

How did the German army in WWII use insights into the power of primary groups to maintain high morale and willingness to fight?
A. They provided them with copies of Hitler's speeches
B. They provided them with copies of the Bible
C. They assigned men to the same unit for the duration of the war
D. They rewarded individuals when they showed high levels of commitment to the group
ANSWER: 

According to Weber, the chief goal and characteristic of bureaucracy is
A. meaningful interaction
B. emotional distance between members
C. modernization
D. efficiency
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the common results of bureaucracy?
A. It increases the amount of control that individual members of the bureaucracy have over their work
B. It can lead to inefficiency because of blind obedience to the rules and authority
C. It can stifle creativity
D. It can promote too much regulation
ANSWER: 

The sociologist who pointed out that the danger of bureaucracies becoming an 'iron cage of rationality' was
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Karl Marx
D. George Ritzer
ANSWER: 

When people commit suicide following a period of rapid change leading to a breakdown in the rules and a feeling of aimlessness, Durkheim would call this
A. egoistic suicide
B. fatalistic suicide
C. anomic suicide
D. altruistic suicide
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE? Durkheim argues that
A. Catholics have a higher rate of suicide than Protestants.
B. single people have a higher rate of suicide than married people.
C. middle class people have a higher rate of suicide than working class people.
D. people with higher levels of educational attainment have a higher rate of suicide than those with lower levels.
ANSWER: 

A general conclusion from the experiments by Asch and Sherif might be that
A. individuals affect the perceptions of the group.
B. individuals aren't affected by the perceptions of the group.
C. groups affect the perceptions of the individuals within them.
D. groups don't affect the perceptions of the individuals within them.
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn argue that by definition, social institutions are
A. radical
B. liberal
C. conservative
D. reactionary
ANSWER: 



19. Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of a scientific paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn?
A. assumptions
B. theories
C. values
D. concepts
E. None of the above; ALL are elements of paradigms
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of conflict theory?
A. Most elements of a society contribute to society's well-being and survival
B. Many elements of a society tend to contribute to the society's instability
C. Societies experience significant disharmony
D. Societies rest on the constraint and coercion of some of its members by others
E. Societies are continually subjected to change
ANSWER: 

Which of the following IS an assumption of the order (a.k.a. functionalist) perspective?
A. Society is a relatively integrated whole
B. Society is continually subjected to change
C. Subjective interpretations are based on meanings we learn from others
D. Humans act according to their own interpretations of reality
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Order theorists assume that sharing values solves the key societal problem: its need for integration.
B. Conflict theorists think that when the vast majority of people in a society accept the values of the dominant group, they are experiencing a form of cultural tyranny.
C. Order theorists generally believe that a society's dominant values tend to promote disunity and disorder.
D. Conflict theorists think that U.S. values are the source of social problems such as crime, conspicuous consumption, planned obsolescence, and pollution.
ANSWER: 



24. According to Durkheim, the ____________ function of punishing a criminal is the societal reaffirmation of what is to be considered moral.
A. latent
B. manifest
C. residual
D. None of the above
ANSWER: 


26. The belief that the different segments of society cooperate with each other to insure that society functions smoothly is the contention of
A. order theorists
B. conflict theorists
C. Karl Marx
D. Max Weber
ANSWER: 

The argument that the unity present in society is superficial because it results not from consensus but rather from fraud and force, is the contention of
A. order theorists
B. conflict theorists
C. the synthesis of order and conflict theory
D. None of the above
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT part of Marx's analysis of capitalism?
A. Workers are exploited by capitalists
B. Capitalists dominate the government and laws
C. Economic inequality between classes is rooted in the unequal talents and skills of each class
D. Over time, workers will develop greater class consciousness and become more radical
E. The key to the unfolding of history was class conflict
ANSWER: 

When oppressed people hold beliefs damaging to their own interests (e.g. when the working class believes that the interests of the ruling class are their interests as well), Marx would call this
A. class consciousness
B. false consciousness
C. pre-revolutionary consciousness
D. value consensus
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is part of Eitzen and Zinn's synthesis of the order and conflict paradigms?
A. Institutions are most comfortable in a constant state of change
B. If societies can be organized, then conflict will be avoidable
C. Societies are held together through forceful imposition of the powerful
D. Societies are organized, but the process of organization generates conflict
ANSWER: 

What do Marx and Engels mean when they write that "the execution of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie?"
A. The upper class is controlled by the government.
B. The government is controlled by the upper class.
C. The working class is controlled by the government.
D. The government is controlled by the working class
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the 'the integrative forces in society' that Eitzen and Zinn refer to?
A. functional integration
B. consensus on societal values
C. group membership
D. the mass media
E. None of the above, since ALL are among the integrative forces cited
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn define culture as
A. shared knowledge
B. rules defining appropriate and inappropriate ways of behaving for specific situations
C. the idea that any given aspect of a particular social trait should be evaluated in terms of its place within the larger social context of which it is a part
D. people who live within defined territorial boundaries and who share common ties
ANSWER: 

According to Eitzen and Zinn, although culture constrains individual freedoms, most people don't see it as a form of constraint because they
A. suffer from false consciousness
B. have internalized their society's culture
C. watch a lot of television
D. are ideologically manipulated
ANSWER: 

The 'social construction of reality' refers to the idea that
A. meaning is not inherent in an object; rather, people learn how to define reality by interacting with other people and by learning the culture
B. people consciously create their own realities
C. there's no such thing as reality; individuals all experience their own reality (a.k.a. solipsism)
D. everyone shares the same reality, because its rooted in social experience
ANSWER: 

If you criticized a man from a horticultural or agricultural society for having several wives and dozens of children, a social scientist might accuse you of
A. being insensitive
B. engaging in cultural relativism
C. being ethnocentric
D. violating the principles of cultural imperialism
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT identified by Eitzen and Zinn as one the dominant values in the U.S.?
A. Success
B. Competition
C. Progress
D. Equality
E. Individual Freedom
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn called these the criteria used in evaluating objects, acts, feelings, or events as to their relative desirability, merit, or correctness; Salt called these 'highly general ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong, in a particular culture'. These are
A. norms
B. symbols
C. values
D. folkways
ANSWER: 

The willingness to deny immediate pleasure in order to achieve later (and hopefully greater) rewards, is called
A. material progress
B. present orientation
C. deferred gratification
D. latent rewards
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT an example of a counterculture?
A. hippies
B. beatniks
C. Rastafarians
D. Asian Americans
ANSWER: 

The main difference between a subculture and a counterculture is that
A. a counterculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a subculture is different in insignificant ways
B. a subculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a counterculture is different in insignificant ways
C. a counterculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a subculture is merely different from the dominant culture
D. a subculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a counterculture is merely different from the dominant culture
ANSWER: 

Eitzen and Zinn cites the Amish, Hutterites, Appalachian snake handlers, and Hungarians in the U.S. as examples of
A. dominant culture groups
B. countercultures
C. subcultures
D. none of the above
ANSWER: 

The main difference between a subculture and a counterculture is that
A. a counterculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a subculture is different in insignificant ways
B. a subculture is different in important ways from the dominant culture, while a counterculture is different in insignificant ways
C. a counterculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a subculture is merely different from the dominant culture
D. a subculture is opposed to key aspects of the dominant culture, while a counterculture is merely different from the dominant culture
ANSWER: 

When a society's culture changes more slowly than changes in its technology or social structure, the society is experiencing
A. cultural limbo
B. cultural lag
C. technological breakdown
D. social disintegration
ANSWER: 

When immigrants or subgroups voluntarily adopt the ideas and behaviors of culture of the dominant culture they are embracing
A. multiculturalism
B. accommodationism
C. assimilationism
D. the 'tossed salad'
ANSWER: 

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that, according to Marvin Harris, Hindus in India treat cows as sacred?
A. Cows' milk is believed to be endowed with magical qualities
B. Cows produce dung, which used for fertilizer, fuel, and making floors
C. Cows produce milk, which is important in Indians' diets, especially poor people
D. Replacing cows with tractors and chemicals is not possible for most Indians, and would displace millions and lead to greater poverty and homelessness
E. Cows produce oxen, needed for pulling plows
ANSWER: 

According to Marvin Harris, the underlying reason that Hindus treat cows as sacred is because
A. it's required by Hindu religion
B. Hindus believe cows are gods
C. Hindus believe cows are the mothers of nature
D. treating cows as sacred prevents them from beaten eaten, which insures they will be available to provide various material benefits to society
ANSWER: 

Which of the following theories is an example of a materialist argument?
A. Oregonians read more than Californians because our culture values intellectual activity more than physical activity.
B. The U.S. has a capitalist economy because Americans believe in competition and individualism.
C. Most poor people are poor because they their culture promotes fatalism and a present-orientation.
D. The 'sexual revolution' of the 1960s occurred because women had access to the birth control pill, which allowed them to worry much less about the consequences of sex.
ANSWER: 

Which of the following theories is an example of an idealist argument?
A. The women's movement arose largely because feminist writers convinced women to want equal treatment with men.
B. The Soviet Union collapsed because it was unable to produce modern consumer goods in the quantity and quality of industrial capitalist countries in the West.
C. Modern 'democratic' governments arose because the old monarchist system was inadequate given the growing wealth and needs of the bourgeoisie
D. People in Oregon read more than people in California because it rains more in Oregon.
ANSWER: 

_________ is the idea that the customs of a society should be evaluated in light of that society's culture and the functions of that custom for that society.
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Cultural realism
C. Cultural relativity
D. cultural isolation
ANSWER: 

True or False: Eitzen and Zinn argue that what we consider social control is really the consequence of self-control.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: 

True or False: Unlike the natural sciences, which are commonly dominated by a single paradigm, the social sciences tend to have a number of paradigms competing with each other.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: 



True or False: According to Emile Durkheim, while individuals in smaller, less complex societies are integrated with each other because they are very alike, individuals in larger, modern societies are integrated with each other because they depend upon each other due to a greater division of labor.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: 


True or False: The order paradigm would argue that sports in the U.S. today tend mainly to undermine social order, because they promote values of competition and individualism.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER: 

